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İnfodemik Dünya: Sağlık Habercilerinin Pandemi Sürecinde İnfodemiye İlişkin Tespit ve Önerileri

Year 2021, Issue: 55, 56 - 79, 22.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.47998/ikad.975745

Abstract

Covid-19 salgını; geleneksel medya araçları ve sosyal medya platformlarında yanlış ve yanıltıcı bilgi fırtınası yaratmakla kalmamış, kitle iletişim araçları aracılığıyla doğru bilgiye ulaşmak için güvenilir sistemlere ihtiyaç duyulduğunu bir kez daha belirgin olarak ortaya çıkarmıştır. Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’ne göre, kontrolsüz, eksik ve yanlış bilgilerin Covid-19 virüsünden daha hızlı yayılmasına neden olan infodemik ortam, psikolojik paniğe, yanıltıcı tıbbi tavsiyelere ve sosyal medyada dramatik bir yapısal bozulmaya neden olmuştur.
Pandemi süreci, gerçekle ilgisi olmayan söylentilerin ve yanlış bilgilerin virüsle yarışırcasına hızla ilerlemesi nedeniyle, gazetecilikte sağlık gibi önemli alanlarda uzmanlaşmanın ve kriz yönetiminin önemini bir kez daha ortaya koymaktadır. Bu bağlamda, bu makale infodeminin salgın sürecine etkisine odaklanarak uzman sağlık gazetecileri perspektifinden bir değerlendirme sunmaktadır. Medyanın pandemi haberciliğine nasıl yaklaştığını belirleme noktasında bu çalışmayı gerekli kılan sorun, Covid-19'un ortaya çıkışı ile, bütün dünyayı etkisi altına alan krizin medyadaki çerçevesinin sorunu hafifletmeye (ya da tırmandırmaya) nasıl etkili olduğu ve sağlık gazeteciği etik kriterlerinin ele alınıp alınmadığı sorularında gizlidir.
Bilgi tüketim alışkanlıkları ve medyanın haber üretim süreçlerinin analiz edilmesi amacıyla yürütülen çalışma kapsamında, ulusal medyada görev yapan kıdemli sağlık gazetecileri ile görüşülmüştür. Çalışma gazetecilerin salgın sırasında yalan haber ve bilgi üretimi konusundaki deneyim, gözlem ve endişelerini ortaya koymaları açısından önemlidir. Sağlık gazetecileri yanlış bilgilerin “nasıl” üretildiğini, bu bilgilerin yayılmasında “kim”lerin etkili olduğunu, “neden” yayıldığını ortaya koymakta, infodemiyle mücadele için resmi mecralar, medya ve okurlar için önerilerini sunmaktadırlar.
Çalışma ile, bilime dayalı ve objektif haberciliğin post-truth hakikat çağında her zamankinden çok daha önemli olduğu gerçeğini kanıtlamakta, yanlış bilgi ve komplo teorilerinin medya aracılığıyla toplumun geniş kesimlerine erişmesinin önüne geçilmesi amacıyla öneriler ortaya koymaktadır.

