An Investigation of Preservice Preschool Teachers' Knowledge and Attitudes toward Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders
Year 2019,
Volume: 20 Issue: 2, 491 - 506, 31.08.2019
Binnur Hacıibrahimoğlu
,
Ayşegül Ustaoğlu
Abstract
The aim of this
study was to investigate the attitude and knowledge of the early childhood
preservice teachers about Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). The study was
designed as a descriptive study and conducted with 193 preservice teachers
from third and fourth grade studying early childhood education. Autism
Inclusion Questionnaire developed by Segall in 2008 was used to collect data
in the study. The scale consists of two parts as knowledge and attitude
dimensions. The part of the scale that was used to measure preservice
teachers’ level of knowledge about children with ASD was rated according to
the categories "true, false and I do not know". The attitude part in
the scale is composed of seven point Likert items by expressing according to
the participation of the preservice teacher in the opinions stated.
Independent samples T-test was used to determine whether the attitudes and
knowledge levels of the preservice teachers differed significantly from the
characteristics of the preservice teachers. The results of the study showed
that preservice teachers' attitudes towards children with ASD differed based
on their background of taking education on autism. Results revealed that preservice
teachers' attitudes did not differ in terms of the variables of class level,
working with children with ASD, and getting special education course. When the
knowledge level of the participants was examined, it was found that preservice
teachers have not sufficient knowledge about autism generally. It was found that preservice teachers have
especially incorrect knowledge on six items on the knowledge scale.
References
- Akalın, S., Demir, Ş., Sucuoğlu, B., Bakkaloğlu, H. ve İşcen, F. (2014). The needs of inclusive preschool teachers about inclusive practices. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 54, 39-60.
- American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing
- Autism Europe. (2015). European prevalence rate of autism. Retrieved from http://www.autismeurope.org/about-autism
- Avramidis, E., & Norwich, B. (2002). Teachers’ attitudes towards integration/inclusion: A review of the literature. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 17(2), 129-147.
- Avramidis, E., Bayliss, P., & Burden, R. (2000). A survey into mainstream teachers’ attitudes towards the inclusion of children with special educational needs in the ordinary school in one local education authority. Educational Psychology, 20(2), 191-211.
- Bakkaloğlu, H., Yılmaz, B., Altun Könez, N., & Yalçın, G. (2018). Türkiye’de okul öncesi kaynaştırma konusunda yapılan araştırmalar bize neler söylüyor? İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(1), 119-150. DOI: 10.17679/inuefd.302031
- Barned, N., Knapp, N., & Neuharth-Pritchett, S. (2011). Knowledge and attitudes of early childhood preservice teachers regarding the inclusion of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education, 32(4), 302-321.
- Batu, S. (2010). Factors for the success of early childhood inclusion & Related studies. International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 2(1), 57-71.
- Bredekamp, S., & Copple, C. (1997). Developmentally appropriate practice in early childhood programs. Revised edition. Washington, DC: NAEYC.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö.E., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (On üçüncü baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi
- Campbell, J., Gilmore, L., & Cuskelly, M. (2003). Changing student teachers’ attitudes towards disability and inclusion. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 28(4), 369-379.
- Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (2018). Data & Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html
- Dahle, K. B. (2003). Services to include young children with autism in the general classroom. Early Childhood Special Education, 31(1), 65-70.
- Demir, Ş., Aydın, E. (2012). Öğretmen adaylarının otizm spektrum bozukluğuna sahip (otizmli) çocuklara ilişkin bilgilerinin ve kaynaştırmaya yönelik tutumlarının farklı değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. 22. Ulusal Özel Eğitim Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Trabzon 10-11 Ekim 2012, KTÜ Trabzon
- Er-Sabuncuoğlu, M. (2016). Otizm bilgi düzeyi: Okul öncesi eğitimcileri. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(1).
