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Adaptation of the Children's Perceived Academic Self-Efficacy Scale: Validity and Reliability Study

Year 2022, , 430 - 450, 26.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.958871

Abstract

Academic self-efficacy, which is the belief that the student can achieve an academic task, has a highly strong impact on the academic performance of students. It is known that students with high academic self-efficacy show high academic performance, see the academic difficulties they encounter as areas of development and continue to strive for success. The review of the related literature has identified no scale whose validity and reliability analyses have been carried out by following the necessary scientific procedures that can be used to measure this quality for the 9-13 age group. Therefore, in the current study, an adaptation study of the scale developed by Jinks and Morgan into the Turkish language and culture was performed. The study group consisted of secondary school students, and the data were collected in two separate sessions. Upon completion of the adaptation-based translation of the scale, its degree of validity was calculated based on the linguistic, content, construct and criterion approaches and its degree of reliability was calculated by Cronbach Alpha and Composite Reliability coefficient. The findings show that the adapted scale can be used to obtain valid and reliable results for the 9-13 age group.

References

  • Ayotola, A., & Adedeji, T. (2009). The relationship between mathematics self-efficacy and achievement in mathematics. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), 953-957. https://doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2009.01.169
  • Bakirtas, H., & Tonga, D. (2016). Development of want-need perception scale for primary and secondary school students. Online Submission, 15(4), 1436 1449. https://doi.org/10.17051/io.2016.08346
  • Bandura A. (1976). Social learning theory. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychology Review 84(2), 191-215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Freeman.
  • Bandura, A. (2002). Social cognitive theory in cultural context. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 51(2), 269-290. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.0009277
  • Bassi, M., Steca, P., Delle Fave, A., & Caprara, G.V. (2007). Academic self-efficacy beliefs and quality of experience in learning. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(3), 301-312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9069-y
  • Bayrakçı, M. (2007). Social learning theory and its educational applications. Sakarya University Journal of Education Faculty, 14, 198 210.
  • Bilican Demir, S. (2017). Ölçmede geçerlik [Validity in measurement process]. In R.N. Demirtaşlı (Ed) Eğitimde ölçme ve değerlendirme [Measurement and evaluation in education] (4. Ed, pp 57-76). Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Can, E., & Topçuoğlu Ünal, F. (2017). Attitude scale towards writing for secondary school students: the study of validity and reliability. International Journal of Languages’ Education and Teaching, 5(3), 203-212. https://doi.org/10.18298/ijlet.2026
  • Crocker, L., & Algina, J. (2008). Introduction to classical and modern test theory. Cengage Learning.
  • Davis, K.A. (1992). Validity and reliability in qualitative research on second language acquisition and teaching: Another researcher comments. Tesol Quarterly, 26(3), 605-608. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587190
  • DeVellis, R.F. (1991). Scale development: Theory and applications. Sage.
  • Di Giunta, L., Alessandri, G., Gerbino, M., Kanacri, P.L., Zuffiano, A., & Caprara, G.V. (2013). The determinants of scholastic achievement: The contribution of personality traits, self-esteem, and academic self-efficacy. Learning and Individual Differences, 27, 102-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2013.07.006
  • Dogan, U. (2015). Student engagement, academic self-efficacy, and academic motivation as predictors of academic performance. The Anthropologist, 20(3), 553 561. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2015.11891759
  • Doğan, N., Beyaztaş, D.İ., & Koçak, Z. (2012). The Effect of self-efficacy level of students on their achievement in terms of their grade levels and gender in a social studies class: The case of Erzurum. Education and Science, 37(165). https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2015.11891759
  • Driscoll, M.P. (2000). Psychology of learning for instruction. Allyn and Bacon.
  • Ekici, G. (2012). Academic self-efficacy scale: The study of adaptation to Turkish, validity and reliability, Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 43, 174 185. http://www.efdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/yonetim/icerik/makaleler/360-published.pdf
  • Ferla, J., Valcke, M., & Cai, Y. (2009). Academic self-efficacy and academic self-concept: Reconsidering structural relationships. Learning and Individual Differences, 19(4), 499-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2009.05.004
  • Fraenkel, J.R. & Wallen, N.E. (2006). How to design and evaluate research in education (6. Ed). McGraw-Hill International.
  • Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., & Anderson, R.E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis (7th edition). Pearson Education Limited.
  • Harrington, D. (2009). Confirmatory factor analysis. Oxford University Press.
  • Hayduk, L.A. (1989). Structural equation modeling: Essentials and advances. The John Hopkins University Press.
  • Hernandez, A., Hidalgo, M.D., Hambleton, R.K., & Gomez-Benito, J. (2020). International test commission guidelines for test adaptation: A criterion checklist. Psicothema, 32(3), 390-398. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2019.306
  • Hooper, D, Coughlan, J. & Mullen, M (2008) Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60. https://doi.org/10.21427/D7CF7R
  • International Test Commission (2017). The ITC guidelines for translating and adapting tests. International Journal of Testing, 18(2), 101 134. https://doi:10.1080/15305058.2017.1398166
  • Jinks, J., & Morgan, V. (1999). Children's perceived academic self-efficacy: An inventory scale. The Clearing House, 72(4), 224-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098659909599398