References

  • Brewster, T. (2020). Coronavirus ‘cure’claims get FTC warning, so maybe don’t drink silver. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2020/03/09/teas-essential-oils-and-drinking-silver-ftc-warns-about-dubious-coronavirus-cures/#3da43f2e1cba, Erişim tarihi: 5 Haziran 2021.
  • Chan, A. K., Nickson, C. P., Rudolph, J. W., Lee, A., ve Joynt, G. M. (2020). “Social media for rapid knowledge dissemination: early experience from the COVID‐19 pandemic”. Anaesthesia. S. 1579-1582.
  • Cumhuriyet. (2021). “Sağlık habercilerinden aşı haberi uyarısı”. Cumhuriyet Gazetesi. https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/saglik-habercilerinden-asi-haberi-uyarisi-1809255, Erişim tarihi: 27 Ocak 2021.
  • Çaplı, B., ve Taş, O. (2010). “Kriz haberciliği”. Televizyon Haberciliğinde Etik, s. 237-251.
  • Dechêne, A., Stahl, C., Hansen, J., & Wänke, M. (2010). “The truth about the truth: A meta-analytic review of the truth effect”. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(2), s. 238-257.
  • Dursun, A. (2020). “Iran: Death toll from toxic alcohol rises to 180”. Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/health/iran-death-toll-from-toxic-alcohol-rises-to-180/1771659, Erişim tarihi: 2 Haziran 2021.
  • Eysenbach, G. (2002). “Infodemiology: The epidemiology of (mis) information”. The American journal of medicine, 113(9), s. 763-765.
  • Fox, S. (2006). Online Health Search 2006. http://www.pewinternet.org/2006/10/29/ online-health-search-2006/, Erişim tarihi: 30 Mart 2021.
  • Fung, I. C.-H., Fu, K.-W., Chan, C.-H., Chan, B. S. B., Cheung, C.-N., Abraham, T., ve Tse, Z. T. H. (2016). “Social Media’s Initial Reaction to Information and Misinformation on Ebola”, August 2014: Facts and Rumors. Public Health Reports, 131(3), s. 461–473.
  • Furedi, F. (2001). Korku kültürü: Risk almamanın riskleri. İstanbul: Ayrıntı yayınları.
  • Garrett, R. K., Weeks, B. E., ve Neo, R. L. (2016). “Driving a Wedge Between Evidence and Beliefs: How Online Ideological News Exposure Promotes Political Misperceptions”. Journal of Computer- Mediated Communication, 21(5), s. 331–348.
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  • Giddens, A., ve Pierson, C. (2001). Modernliği Anlamlandırmak. İstanbul: Alfa Kitabevi.
  • Gough, A., Hunter, R. F., Ajao, O., Jurek, A., McKeown, G., Hong, J., ve Kee, F. (2017). “Tweet for behavior change: using social media for the dissemination of public health messages”. JMIR public health and surveillance, 3(1), e14.
  • Honigsbaum, M. (2013). “Regulating the 1918–19 pandemic: Flu, stoicism and the Northcliffe press”, Medical history, 57(2), s. 165-185.
  • Kemp, S. (2020). “Digital 2020: October Global Statshot”. DataReportal, https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2020-october-global-statshot. Erişim tarihi: 10 Mart 2021.
  • Kim, L., Fast, S. M., ve Markuzon, N. (2019). “Incorporating media data into a model of infectious disease transmission”. PloS one, 14(2).
  • Kırık, A. L. ve Orkan, S. (2021). “Olağandışı Durumlarda İletişim, İnfodemi ve Toplum Psikolojisi: Koronavirüs Pandemisi Örneği”, Sosyal Psikoloji El Kitabı, Ekmel Geçer ve Meltem Serdar (Ed.), s. 309-327, Ankara: Grafiker Yayınları.
  • Kouzy, R., Abi Jaoude, J., Kraitem, A., El Alam, M. B., Karam, B., Adib, E., ve Baddour, K. (2020). “Coronavirus goes viral: quantifying the COVID-19 misinformation epidemic on Twitter”. Cureus, 12(3).
  • Kushner, J. (2020). “The role of social media during a pandemic”. Khoros, Industry Trends. https://khoros. com/blog/social-medias-role-during-covid-19. Erişim tarihi: 15 Mayıs 2021.
  • Llewellyn, S. (2020). “Covid-19: how to be careful with trust and expertise on social media”. BMJ, 368.
  • Marantz, A. (2020). “Alex Jones’s Bogus Coronavirus Cures”. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/04/06/alex-jones-bogus-coronavirus-cures, Erişim tarihi: 4 Haziran 2021.
  • Mitchell, A., Gottfried, J., Barthel, M., ve Shearer, E. (2016). “The Modern News Consumer”. Pew Research Center’s Journalism Project. https://www.journalism.org/2016/07/07/the-modern- news-consumer/, Erişim tarihi: 15 Haziran 2021.
  • Mourad, A., Srour, A., Harmanai, H., Jenainati, C., ve Arafeh, M. (2020). “Critical impact of social networks infodemic on defeating coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic: Twitter-based study and research directions”. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, 17(4), s. 2145-2155.
  • Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Kalogeropoulos, A., Levy, D. A. L. ve Nielsen, R. K. (2017). “Digital News Report 2017”. Reuters Institute. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac. uk/sites/default/files/Digital%20News%20Report%202017%20web_0.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 20 Haziran 2021.
  • O’Donnell, B. (2020). “Here’s why 5G and coronavirus are not connected”. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/columnist/2020/03/21/did-5-g-cause-coronavirus-covid-19-pande mic/2873731001/, Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2021.
  • Palmer, A. (2020). “Amazon removes hundreds of thousands of ‘high-priced offers’ amid coronavirus price gouging”. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/06/amazon-removes-530000-products-amid-coronavirus-price-gouging.html., Erişim tarihi: 29 Mayıs 2021.
  • Radzikowski, J., Stefanidis, A., Jacobsen, K. H., Croitoru, A., Crooks, A., ve Delamater, P. L. (2016). “The Measles Vaccination Narrative in Twitter: A Quantitative Analysis”. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 2(1).
  • Schram, G. N. (1993). Toward a response to the American crisis. Christendom: Christendom Press.
  • Sharma, M., Yadav, K., Yadav, N., ve Ferdinand, K. C. (2017). “Zika virus pandemic Analysis of Facebook as a social media health information platform”. American Journal of Infection Control. 45(3), s. 301– 302.
  • Stone R. (2020). “Iran confronts coronavirus amid a ‘battle between science and conspiracy theories’”. Science. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/ 2020/03/iran-confronts-coronavirus-amid-bat tle-between-science-and-conspiracy-theories. Erişim tarihi: 30 Nisan 2021.
  • WHO, (2020a). Developing trans-disciplinary science: infodemiology, the science behind infodemic management. Erişim Adresi: https://www.who.int/docs/default- source/coro naviruse/situation-reports/20200707-covid-1 9-sitrep-169.pdf?sfvrsn=c6c69c88_2.
  • WHO. (2020b). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): situation report, 42. Erişim Adresi: source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200 305-sitrep-45-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=ed2ba78 b_4.
  • WHO. (2020c). Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) situation report - 13: World Health Organization. Erişim Adresi: https://www.who.int/ docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-r eports/20200202-sitrep-13-ncov-v3.pdf?sfvr sn=195f4010_6.
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INFODEMIC WORLD: 'PANDEMIC' IS REAL, 'INFO" IS FAKE. DETECTION, CRITICISM AND SUGGESTIONS OF HEALTH REPORTERS REGARDING INFODEMIA DURING PANDEMIC

