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13-70 Aylık Çocuklarda Prososyal Davranışlar: Doğal Gözlem Çalışması

Year 2021, , 673 - 709, 30.08.2021
https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0096

Abstract

Prososyal davranışların erken dönemlerden itibaren görüldüğü bilinmektedir ancak alan yazında hem farklı prososyal davranışların bir arada ele alındığı hem de müdahalesiz gözlemin yapıldığı çalışmalar yok denecek kadar azdır. Bu nedenle mevcut çalışmada okul öncesi dönemdeki çocukların yardım, paylaşma, işbirliği, bilgilendirme, rahatlatma ve itaatkar prososyal davranışları kreş ortamında doğal gözlem yapılarak incelenmiştir. Buna ek olarak, literatürde belirtilmeyen prososyal davranışların belirlenmesi de amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında yaşları 13-23 aylık olan 16 çocuk, 24-35 aylık olan 30 çocuk, 36-47 aylık olan 28 çocuk, 48-59 aylık olan 32 çocuk ve 60-70 aylık olan 35 çocuk olmak üzere toplamda 141 çocuk (62 kız, 79 erkek) gözlemlenmiştir. Gözlemler çocukların faaliyet, serbest oyun ve yapılandırılmış oyun zaman dilimlerinde gerçekleştirilmiş, ayrıca gözlemci tarafından davranış kayıtları tutulmuştur. Her bir yaş grubu için birden çok oturumda toplam 500 dakikalık gözlemler yapılmıştır. Prososyal davranış türleri için her bir yaş grubunun frekansları ayrı ayrı incelenmiştir. Gözlemler sonucunda yardım, paylaşma, rahatlatma ve itaatkar prososyal davranışların çocukların ilk yaşlarından itibaren ortaya çıktığı, iki yaşından itibaren ise işbirliği ve bilgilendirme prososyal davranış türlerinin görüldüğü bulunmuştur. Sözü edilen davranışlara ek olarak başkasının hakkını koruma, motive etme gibi başkasının iyi oluşuna hizmet eden farklı davranışlar da iki yaştan itibaren gözlenmiş ve bu davranışlara ilişkin örnekler bulgular bölümünde sunulmuştur. Ayrıca, farklı prososyal davranışların ortaya çıkmasında sınıf içi uygulamaların, çocuklar arasındaki önceki deneyimlerin ve hem prososyal davranışta bulunan hem de prososyal davranışın alıcısı olan çocukların özelliklerinin de etkili olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuçların, prososyal davranışın çok boyutlu yapısını desteklediği görülmüş ve bu durum okul öncesi dönemdeki çocukların sınıf ortamından elde edilen gözlemlerle bağlantılandırılarak tartışma bölümünde ele alınmıştır.