  • Jöreskog, K.G. (1999). How large can a standardized coefficient be? http://www.statmodel.com/download/Joreskog.pdf.
  • Karakuş Tayşi, E.K., & Taşkın, Y. (2018). Development of the writing anxiety scale for secondary school students: Reliability and validity study. International Journal of Turkish Literature Culture Education, 7(2), 1172 1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.7884/teke.4169
  • Karakuş Tayşi, E., & Özbay, M. (2016). The development of listening attitude scale for secondary school students: Study on the validity and reliability. Journal of Mother Tongue Education, 4(2), 187-199.
  • Kemer, G. (2006). The role of self-efficacy, hope, and anxiety in predicting university entrance examination scores of eleventh grade students. [Unpublished master thesis, Ortadoğu Technical University]. https://open.metu.edu.tr/handle/11511/16273
  • Khan, M. (2013). Academic self-efficacy, coping, and academic performance in college. International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activities, 5(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.7710/2168-0620.1006
  • Kline, R.B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. The Guilford Press.
  • Kukul, V., Gökçearslan, Ş., & Günbatar, M.S. (2017). Computer programming self-efficacy scale (CPSES) for secondary school students: Development, validation and reliability. Educational Technology Theory and Practice, 7(1), 158 179. https://doi.org/10.17943/etku.288493
  • Lee, W., Lee, M.J., & Bong, M. (2014). Testing interest and self-efficacy as predictors of academic self-regulation and achievement. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 39(2), 86-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2014.02.002
  • Mercer, S.H., Nellis, L.M., Martínez, R.S., & Kirk, M. (2011). Supporting the students most in need: Academic self-efficacy and perceived teacher support in relation to within-year academic growth. Journal of School Psychology, 49(3), 323 338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2011.03.006
  • Mete, G. (2021). Developing the 21st century skills scale for secondary school students: A validity and reliability study. The Journal of Social Sciences, 51, 196-208. http://doi.org/10.29228/SOBIDER.50754
  • Newsom, J.T. (2017). Structural models for binary repeated measures: Linking modern longitudinal structural equation models to conventional categorical data analysis for matched pairs. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 24(4), 626-635. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2016.1276837
  • Öncü, H. (2012). Adaptation of the academic self-efficacy scale to Turkish. Journal of Kirsehir Education Faculty, 13(1), 183 206. https://www.academia.edu/5815000/Adaptation_of_Academic_Self_Efficacy_Scale_into_Turkish
  • Özdel, K. (2015). From past to present cognitive behavioral therapies: Theory and practice. Türkiye Clinics Journal Psychiatry Special Topics, 8(2), 10– 20.
  • Pajares, F. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of Educational Research, 66, 543-578. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543066004543
  • Rhemtulla, M., Brosseau-Liard, P.É., & Savalei, V. (2012). When can categorical variables be treated as continuous? A comparison of robust continuous and categorical SEM estimation methods under suboptimal conditions. Psychological Methods, 17(3), 354-373. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029315
  • Rotter, J.B. (1990). Internal versus external control of reinforcement: A case history of a variable. American Psychologist, 45(4), 489 493. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003 066X.45.4.489
  • Schunk, D.H., & Pajares, F. (2002). The development of academic self-efficacy. In A. Wigfield & J.S. Eccles (Eds) Development of achievement motivation (pp. 15-31). Academic Press.
  • Sebaee, H.A.A., Aziz, E.A.A., & Aziz, N.T. (2017). Relationship between nursing students’ clinical placement satisfaction, academic self-efficacy and achievement. IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science, 6(2), 101-11.
  • Telef, B.B., & Karaca, R. (2012). The self-efficacy scale for children: A validity and reliability study. Buca Faculty of Education Journal, 32, 169-187.
  • Tenaw, Y.A. (2013). Relationship between self-efficacy, academic achievement and gender in analytical chemistry at Debre Markos College of teacher education. African Journal of Chemical Education, 3(1). https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajce/article/view/84850
  • Tolman, E.C. (1948). Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychological Review, 55(4), 189-208. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0061626
  • Türkçapar H. (2008). Bilişsel terapi: Temel ilkeler ve uygulama (3. basım) [Cognitive therapy: Basic principles and applications (3rd ed.)]. HYB Yayıncılık.
  • Wilcox, G., & Nordstokke, D. (2019). Predictors of university student satisfaction with life, academic self-efficacy, and achievement in the first year. Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 49(1), 104–124. https://doi.org/10.7202/1060826ar
  • Wood, R.E., & Bandura, A. (1989). Impact of conceptions of ability on self-regulatory mechanisms and complex decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 407-415. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.56.3.407
  • Yıldız, Z. (2014). Social cognitive learning theory and religious education. Review of the Faculty of Divinity, University of Süleyman Demirel, 2(33), 147 161. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/794249
  • Yılmaz, M., Gürçay, D., & Ekici, G. (2007). Adaptation of the academic self-efficacy scale to Turkish. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 33. http://www.efdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/yonetim/icerik/makaleler/1047-published.pdf
  • Zajacova, A., Lynch, S.M., & Espenshade, T.J. (2005). Self-efficacy, stress, and academic success in college. Research in Higher Education, 46(6), 677 706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-004-4139-z
  • Zimmerman, B.J., & Martinez-Pons, M. (1988). Construct validation of a strategy model of student self-regulated learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80(3), 284-290. http://doi.org/10.1037//0022-0663.80.3.284