- Ergenekon, Y. (2005). İşe yeni başlayan zihin özürlüler öğretmenlerinin mesleksel sorunlarının belirlenmesi ve bu sorunları gidermeye yönelik önerilerin geliştirilmesi (No.1622). Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları.
- Ergül, C., Baydık, B., Demir, Ş. (2013). Özel eğitim öğretmen adaylarının ve öğretmenlerinin zihin engelliler öğretmenliği lisans programı yeterliklerine ilişkin görüşleri. Kuram ve Uygu¬lamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 13(1), 499-522
- Griffin, H. C., Griffin, L. W., Fitch, C. W., Albera, V., & Gingras, H. (2006). Educational interventions for individuals with Asperger syndrome. Intervention in School and Clinic, 41(3), 150-155.
- Gök, G. ve Erbaş, D. (2011). Okul öncesi öğretmenlerinin kaynaştırma eğitimine ilişkin görüşleri ve önerileri [Early childhood teachers’ opinions about and suggestions for inclusion programs]. International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 3(1), 66-87.
- Güleç-Aslan, Y. (2013). A Training Programme for a Teacher Working with a Student with ASD: An Action Research. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri. Advance online publication. doi: 10.12738/estp.2013.4.1738.
- Haimour, A. I., & Obaidat, Y. F. (2013). School teachers’ knowledge about autism in Saudi Arabia. World Journal of Education, 3(5), 45-56.
- Hannah, M. E., & Pilner, S. (1983). Teacher attitudes toward handicapped children: A review and synthesis. School Psychology Review, 12, 12-25.
- Harrower, J. K., & Dunlap, G. (2001). Including children with autism in general education classrooms: A review of effective strategies. Behavior Modification, 25(5), 762-784.
- Hart, J. E. & Malian, I. (2013). A statewide survey of special education directors on teacher preparation and licentiate ın autism spectrum disorders: A Model For University And State Collaboration, International Journal Of Special Education, Vol 28-1, 4-13
- Hart, J.E. & More, C.M. (2013). Investigating the impact of technology on pre-service teacher knowledge of autism spectrum disorder, Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 48(4), 504–513
- Helps, S., Newsom-Davis, I., & Callias, M. (1999). Autism: The teacher’s view. Autism: The International Journal of Research & Practice, 3, 287–298.
- Hendricks, D. R. (2008). A descriptive study of special education teachers serving students with autism: Knowledge, practices employed, and training needs (Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Commonwealth University). http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2312&context=etd adresinden alındı.
- Jordan, R. (2005). Managing autism and Asperger’s syndrome in current educational provision. Pediatric Rehabilitation, 8(2), 104-112.
- Kodal, B. (2006). Eskişehir ilinde otistik çocuklarla çalışan özel eğitim öğretmenlerinin yaşadık¬ları sorunlar ve sorunların çözümüne ilişkin görüşleri. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir
- Landa, R. J., & Kalb, L. G. (2012). Long-term outcomes of toddlers with autism spectrum disorders exposed to short-term intervention. Pediatrics, 130- 2, S186-S190.
- MacDonald, R., Parry-Cruwys, D., Dupere, S., & Ahearn, W. (2014). Assessing progress and outcome of early intensive behavioral intervention for toddlers with autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(12), 3632-3644.
- McGregor, E., & Campbell, E. (2001). The attitudes of teachers in Scotland to the integration of children with autism into mainstream schools. Autism, 5(2), 189-207.
- Odom, S. L., & Bailey, D. B. (2001). Inclusive preschool programs: classroom ecology and child outcomes. In M. J. Guralnick (Eds.), Early childhood inclusion: Focus on change (pp. 253-276). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Inc.
- Pierce, K., Courchesne, E., & Bacon, E. (2016). To screen or not to screen universally for autism is not the question: why the task force got it wrong. The Journal of pediatrics, 176, 182-194.
