A FIELD STUDY ON THE MEDIATING ROLE OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE ANXIETY IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMPLOYEES' PERCEPTION OF JOB SECURITY AND TURNOVER INTENTION

Abstract

This study aims to examine the mediating role of artificial intelligence anxiety in the relationship between employees’ perceptions of job security and their turnover intentions. The population of the research consists of 195,695 members of a trade union located in Turkey. The sample of the study comprises 541 members drawn from this union. Data for the study were collected through an online questionnaire. Frequency analysis, reliability analysis, normality testing, exploratory factor analysis, correlation analysis, and hierarchical regression analysis were conducted on the obtained data. According to the results of the correlation analysis, a significant negative relationship was found between job security perception and turnover intention, a significant negative relationship between job security perception and artificial intelligence anxiety, and a significant positive relationship between artificial intelligence anxiety and turnover intention. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed that artificial intelligence anxiety plays a partial mediating role in the effect of job security perception on turnover intention. This research is expected to contribute to the literature by examining the relationship between job security perception and turnover intention within the context of artificial intelligence anxiety, particularly by addressing employees’ concerns regarding artificial intelligence technologies.

Keywords

• Job Security Perception
• Artificial Intelligence Anxiety
• Turnover Intention

ÇALIŞANLARIN İŞ GÜVENCESİ ALGISI VE İŞTEN AYRILMA NİYETİ İLİŞKİSİNDE YAPAY ZEKÂ KAYGISININ ARACILIK ROLÜNÜN İNCELENMESİNE YÖNELİK BİR ALAN ARAŞTIRMASI

Abstract

Bu araştırmanın amacı, çalışanların iş güvencesi algılarının işten ayrılma niyeti üzerindeki etkisinde yapay zekâ kaygısının kısmi aracı rolünü belirlemektir. Araştırmanın evrenini Türkiye’de bulunan Memur Sendikaları Konfederasyonu’nun 195.695 üyesi oluşturmaktadır. Bu araştırmada örneklem, söz konusu sendikaya üye olan 541 kişiden oluşmaktadır. Araştırmanın verileri çevrimiçi anket yöntemi kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Toplanan veriler üzerinde, frekans analizi, güvenirlik analizi, normallik testi, keşfedici faktör analizi, korelasyon analizi ve hiyerarşik regresyon analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Gerçekleştirilen korelasyon analizinin sonucunda iş güvencesi algısı ile işten ayrılma niyeti arasında anlamlı ve olumsuz bir ilişki, iş güvencesi algısı ile yapay zekâ kaygısı arasında anlamlı ve olumsuz bir ilişki, yapay zekâ kaygısı ile işten ayrılma niyeti arasında anlamlı ve olumlu bir ilişki bulunmuştur. Hiyerarşik regresyon analizinin neticesinde ise iş güvencesi algısının işten ayrılma niyeti üzerine etkisinde yapay zekâ kaygısının kısmi aracılık rolünün olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışmanın, iş güvencesi algısı ile işten ayrılma niyeti arasındaki ilişkiyi yapay zekâ kaygısı bağlamında ele alarak, özellikle çalışanların yapay zekâ teknolojilerine dair kaygılarını inceleyerek alan yazına katkıda bulunması umulmaktadır.

Keywords

• İş Güvencesi Algısı
• Yapay Zekâ Kaygısı
• İşten Ayrılma Niyeti

References

1. Akkaya, B., Özkan, A., & Özkan, H. (2021). Yapay zekâ kaygı (YZK) ölçeği: Türkçeye uyarlama, geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Alanya Akademik Bakış, 5(2), 1125-1146.
2. Bakan, İ., & Büyükbeşe, A. G. T. (2004). Çalışanların iş güvencesi ve genel iş davranışları ilişkisi: Bir alan çalışması. Erciyes Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, (23), 35-39.
3. Beckers, J. J., & Schmidt, H. G. (2001). The structure of computer anxiety: A six-factor model. Computers in Human Behavior, 17(1), 35–49.
4. Bernstrøm, V. H., Drange, I., & Mamelund, S. E. (2018). Employability as an alternative to job security. Personnel Review, 48(1), 234-248.
5. Bhargava, A., Bester, M., & Bolton, L. (2021). Employees’ perceptions of the implementation of robotics, artificial intelligence, and automation (RAIA) on job satisfaction, job security, and employability. Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science, 6(1), 106-113.
6. Blau, P. M. Justice in Social Exchange. Sociological Inquiry, 34(2), 193–206.
7. Bostrom, N. S. (2014). Paths, dangers, strategies. Oxford University Press. Oxford, UK.
8. Bozkurt, H. Ö., & Demirel, Z. (2019). Otel işletmelerinde işten ayrılma niyetinin yordayıcısı olarak iş güvencesi algısı: İşe gömülmüşlüğün aracı rolü. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 7(4), 1383-1404.