Adaptation of the Children's Perceived Academic Self-Efficacy Scale: Validity and Reliability Study

Year 2022, , 430 - 450, 26.06.2022
https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.958871

Abstract

Academic self-efficacy, which is the belief that the student can achieve an academic task, has a highly strong impact on the academic performance of students. It is known that students with high academic self-efficacy show high academic performance, see the academic difficulties they encounter as areas of development and continue to strive for success. The review of the related literature has identified no scale whose validity and reliability analyses have been carried out by following the necessary scientific procedures that can be used to measure this quality for the 9-13 age group. Therefore, in the current study, an adaptation study of the scale developed by Jinks and Morgan into the Turkish language and culture was performed. The study group consisted of secondary school students, and the data were collected in two separate sessions. Upon completion of the adaptation-based translation of the scale, its degree of validity was calculated based on the linguistic, content, construct and criterion approaches and its degree of reliability was calculated by Cronbach Alpha and Composite Reliability coefficient. The findings show that the adapted scale can be used to obtain valid and reliable results for the 9-13 age group.

References

  • Ayotola, A., & Adedeji, T. (2009). The relationship between mathematics self-efficacy and achievement in mathematics. Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, 1(1), 953-957. https://doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2009.01.169
  • Bakirtas, H., & Tonga, D. (2016). Development of want-need perception scale for primary and secondary school students. Online Submission, 15(4), 1436 1449. https://doi.org/10.17051/io.2016.08346
  • Bandura A. (1976). Social learning theory. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
  • Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychology Review 84(2), 191-215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.84.2.191
  • Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. Freeman.
  • Bandura, A. (2002). Social cognitive theory in cultural context. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 51(2), 269-290. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.0009277
  • Bassi, M., Steca, P., Delle Fave, A., & Caprara, G.V. (2007). Academic self-efficacy beliefs and quality of experience in learning. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(3), 301-312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9069-y
  • Bayrakçı, M. (2007). Social learning theory and its educational applications. Sakarya University Journal of Education Faculty, 14, 198 210.
  • Bilican Demir, S. (2017). Ölçmede geçerlik [Validity in measurement process]. In R.N. Demirtaşlı (Ed) Eğitimde ölçme ve değerlendirme [Measurement and evaluation in education] (4. Ed, pp 57-76). Anı Yayıncılık.
  • Can, E., & Topçuoğlu Ünal, F. (2017). Attitude scale towards writing for secondary school students: the study of validity and reliability. International Journal of Languages’ Education and Teaching, 5(3), 203-212. https://doi.org/10.18298/ijlet.2026
  • Crocker, L., & Algina, J. (2008). Introduction to classical and modern test theory. Cengage Learning.
  • Davis, K.A. (1992). Validity and reliability in qualitative research on second language acquisition and teaching: Another researcher comments. Tesol Quarterly, 26(3), 605-608. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587190
  • DeVellis, R.F. (1991). Scale development: Theory and applications. Sage.
  • Di Giunta, L., Alessandri, G., Gerbino, M., Kanacri, P.L., Zuffiano, A., & Caprara, G.V. (2013). The determinants of scholastic achievement: The contribution of personality traits, self-esteem, and academic self-efficacy. Learning and Individual Differences, 27, 102-108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2013.07.006
  • Dogan, U. (2015). Student engagement, academic self-efficacy, and academic motivation as predictors of academic performance. The Anthropologist, 20(3), 553 561. https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2015.11891759
  • Doğan, N., Beyaztaş, D.İ., & Koçak, Z. (2012). The Effect of self-efficacy level of students on their achievement in terms of their grade levels and gender in a social studies class: The case of Erzurum. Education and Science, 37(165). https://doi.org/10.1080/09720073.2015.11891759