Year 2021, Issue: 55, 56 - 79, 22.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.47998/ikad.975745

Abstract

Covid-19 epidemic has created false and misleading information in the media and media platforms, and has once again clearly revealed the need for reliable systems to reach accurate information through social media and mass media. According to the World Health Organization, during Covid-19 uncontrolled, incomplete and incorrect information spread faster than the virus and also has caused psychological panic, misleading medical advice, and a dramatic structural breakdown in social media.
Due to the rapid progress of rumors and false information that have nothing to do with reality in the pandemic process, once again revealed the importance of specializing in important fields such as health in journalism and crisis management. In this context, this article offers an evaluation from the perspective of expert health journalists, focusing on the impact of the infodemic on the epidemic process. The problem that makes this study necessary to determine how the media approaches pandemic reporting is how the crisis affecting the whole world has been effective in easing or escalating the problem through the media and how the ethical criteria of health journalism are handled.
Within the scope of this study, which was carried out to analyze the information consumption habits and news production processes of the media, senior health journalists working in the national media were interviewed. The study is important for journalists to reveal their experience, observations and concerns about fake news and information production during the epidemic. Health journalists reveal “how” false information is produced, “who” is influential in the dissemination of this information, “why” it spreads, and offer suggestions for official channels, media and readers to combat the infodemic.
The study highlights that science-based and objective journalism is more important than ever in the era of post-truth truth, and that misinformation and conspiracy theories should be prevented from reaching large segments of society through the media.