- Rakap, S., Balikci, S., Parlak-Rakap, A., & Kalkan, S. (2016). An analysis of Turkish pre-service teachers’ knowledge of autism spectrum disorder: Implications for teacher preparation programs. SAGE Open, 6(3), 1-11, doi: 10.1177/2158244016668853.
- Reber, C. K., Marshak, L. E., Glor-Scheib, S. & Noll, M. B. (1995, April). Attitudes of Pre-Service Teachers toward Students with Disabilities: Do Practicum Experiences Make a Difference? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association. San Francisco, CA. (ERIC Document ED390825).
- Safran, J. S., & Safran, S. P. (2001). School-based consultation for Asperger syndrome. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 12(4), 385-395.
- Safran, J. S. (2002). Supporting students with Asperger’s syndrome in general education. Teaching Exceptional Children, 34(4), 60-66.
- Samms‐Vaughan, M. & Franklyn‐Banton, L. (2008) The role of early childhood professionals in the early identification of autistic disorder, International Journal of Early Years Education, 16:1, 75-84, DOI: 10.1080/09669760801892318
- Sanz-Cervera,P., Fernandez-Andres, M., Pastor-Cerezuela, G. & Tarraga-Minguez, R. (2017). Pre-Service teachers’ knowledge, misconceptions and gaps about autism spectrum disorder. Teacher Education and Special Education, 40(3) 212–224, DOI: 10.1177/0888406417700963
- Scruggs, T. E., & Mastropieri, M. A. (1996). Teacher perceptions of mainstreaming/inclusion,1958–1995: A research synthesis. Exceptional Children, 63(1), 59–74.
- Segall, M. (2008). Inclusion of students with autism spectrum disorder: Educator experience, knowledge, and attitudes. (Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Georgia, GA). Athens, GA. https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/segall_matthew_j_200805_ma.pdf adresinden alındı
- Sucuoğlu, B. (2012). Otizm Spektrum bozukluğu olan çocuklar ve kaynaştırma. E. Tekin-İftar (Ed.), Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Olan Çocuklar ve Eğitimi (sf. 473-528). Ankara: Vize Yayıncılık.
- Sucuoğlu, B., Bakkaloğlu, H., Akalın, S., Demir, Ş. ve İşcen Karasu, F. (2013). Okul öncesinde kaynaştırma: Öğretmen eğitiminin öğretmen çıktıları üzerindeki etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi [Preschool inclusion: The effects of teacher training regarding inclusion on teacher outcomes] (Yayımlanmamış Araştırma Raporu). Ankara: TÜBİTAK, SOBAG.
- Werts, M. G., Wolery, M., Snyder, E. D., & Caldwell, N. K. (1996). Teachers’ perceptions of the supports critical to the success of inclusion programs. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 21, 9-21.
- Williams, K. (1995). Understanding the student with Asperger syndrome: Guidelines for teachers. Focus on Autistic Behavior, 10(2), 9-16.
- York, A., von Fraunhofer, N., Turk, J., & Sedgwick, P. (1999). Fragile-X syndrome, Down’s syndrome and autism: Awareness and knowledge amongst special educators. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 43, 314–324.
Okul Öncesi Öğretmen Adaylarının Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu olan Çocuklara İlişkin Bilgi ve Tutumlarının İncelenmesi
Year 2019,
Volume: 20 Issue: 2, 491 - 506, 31.08.2019
Binnur Hacıibrahimoğlu
,
Ayşegül Ustaoğlu
Abstract
Okul öncesi öğretmen adaylarının otizm spektrum
bozukluğu olan çocuklara ilişkin bilgi ve tutumlarını incelemek amacıyla
gerçekleştirilen bu çalışma, betimsel tarama deseninde yürütülmüştür.
Araştırma okul öncesi öğretmenliği üçüncü ve son sınıfta öğrenimine devam eden
193 öğretmen adayı ile yürütülmüştür.