  • Driscoll, M.P. (2000). Psychology of learning for instruction. Allyn and Bacon.
  • Ekici, G. (2012). Academic self-efficacy scale: The study of adaptation to Turkish, validity and reliability, Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 43, 174 185. http://www.efdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/yonetim/icerik/makaleler/360-published.pdf
  • Ferla, J., Valcke, M., & Cai, Y. (2009). Academic self-efficacy and academic self-concept: Reconsidering structural relationships. Learning and Individual Differences, 19(4), 499-505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2009.05.004
  • Fraenkel, J.R. & Wallen, N.E. (2006). How to design and evaluate research in education (6. Ed). McGraw-Hill International.
  • Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J., & Anderson, R.E. (2014). Multivariate data analysis (7th edition). Pearson Education Limited.
  • Harrington, D. (2009). Confirmatory factor analysis. Oxford University Press.
  • Hayduk, L.A. (1989). Structural equation modeling: Essentials and advances. The John Hopkins University Press.
  • Hernandez, A., Hidalgo, M.D., Hambleton, R.K., & Gomez-Benito, J. (2020). International test commission guidelines for test adaptation: A criterion checklist. Psicothema, 32(3), 390-398. https://doi.org/10.7334/psicothema2019.306
  • Hooper, D, Coughlan, J. & Mullen, M (2008) Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining model fit. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 6(1), 53-60. https://doi.org/10.21427/D7CF7R
  • International Test Commission (2017). The ITC guidelines for translating and adapting tests. International Journal of Testing, 18(2), 101 134. https://doi:10.1080/15305058.2017.1398166
  • Jinks, J., & Morgan, V. (1999). Children's perceived academic self-efficacy: An inventory scale. The Clearing House, 72(4), 224-230. https://doi.org/10.1080/00098659909599398
  • Jöreskog, K.G. (1999). How large can a standardized coefficient be? http://www.statmodel.com/download/Joreskog.pdf.
  • Karakuş Tayşi, E.K., & Taşkın, Y. (2018). Development of the writing anxiety scale for secondary school students: Reliability and validity study. International Journal of Turkish Literature Culture Education, 7(2), 1172 1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.7884/teke.4169
  • Karakuş Tayşi, E., & Özbay, M. (2016). The development of listening attitude scale for secondary school students: Study on the validity and reliability. Journal of Mother Tongue Education, 4(2), 187-199.
  • Kemer, G. (2006). The role of self-efficacy, hope, and anxiety in predicting university entrance examination scores of eleventh grade students. [Unpublished master thesis, Ortadoğu Technical University]. https://open.metu.edu.tr/handle/11511/16273
  • Khan, M. (2013). Academic self-efficacy, coping, and academic performance in college. International Journal of Undergraduate Research and Creative Activities, 5(1), 4. https://doi.org/10.7710/2168-0620.1006
  • Kline, R.B. (2005). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. The Guilford Press.
  • Kukul, V., Gökçearslan, Ş., & Günbatar, M.S. (2017). Computer programming self-efficacy scale (CPSES) for secondary school students: Development, validation and reliability. Educational Technology Theory and Practice, 7(1), 158 179. https://doi.org/10.17943/etku.288493
  • Lee, W., Lee, M.J., & Bong, M. (2014). Testing interest and self-efficacy as predictors of academic self-regulation and achievement. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 39(2), 86-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2014.02.002
  • Mercer, S.H., Nellis, L.M., Martínez, R.S., & Kirk, M. (2011). Supporting the students most in need: Academic self-efficacy and perceived teacher support in relation to within-year academic growth. Journal of School Psychology, 49(3), 323 338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2011.03.006
  • Mete, G. (2021). Developing the 21st century skills scale for secondary school students: A validity and reliability study. The Journal of Social Sciences, 51, 196-208. http://doi.org/10.29228/SOBIDER.50754
  • Newsom, J.T. (2017). Structural models for binary repeated measures: Linking modern longitudinal structural equation models to conventional categorical data analysis for matched pairs. Structural equation modeling: a multidisciplinary journal, 24(4), 626-635. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2016.1276837