References

  • Brewster, T. (2020). Coronavirus ‘cure’claims get FTC warning, so maybe don’t drink silver. Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/thomasbrewster/2020/03/09/teas-essential-oils-and-drinking-silver-ftc-warns-about-dubious-coronavirus-cures/#3da43f2e1cba, Erişim tarihi: 5 Haziran 2021.
  • Chan, A. K., Nickson, C. P., Rudolph, J. W., Lee, A., ve Joynt, G. M. (2020). “Social media for rapid knowledge dissemination: early experience from the COVID‐19 pandemic”. Anaesthesia. S. 1579-1582.
  • Cumhuriyet. (2021). “Sağlık habercilerinden aşı haberi uyarısı”. Cumhuriyet Gazetesi. https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/saglik-habercilerinden-asi-haberi-uyarisi-1809255, Erişim tarihi: 27 Ocak 2021.
  • Çaplı, B., ve Taş, O. (2010). “Kriz haberciliği”. Televizyon Haberciliğinde Etik, s. 237-251.
  • Dechêne, A., Stahl, C., Hansen, J., & Wänke, M. (2010). “The truth about the truth: A meta-analytic review of the truth effect”. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 14(2), s. 238-257.
  • Dursun, A. (2020). “Iran: Death toll from toxic alcohol rises to 180”. Anadolu Ajansı. https://www.aa.com.tr/en/health/iran-death-toll-from-toxic-alcohol-rises-to-180/1771659, Erişim tarihi: 2 Haziran 2021.
  • Eysenbach, G. (2002). “Infodemiology: The epidemiology of (mis) information”. The American journal of medicine, 113(9), s. 763-765.
  • Fox, S. (2006). Online Health Search 2006. http://www.pewinternet.org/2006/10/29/ online-health-search-2006/, Erişim tarihi: 30 Mart 2021.
  • Fung, I. C.-H., Fu, K.-W., Chan, C.-H., Chan, B. S. B., Cheung, C.-N., Abraham, T., ve Tse, Z. T. H. (2016). “Social Media’s Initial Reaction to Information and Misinformation on Ebola”, August 2014: Facts and Rumors. Public Health Reports, 131(3), s. 461–473.
  • Furedi, F. (2001). Korku kültürü: Risk almamanın riskleri. İstanbul: Ayrıntı yayınları.
  • Garrett, R. K., Weeks, B. E., ve Neo, R. L. (2016). “Driving a Wedge Between Evidence and Beliefs: How Online Ideological News Exposure Promotes Political Misperceptions”. Journal of Computer- Mediated Communication, 21(5), s. 331–348.
  • Geçer, E. (2020). TRT Akademi İnfodemi Araştırması Raporu, https://trtakademi.net/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/TRT-Akademi-Infodemi-Arastirmasi-Raporu.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 30 Mayıs 2021.
  • Giddens, A., ve Pierson, C. (2001). Modernliği Anlamlandırmak. İstanbul: Alfa Kitabevi.
  • Gough, A., Hunter, R. F., Ajao, O., Jurek, A., McKeown, G., Hong, J., ve Kee, F. (2017). “Tweet for behavior change: using social media for the dissemination of public health messages”. JMIR public health and surveillance, 3(1), e14.
  • Honigsbaum, M. (2013). “Regulating the 1918–19 pandemic: Flu, stoicism and the Northcliffe press”, Medical history, 57(2), s. 165-185.
  • Kemp, S. (2020). “Digital 2020: October Global Statshot”. DataReportal, https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2020-october-global-statshot. Erişim tarihi: 10 Mart 2021.
  • Kim, L., Fast, S. M., ve Markuzon, N. (2019). “Incorporating media data into a model of infectious disease transmission”. PloS one, 14(2).
  • Kırık, A. L. ve Orkan, S. (2021). “Olağandışı Durumlarda İletişim, İnfodemi ve Toplum Psikolojisi: Koronavirüs Pandemisi Örneği”, Sosyal Psikoloji El Kitabı, Ekmel Geçer ve Meltem Serdar (Ed.), s. 309-327, Ankara: Grafiker Yayınları.
  • Kouzy, R., Abi Jaoude, J., Kraitem, A., El Alam, M. B., Karam, B., Adib, E., ve Baddour, K. (2020). “Coronavirus goes viral: quantifying the COVID-19 misinformation epidemic on Twitter”. Cureus, 12(3).
  • Kushner, J. (2020). “The role of social media during a pandemic”. Khoros, Industry Trends. https://khoros. com/blog/social-medias-role-during-covid-19. Erişim tarihi: 15 Mayıs 2021.
  • Llewellyn, S. (2020). “Covid-19: how to be careful with trust and expertise on social media”. BMJ, 368.