9. Breaban, M. L., Militaru, I. A., Lanfranchi, M., & Hornoiu, R. I. (2024, June). Artificial intelligence and employee stability: The mediating effect of job engagement in Romania's health tourism sector. In Proceedıngs Of The Internatıonal Conference On Economıcs And Socıal Scıences (Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 254-264). Bucharest University of Economic Studies, Romania
10. Brosnan, M. J. (2002). Technophobia: The psychological impact of information technology. Routledge.
11. Brougham, D., & Haar, J. (2020). Technological disruption and employment: The influence on job insecurity and turnover intentions: A multi-country study. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 161, 120276.
12. Brundage, M. (2015). Taking superintelligence seriously: Superintelligence: Paths, dangers, strategies by nick bostrom. Futures, 72, 32-35.
13. Cascio, W. (1991) Costing Human Resources: The Financial Impact of Behavior in Organizations, 3rd edition, Boston: PWSKent.
14. Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: An interdisciplinary review. Journal of management, 31(6), 874-900.
15. Daly, C. J., & Dee, J. R. (2006). Greener pastures: Faculty turnover intent in urban public universities. The Journal of Higher Education, 77(5), 776-803.
16. Davy, J. A., Kinicki, A. J., & Scheck, C. L. (1997). A test of job security's direct and mediated effects on withdrawal cognitions. Journal of Organizational Behavior: The International Journal of Industrial, Occupational and Organizational Psychology and Behavior, 18(4), 323-349.
17. Demir, F. (1999). İş güvencesi hukuku. 2. Baskı. İzmir: Barış Yayınları.
18. Derin, N., & Demirel, T. E. (2012). Tükenmişlik sendromunun örgütsel bağlılığı zayıflatıcı etkilerinin Malatya merkez’de görev yapan hemşireler üzerinde incelenmesi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 17(2), 509-530.
19. Dhaouadi, A., Khedhaouria, A., & Boulila, N. (2024). The adverse consequences of technostress on strain and turnover intentions among auditors: The mitigating effect of segmentation mindset. Journal of Accounting & Management Information Systems/Contabilitate si Informatica de Gestiune, 23(3), 551-570.
20. Dığın, Ö., & Ünsar, S. (2010). Çalışanların iş güvencesi algısının belirleyicileri ve iş güvencesinden memnuniyetin organizasyonel bağlılık, iş stresi ve işten ayrılma niyetine etkisi. Dumlupınar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 2(26), 133-145.
21. Dursun, Y., & Bayram, P. (2013). İş güvencesizliği algısının çalışanların kaygı düzeyleri üzerine etkisi: Bir uygulama. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, 15(3), 20-27.
22. Etzioni, A., & Etzioni, O. (2017). Incorporating ethics into artificial intelligence. The Journal of Ethics, 21, 403-418.
23. Falatah, R., Almuqati, J., Almuqati, H., & Altunbakti, K. (2021). Linking nurses’ job security to job satisfaction and turnover intention during reform and privatization: A cross‐sectional survey. Journal of Nursing Management, 29(6), 1578-1586.
24. Gouldner, A. W. (1960). The norm of reciprocity: A preliminary statement. American sociological review, 25(2) 161-178.
25. Gürbüz, S. & Şahin, F. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde araştırma yöntemleri felsefe-yöntem-analiz. 4. Baskı. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
26. Gürbüz, S. (2021). Amos ile yapısal eşitlik modellemesi: temel ilkeler ve uygulamalı analizler. 2. Baskı. Ankara: Seçkin Yayınları.
27. Ha, J. G., Page, T., & Thorsteinsson, G. (2011). A study on technophobia and mobile device design. International Journal of Contents, 7(2): 17–25.
28. Hellgren, J., Sverke, M., & Isaksson, K. (1999). A two-dimensional approach to job insecurity: Consequences for employee attitudes and well-being. European journal of work and organizational psychology, 8(2), 179-195.
29. Henryhand, C. J., (2009), The effect of employee recognition and employee engagement on job satisfaction and intent to leave in the public sector, (Ph. D. Thesis), Capella University, USA.
30. Herzberg, F. (1959). Motivation to Work. Transaction Publishers.