  • Öncü, H. (2012). Adaptation of the academic self-efficacy scale to Turkish. Journal of Kirsehir Education Faculty, 13(1), 183 206. https://www.academia.edu/5815000/Adaptation_of_Academic_Self_Efficacy_Scale_into_Turkish
  • Özdel, K. (2015). From past to present cognitive behavioral therapies: Theory and practice. Türkiye Clinics Journal Psychiatry Special Topics, 8(2), 10– 20.
  • Pajares, F. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs in academic settings. Review of Educational Research, 66, 543-578. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543066004543
  • Rhemtulla, M., Brosseau-Liard, P.É., & Savalei, V. (2012). When can categorical variables be treated as continuous? A comparison of robust continuous and categorical SEM estimation methods under suboptimal conditions. Psychological Methods, 17(3), 354-373. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029315
  • Rotter, J.B. (1990). Internal versus external control of reinforcement: A case history of a variable. American Psychologist, 45(4), 489 493. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003 066X.45.4.489
  • Schunk, D.H., & Pajares, F. (2002). The development of academic self-efficacy. In A. Wigfield & J.S. Eccles (Eds) Development of achievement motivation (pp. 15-31). Academic Press.
  • Sebaee, H.A.A., Aziz, E.A.A., & Aziz, N.T. (2017). Relationship between nursing students’ clinical placement satisfaction, academic self-efficacy and achievement. IOSR Journal of Nursing and Health Science, 6(2), 101-11.
  • Telef, B.B., & Karaca, R. (2012). The self-efficacy scale for children: A validity and reliability study. Buca Faculty of Education Journal, 32, 169-187.
  • Tenaw, Y.A. (2013). Relationship between self-efficacy, academic achievement and gender in analytical chemistry at Debre Markos College of teacher education. African Journal of Chemical Education, 3(1). https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajce/article/view/84850
  • Tolman, E.C. (1948). Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychological Review, 55(4), 189-208. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0061626
  • Türkçapar H. (2008). Bilişsel terapi: Temel ilkeler ve uygulama (3. basım) [Cognitive therapy: Basic principles and applications (3rd ed.)]. HYB Yayıncılık.
  • Wilcox, G., & Nordstokke, D. (2019). Predictors of university student satisfaction with life, academic self-efficacy, and achievement in the first year. Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 49(1), 104–124. https://doi.org/10.7202/1060826ar
  • Wood, R.E., & Bandura, A. (1989). Impact of conceptions of ability on self-regulatory mechanisms and complex decision making. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 407-415. https://doi.org/10.1037//0022-3514.56.3.407
  • Yıldız, Z. (2014). Social cognitive learning theory and religious education. Review of the Faculty of Divinity, University of Süleyman Demirel, 2(33), 147 161. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/794249
  • Yılmaz, M., Gürçay, D., & Ekici, G. (2007). Adaptation of the academic self-efficacy scale to Turkish. Hacettepe University Journal of Education, 33. http://www.efdergi.hacettepe.edu.tr/yonetim/icerik/makaleler/1047-published.pdf
  • Zajacova, A., Lynch, S.M., & Espenshade, T.J. (2005). Self-efficacy, stress, and academic success in college. Research in Higher Education, 46(6), 677 706. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-004-4139-z
  • Zimmerman, B.J., & Martinez-Pons, M. (1988). Construct validation of a strategy model of student self-regulated learning. Journal of Educational Psychology, 80(3), 284-290. http://doi.org/10.1037//0022-0663.80.3.284
There are 55 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Studies on Education
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Neslihan Tuğçe Özyeter 0000-0003-1558-1293

Ömer Kutlu 0000-0003-4364-5629

Publication Date June 26, 2022
Submission Date June 28, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2022

Cite

APA Özyeter, N. T., & Kutlu, Ö. (2022). Adaptation of the Children’s Perceived Academic Self-Efficacy Scale: Validity and Reliability Study. International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education, 9(2), 430-450. https://doi.org/10.21449/ijate.958871

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