Araştırmada “Otizm Kaynaştırma Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Ölçme aracı bilgi
ve tutum boyutu olmak üzere iki bölümden oluşmaktadır. Ölçeğin öğretmen adaylarının
otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan çocuklara yönelik bilgilerinin elde edilmesi
amacıyla kullanılan bölümü “doğru, yanlış ve bilmiyorum” kategorilerine göre
derecelendirilmiştir. Ölçekte yer alan otizmli çocukların kaynaştırılmasına
ilişkin tutum bölümü ise öğretmen adaylarının belirtilen görüşlere katılıp
katılmama durumu yedi dereceli likert tipi maddelerden oluşmaktadır.
Araştırmada, öğretmen adaylarının tutum ve bilgi düzeylerinin, adayların
özelliklerine göre anlamlı bir farklılık oluşturup oluşturmadığını belirlemek
amacıyla bağımsız örneklemler için t-testi istatistiksel yöntemi
kullanılmıştır. Araştırma bulgularına göre öğretmen adaylarının otizm spektrum
bozukluğu olan çocuklara yönelik tutumlarının otizm konusunda eğitim alma
durumuna göre farklılaştığı tespit edilmiştir. Sınıf düzeyi, otizmli çocukla
çalışma ve özel eğitim dersi alma değişkenlerine göre öğretmen adaylarının
tutumlarında farklılık tespit edilmemiştir.
Çalışmanın bilgi düzeyi boyutunda ise öğretmen adaylarının genel olarak
otizme yönelik bilgilerinin yeterli olmadığı elde edilmiştir. Öğretmen
adaylarının bilgi formunda özellikle altı maddeye ilişkin yanlış bilgiye sahip
oldukları tespit edilmiştir.
References
- Akalın, S., Demir, Ş., Sucuoğlu, B., Bakkaloğlu, H. ve İşcen, F. (2014). The needs of inclusive preschool teachers about inclusive practices. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 54, 39-60.
- American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing
- Autism Europe. (2015). European prevalence rate of autism. Retrieved from http://www.autismeurope.org/about-autism
- Avramidis, E., & Norwich, B. (2002). Teachers’ attitudes towards integration/inclusion: A review of the literature. European Journal of Special Needs Education, 17(2), 129-147.
- Avramidis, E., Bayliss, P., & Burden, R. (2000). A survey into mainstream teachers’ attitudes towards the inclusion of children with special educational needs in the ordinary school in one local education authority. Educational Psychology, 20(2), 191-211.
- Bakkaloğlu, H., Yılmaz, B., Altun Könez, N., & Yalçın, G. (2018). Türkiye’de okul öncesi kaynaştırma konusunda yapılan araştırmalar bize neler söylüyor? İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 19(1), 119-150. DOI: 10.17679/inuefd.302031
- Barned, N., Knapp, N., & Neuharth-Pritchett, S. (2011). Knowledge and attitudes of early childhood preservice teachers regarding the inclusion of children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Early Childhood Teacher Education, 32(4), 302-321.
- Batu, S. (2010). Factors for the success of early childhood inclusion & Related studies. International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 2(1), 57-71.
- Bredekamp, S., & Copple, C. (1997). Developmentally appropriate practice in early childhood programs. Revised edition. Washington, DC: NAEYC.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş., Kılıç Çakmak, E., Akgün, Ö.E., Karadeniz, Ş. ve Demirel, F. (2012). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (On üçüncü baskı). Ankara: Pegem Akademi
- Campbell, J., Gilmore, L., & Cuskelly, M. (2003). Changing student teachers’ attitudes towards disability and inclusion. Journal of Intellectual and Developmental Disability, 28(4), 369-379.
- Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (2018). Data & Statistics. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html
- Dahle, K. B. (2003). Services to include young children with autism in the general classroom. Early Childhood Special Education, 31(1), 65-70.