  • Marantz, A. (2020). “Alex Jones’s Bogus Coronavirus Cures”. The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/04/06/alex-jones-bogus-coronavirus-cures, Erişim tarihi: 4 Haziran 2021.
  • Mitchell, A., Gottfried, J., Barthel, M., ve Shearer, E. (2016). “The Modern News Consumer”. Pew Research Center’s Journalism Project. https://www.journalism.org/2016/07/07/the-modern- news-consumer/, Erişim tarihi: 15 Haziran 2021.
  • Mourad, A., Srour, A., Harmanai, H., Jenainati, C., ve Arafeh, M. (2020). “Critical impact of social networks infodemic on defeating coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic: Twitter-based study and research directions”. IEEE Transactions on Network and Service Management, 17(4), s. 2145-2155.
  • Newman, N., Fletcher, R., Kalogeropoulos, A., Levy, D. A. L. ve Nielsen, R. K. (2017). “Digital News Report 2017”. Reuters Institute. https://reutersinstitute.politics.ox.ac. uk/sites/default/files/Digital%20News%20Report%202017%20web_0.pdf, Erişim tarihi: 20 Haziran 2021.
  • O’Donnell, B. (2020). “Here’s why 5G and coronavirus are not connected”. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/columnist/2020/03/21/did-5-g-cause-coronavirus-covid-19-pande mic/2873731001/, Erişim tarihi: 21 Mayıs 2021.
  • Palmer, A. (2020). “Amazon removes hundreds of thousands of ‘high-priced offers’ amid coronavirus price gouging”. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/06/amazon-removes-530000-products-amid-coronavirus-price-gouging.html., Erişim tarihi: 29 Mayıs 2021.
  • Radzikowski, J., Stefanidis, A., Jacobsen, K. H., Croitoru, A., Crooks, A., ve Delamater, P. L. (2016). “The Measles Vaccination Narrative in Twitter: A Quantitative Analysis”. JMIR Public Health and Surveillance, 2(1).
  • Schram, G. N. (1993). Toward a response to the American crisis. Christendom: Christendom Press.
  • Sharma, M., Yadav, K., Yadav, N., ve Ferdinand, K. C. (2017). “Zika virus pandemic Analysis of Facebook as a social media health information platform”. American Journal of Infection Control. 45(3), s. 301– 302.
  • Stone R. (2020). “Iran confronts coronavirus amid a ‘battle between science and conspiracy theories’”. Science. https://www.sciencemag.org/news/ 2020/03/iran-confronts-coronavirus-amid-bat tle-between-science-and-conspiracy-theories. Erişim tarihi: 30 Nisan 2021.
  • WHO, (2020a). Developing trans-disciplinary science: infodemiology, the science behind infodemic management. Erişim Adresi: https://www.who.int/docs/default- source/coro naviruse/situation-reports/20200707-covid-1 9-sitrep-169.pdf?sfvrsn=c6c69c88_2.
  • WHO. (2020b). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): situation report, 42. Erişim Adresi: source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200 305-sitrep-45-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=ed2ba78 b_4.
  • WHO. (2020c). Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) situation report - 13: World Health Organization. Erişim Adresi: https://www.who.int/ docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-r eports/20200202-sitrep-13-ncov-v3.pdf?sfvr sn=195f4010_6.
  • WHO. (2020d). Infodemic Management – Infodemiology World Health Organization; 2020 Erişim Adresi: Https://Www.Who.İnt/Teams/Risk- Communication/İnfodemic-Management.
There are 35 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Communication and Media Studies
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Şükran Pakkan 0000-0002-7721-9049

Publication Date September 22, 2021
Submission Date July 29, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021 Issue: 55

Cite

APA Pakkan, Ş. (2021). İnfodemik Dünya: Sağlık Habercilerinin Pandemi Sürecinde İnfodemiye İlişkin Tespit ve Önerileri. İletişim Kuram Ve Araştırma Dergisi, 2021(55), 56-79. https://doi.org/10.47998/ikad.975745