31. Hom, P. W., Caranikas-Walker, F., Prussia, G. E., & Griffeth, R. W. (1992). A meta-analytical structural equations analysis of a model of employee turnover. Journal of applied psychology, 77(6), 890.
32. Johnson, D. G., & Verdicchio, M. (2017). AI anxiety. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 68(9), 2267-2270.
33. Kato, T., & Koizumi, M. (2023, August). Effects of artificial ıntelligence and robots on job satisfaction and turnover ıntention. In 2023 IEEE 6th International Conference on Knowledge Innovation and Invention (ICKII) (pp. 773-777). IEEE.
34. Kaur, B., Mohindru & Pankaj (2013). Antecedents of turnover intentions: A literature review. Global Journal of Management and Business Studies. 3(10), 1219-1230.
35. Kayar, S., & Yeşilada, T. (2024). Quartet of sustainable job security, job performance, organizational commitment, and motivation in an emerging economy: Focusing on Northern Cyprus. Sustainability, 16(16), 6764.
36. Kinnunen, U., Mauno, S., Natti, J., & Happonen, M. (1999). Perceived job insecurity: A longitudinal study among Finnish employees. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 8(2), 243-260.
37. Kitapçı, H., Kaynak, R., & Ökten, S. S. (2013). Güçlendirmenin iş tatmini ve işten ayrılma niyetine etkisi: Kamu ve özel sektörde mukayeseli bir araştırma. International Review of Economics and Management, 1(1), 49–73.
38. Köse, U. (2018). Are we safe enough in the future of artificial intelligence? A discussion on machine ethics and artificial intelligence safety. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience, 9(2), 184-197.
39. Kurniawan, D. T., Prameka, A. S., & Praktikto, H. (2022, September). STARA is in sight: the effect of STARA on job outcome through job ınsecurity perception about future workplace on private companies in east java, Indonesia. In 2022 3rd International Conference on Big Data Analytics and Practices (IBDAP) (pp. 52-56). IEEE.
40. Landsbergis, P. A., Grzywacz, J. G., & LaMontagne, A. D. (2014). Work organization, job insecurity, and occupational health disparities. American journal of industrial medicine, 57(5), 495-515.
41. Li, J. J., Bonn, M. A., & Ye, B. H. (2019). Hotel employee's artificial intelligence and robotics awareness and its impact on turnover intention: The moderating roles of perceived organizational support and competitive psychological climate. Tourism Management, 73, 172-181.
42. Lillehaug, S. I. & Lajoie, S. P. (1998). AI in medical education—another grand challenge for medical informatics. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, 12(3), 197-225.
43. Maslow, Abraham H. (1954). Motivation and Personality. Prabhat Books.
44. Mobley, W. H. (1977). Intermediate linkages in the relationship between job satisfaction and employee turnover. Journal of applied psychology, 62(2), 237.
45. Mobley, W.H. (1982) Employee Turnover: Causes, Consequences and Control, MA: Addison-Wesley.
46. Molla, M. M. (2024). Artificial intelligence (AI) and fear of job displacement in banks in Bangladesh. International Journal of Science and Business, 42(1), 1-18.
47. Nilsson, N. J. (1998). Introduction to machine learning: An early draft of a proposed textbook. Stanford, CA: Robotics Laboratory, Department of Computer Science, Stanford University.
48. Önder, Ç., & Wasti, A. (2003, Mayıs). İş güvencesi: Kapsamlı bir model testi. 11. Ulusal Yönetim ve Örgüt Kongresi Bildiri Kitabı, Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, 22-24 Mayıs, Afyon.
49. Önder, Ç., & Wasti, S. A. (2002). İş güvencesi endeksi ve iş güvencesi memnuniyeti ölçeği: Güvenirlik ve geçerlik analizi. Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 2(1), 23-47.
50. Özcan, H. A., & Tunçbilek, M. M. (2022). Demografik özellikler bağlamında çalışanların iş güvencesi algısı. Uluslararası Bankacılık Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 5(2), 27-54.
51. Pannu, A. (2015). Artificial intelligence and its application in different areas. Artificial Intelligence, 4(10), 79-84.
52. Piniel, K., & Csizér K. (2013). L2 motivation, anxiety and self-efficacy: The interrelationship of individual variables in the secondary school context. Studies in second language learning and teaching, 3(4), 523-550.