- Demir, Ş., Aydın, E. (2012). Öğretmen adaylarının otizm spektrum bozukluğuna sahip (otizmli) çocuklara ilişkin bilgilerinin ve kaynaştırmaya yönelik tutumlarının farklı değişkenlere göre incelenmesi. 22. Ulusal Özel Eğitim Kongresi’nde sunulan bildiri, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Trabzon 10-11 Ekim 2012, KTÜ Trabzon
- Er-Sabuncuoğlu, M. (2016). Otizm bilgi düzeyi: Okul öncesi eğitimcileri. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(1).
- Ergenekon, Y. (2005). İşe yeni başlayan zihin özürlüler öğretmenlerinin mesleksel sorunlarının belirlenmesi ve bu sorunları gidermeye yönelik önerilerin geliştirilmesi (No.1622). Eskişehir: Anadolu Üniversitesi Yayınları.
- Ergül, C., Baydık, B., Demir, Ş. (2013). Özel eğitim öğretmen adaylarının ve öğretmenlerinin zihin engelliler öğretmenliği lisans programı yeterliklerine ilişkin görüşleri. Kuram ve Uygu¬lamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 13(1), 499-522
- Griffin, H. C., Griffin, L. W., Fitch, C. W., Albera, V., & Gingras, H. (2006). Educational interventions for individuals with Asperger syndrome. Intervention in School and Clinic, 41(3), 150-155.
- Gök, G. ve Erbaş, D. (2011). Okul öncesi öğretmenlerinin kaynaştırma eğitimine ilişkin görüşleri ve önerileri [Early childhood teachers’ opinions about and suggestions for inclusion programs]. International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 3(1), 66-87.
- Güleç-Aslan, Y. (2013). A Training Programme for a Teacher Working with a Student with ASD: An Action Research. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri. Advance online publication. doi: 10.12738/estp.2013.4.1738.
- Haimour, A. I., & Obaidat, Y. F. (2013). School teachers’ knowledge about autism in Saudi Arabia. World Journal of Education, 3(5), 45-56.
- Hannah, M. E., & Pilner, S. (1983). Teacher attitudes toward handicapped children: A review and synthesis. School Psychology Review, 12, 12-25.
- Harrower, J. K., & Dunlap, G. (2001). Including children with autism in general education classrooms: A review of effective strategies. Behavior Modification, 25(5), 762-784.
- Hart, J. E. & Malian, I. (2013). A statewide survey of special education directors on teacher preparation and licentiate ın autism spectrum disorders: A Model For University And State Collaboration, International Journal Of Special Education, Vol 28-1, 4-13
- Hart, J.E. & More, C.M. (2013). Investigating the impact of technology on pre-service teacher knowledge of autism spectrum disorder, Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities, 48(4), 504–513
- Helps, S., Newsom-Davis, I., & Callias, M. (1999). Autism: The teacher’s view. Autism: The International Journal of Research & Practice, 3, 287–298.
- Hendricks, D. R. (2008). A descriptive study of special education teachers serving students with autism: Knowledge, practices employed, and training needs (Doctoral dissertation, Virginia Commonwealth University). http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2312&context=etd adresinden alındı.
- Jordan, R. (2005). Managing autism and Asperger’s syndrome in current educational provision. Pediatric Rehabilitation, 8(2), 104-112.
- Kodal, B. (2006). Eskişehir ilinde otistik çocuklarla çalışan özel eğitim öğretmenlerinin yaşadık¬ları sorunlar ve sorunların çözümüne ilişkin görüşleri. Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir
- Landa, R. J., & Kalb, L. G. (2012). Long-term outcomes of toddlers with autism spectrum disorders exposed to short-term intervention. Pediatrics, 130- 2, S186-S190.
- MacDonald, R., Parry-Cruwys, D., Dupere, S., & Ahearn, W. (2014). Assessing progress and outcome of early intensive behavioral intervention for toddlers with autism. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(12), 3632-3644.
- McGregor, E., & Campbell, E. (2001). The attitudes of teachers in Scotland to the integration of children with autism into mainstream schools. Autism, 5(2), 189-207.
- Odom, S. L., & Bailey, D. B. (2001). Inclusive preschool programs: classroom ecology and child outcomes. In M. J. Guralnick (Eds.), Early childhood inclusion: Focus on change (pp. 253-276). Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing Co., Inc.
- Pierce, K., Courchesne, E., & Bacon, E. (2016). To screen or not to screen universally for autism is not the question: why the task force got it wrong. The Journal of pediatrics, 176, 182-194.
- Rakap, S., Balikci, S., Parlak-Rakap, A., & Kalkan, S. (2016). An analysis of Turkish pre-service teachers’ knowledge of autism spectrum disorder: Implications for teacher preparation programs. SAGE Open, 6(3), 1-11, doi: 10.1177/2158244016668853.
- Reber, C. K., Marshak, L. E., Glor-Scheib, S. & Noll, M. B. (1995, April). Attitudes of Pre-Service Teachers toward Students with Disabilities: Do Practicum Experiences Make a Difference? Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association. San Francisco, CA. (ERIC Document ED390825).
- Safran, J. S., & Safran, S. P. (2001). School-based consultation for Asperger syndrome. Journal of Educational and Psychological Consultation, 12(4), 385-395.
- Safran, J. S. (2002). Supporting students with Asperger’s syndrome in general education. Teaching Exceptional Children, 34(4), 60-66.
- Samms‐Vaughan, M. & Franklyn‐Banton, L. (2008) The role of early childhood professionals in the early identification of autistic disorder, International Journal of Early Years Education, 16:1, 75-84, DOI: 10.1080/09669760801892318
- Sanz-Cervera,P., Fernandez-Andres, M., Pastor-Cerezuela, G. & Tarraga-Minguez, R. (2017). Pre-Service teachers’ knowledge, misconceptions and gaps about autism spectrum disorder. Teacher Education and Special Education, 40(3) 212–224, DOI: 10.1177/0888406417700963
- Scruggs, T. E., & Mastropieri, M. A. (1996). Teacher perceptions of mainstreaming/inclusion,1958–1995: A research synthesis. Exceptional Children, 63(1), 59–74.
- Segall, M. (2008). Inclusion of students with autism spectrum disorder: Educator experience, knowledge, and attitudes. (Unpublished master’s thesis, University of Georgia, GA). Athens, GA. https://getd.libs.uga.edu/pdfs/segall_matthew_j_200805_ma.pdf adresinden alındı
- Sucuoğlu, B. (2012). Otizm Spektrum bozukluğu olan çocuklar ve kaynaştırma. E. Tekin-İftar (Ed.), Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Olan Çocuklar ve Eğitimi (sf. 473-528). Ankara: Vize Yayıncılık.
- Sucuoğlu, B., Bakkaloğlu, H., Akalın, S., Demir, Ş. ve İşcen Karasu, F. (2013). Okul öncesinde kaynaştırma: Öğretmen eğitiminin öğretmen çıktıları üzerindeki etkilerinin değerlendirilmesi [Preschool inclusion: The effects of teacher training regarding inclusion on teacher outcomes] (Yayımlanmamış Araştırma Raporu). Ankara: TÜBİTAK, SOBAG.
- Werts, M. G., Wolery, M., Snyder, E. D., & Caldwell, N. K. (1996). Teachers’ perceptions of the supports critical to the success of inclusion programs. Journal of the Association for Persons with Severe Handicaps, 21, 9-21.
- Williams, K. (1995). Understanding the student with Asperger syndrome: Guidelines for teachers. Focus on Autistic Behavior, 10(2), 9-16.
- York, A., von Fraunhofer, N., Turk, J., & Sedgwick, P. (1999). Fragile-X syndrome, Down’s syndrome and autism: Awareness and knowledge amongst special educators. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 43, 314–324.