53. Pirim, A. G. H. (2006). Yapay zekâ. Journal of Yaşar University, 1(1), 81-93.
54. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of applied psychology, 88(5), 879.
55. Poyraz, K. & Kama, B. (2008). Algılanan iş güvencesinin, iş tatmini, örgütsel bağlılık ve isten ayrılma niyeti üzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesi, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi,13(2), 143-164.
56. Probst, T. M. (2003). Development and validation of the job security index and the job security satisfaction scale: A Classical test theory and IRT approach. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 76(4), 451–467.
57. Ragu-Nathan, T. S., Tarafdar, M., Ragu-Nathan, B. S., & Tu, Q. (2008). The consequences of technostress for end users in organizations: Conceptual development and empirical validation. Information systems research, 19(4), 417-433.
58. Rhee, T., & Jin, X. (2021). The Effect of Job Anxiety of Replacement by Artificial Intelligence on Organizational Members' Job Satisfaction in the 4th Industrial Revolution Era: The Moderating Effect of Job Uncertainty. Journal of Digital Convergence, 19(7).
59. Rosin, H., & Korabik, K. (1995). Organizational experiences and propensity to leave: A multivariate investigation of men and women managers. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 46(1), 1-16.
60. Shi, Z. (2011). Advanced artificial intelligence. World Scientific Publishing.
61. Sokhanvar, M., Kakemam, E., Chegini, Z., & Sarbakhsh, P. (2018). Hospital nurses' job security and turnover intention and factors contributing to their turnover intention: A cross-Sectional study. Nursing and Midwifery Studies, 7(3), 133-140.
62. Sönmez, M. Ö. (2022). İş güvencesinin iş tatmini, örgütsel vatandaşlık davranışı ve örgütsel bağlılık üzerindeki etkisi (Yayımlanmamış Doktora Tezi), Hasan Kalyoncu Üniversitesi, Lisansüstü Eğitim Enstitüsü, Gaziantep.
63. Stahl, B. C., & Wright, D. (2018). Ethics and privacy in AI and big data: Implementing responsible research and innovation. IEEE Security & Privacy, 16(3), 26-33.
64. Steel, R. P., Griffeth, R. W., & Hom, P. W. (2002). Practical retention policy for the practical manager. Academy of Management Perspectives, 16(2), 149-162.
65. Sverke, M., & Goslinga, S. (2003). The consequences of job insecurity for employers and unions: Exit, voice and loyalty. Economic and Industrial Democracy, 24(2), 241-270.
66. Sverke, M., Hellgren, J., & Näswall, K. (2002). No security: A meta-analysis and review of job insecurity and its consequences. Journal of occupational health psychology, 7(3), 242.
67. Tabachnick, B.G. & Fidell, L.S. (2013). Using multivariate statistics. United States: Pearson Education.
68. Tarafdar, M., Tu, Q., Ragu-Nathan, B. S., & Ragu-Nathan, T. S. (2007). The impact of technostress on role stress and productivity. Journal of Management Information Systems, 24(1), 301–328.
69. Tett, R. P., & Meyer, J. P. (1993). Job satisfaction, organizational commitment, turnover intention, and turnover: Path analyses based on meta‐analytic findings. Personnel psychology, 46(2), 259-293.
70. Van Dyk, J., & Coetzee, M. (2012). Retention factors in relation to organisational commitment in medical and information technology services. SA Journal of Human Resource Management, 10(2), 1-11.
71. Wang, Y. Y. & Wang, Y. S. (2019). Development and validation of an artificial intelligence anxiety scale: An initial application in predicting motivated learning behavior. Interactive Learning Environments.
72. Wu, T. J., Liang, Y., & Wang, Y. (2024). The buffering role of workplace mindfulness: How job insecurity of human-artificial intelligence collaboration impacts employees’ work–life-related outcomes. Journal of Business and Psychology, 39(6), 1395-1411.
73. Yılmaz, A. (2019). Yapay zekâ. 1. Baskı. Kodlab Yayınevi.
74. Zhang, L. X., Li, J. M., Wang, L. L., Mao, M. Y., & Zhang, R. X. (2023). How does the usage of robots in hotels affect employees’ turnover intention? A double-edged sword study. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 57, 74-83.