References

  • Altmann, J. (1974). Observational study of behavior: Sampling methods. Behaviour, 49(3-4), 227-266. google scholar
  • Arı, M. ve Yaban, H. (2016). Okul öncesi dönemdeki çocukların sosyal davranışları: mizaç ve duygu düzenlemenin rolü. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 31(1), 125-141. google scholar
  • Astington, J. W. ve Jenkins, J. M. (1995). Theory of mind development and social understanding. Cognition & Emotion, 9(2-3), 151-165. google scholar
  • Aydin, M. S. ve Acun, E. (2018). Küçük çocuklar başkalarının ihtiyacını gözeterek yardım ederler. Nesne, 6(12), 51-67. google scholar
  • Aydin, M. S. ve Karakelle, S. (2016). 3-4 yaş çocuklarında zihin kuramı ve kendini düzenleme becerisinin yardım davranışları üzerindeki etkisi. Nesne, 4(8), 205-226. google scholar
  • Bar-Tal, D., Raviv, A. ve Goldberg, M. (1982). Helping behavior among preschool children: An observational study. Child Development, 16, 516-524. google scholar
  • Benenson, J. F., Markovits, H., Roy, R. ve Denko, P. (2003). Behavioural rules underlying learning to share: Efects of development and context. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27, 116-121. google scholar
  • Birch, L. L. ve Billman, J. (1986). Preschool children’s food sharing with friends and acquaintances. Child Development, 57(2), 387-395. google scholar
  • Brownell, C. A., Iesue, S. S., Nichols, S. R. ve Svetlova, M. (2013). Mine or yours? Development of sharing in toddlers in relation to ownership understanding. Child Development, 84(3), 906-920. google scholar
  • Brownell, C. A., Svetlova, M., Anderson, R., Nichols, S. R. ve Drummond, J. (2013). Socialization of early prosocial behavior: Parents’ talk about emotions is associated with sharing and helping in toddlers. Infancy, 18(1), 91-119. google scholar
  • Brownell, C. A., Svetlova, M. ve Nichols, S. (2009). To share or not to share: When do toddlers respond to another’s needs? Infancy, 14(1), 117-130. google scholar
  • Carlo, G. ve Randall, B. A. (2001). Are all prosocial behaviors equal? A socioecological developmental conception of prosocial behavior. In F. Columbus (Ed.), Advances in psychology research, Volume II (pp. 151-170). New York: Nova Science. google scholar
  • Carlo, G., Samper, P., Malonda, E., Tur-Porcar, A. M. ve Davis, A. (2018). The effects of perceptions of parents’ use of social and material rewards on prosocial behaviors in Spanish and US youth. The Journal ofEarly Adolescence, 38(3), 365-287. google scholar
  • Carpenter, M., Akhtar, N. ve Tomasello, M. (1998). Fourteen-through 18-month-old infants differentially imitate intentional and accidental actions. Infant Behavior and Development, 21(2), 315-330. google scholar
  • Davidov, M., Vaish, A., Knafo-Noam, A. ve Hastings, P. D. (2016). The motivational foundations of prosocial behavior from a developmental perspective-evolutionary roots and key psychological mechanisms: Introduction to the special section. Child Development, 87(6), 1655-1667. google scholar
  • Do, K. T., McCormick, E. M. ve Telzer, E. H. (2019). The neural development of prosocial behavior from childhood to adolescence. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 14(2), 129-139. google scholar
  • Dunfield, K., Kuhlmeier, V. A., O’Connell, L. ve Kelley, E. (2011). Examining the diversity of prosocial behavior: Helping, sharing, and comforting in infancy. Infancy, 16(3), 227-247. google scholar
  • Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A. ve Spinrad, T. L. (2006). Prosocial development. In N. Eisenberg, W. Damon, & R. M. Lerner (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology. Vol. 3: Social, emotional, and personality development (6. ed., s. 646-718). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. google scholar
  • Eisenberg, N., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C., Shepard, S. A., Cumberland, A. ve Carlo, G. (1999). Consistency and development of prosocial dispositions: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 70(6), 1360-1372. google scholar
  • Grice, P. (1975). Logic and conversation. P. Cole & J. Morgan (Ed.) içinde, Syntax and semantics. Vol. 3: Speech acts (s. 43 - 58). New York: Academic Press. google scholar
  • Hammond, S. I., Al-Jbouri, E., Edwards, V. ve Feltham, L. E. (2017). Infant helping in the first year of life: Parents’ recollection of infants’ earliest prosocial behaviors. Infant Behavior and Development, 47(2017), 54-57. google scholar
  • Hepach, R., Haberl, K., Lambert, S. ve Tomasello, M. (2017). Toddlers help anonymously. Infancy, 22(1), 130-145. google scholar
  • Jaeggi, A. V., Burkart, J. M. ve Van Schaik, C. P. (2010). On the psychology of cooperation in humans and other primates: Combining the natural history and experimental evidence of prosociality. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 365(1553), 2723-2735. google scholar
  • Köster, M., Cavalcante, L, Carvalho, R. V C, Resende, B. D. ve Kartner, J. (2016). Cultural influences on toddlers’ prosocial behavior: How maternal task assignment relates to helping others. Child Development, 87(6), 1727-1738. google scholar
  • Liddle, M. J. E., Bradley, B. S. ve Mcgrath, A. (2015). Baby empathy: Infant distress and peer prosocial responses. Infant Mental Health Journal, 36(4), 446-458. google scholar
  • Liszkowski, U., Carpenter, M., Striano, T. ve Tomasello, M. (2006). 12-and 18-month-olds point to provide information for others. Journal of Cognition and Development, 7(2), 173-187. google scholar
  • Marcus, R. F., Telleen, S. ve Roke, E. J. (1979). Relation between cooperation and empathy in young children. Developmental Psychology, 15(3), 346. google scholar
  • Miles, M. B. ve Huberman, A. M. (1994). An expanded sourcebook qualitative data analysis. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications google scholar
  • Moore, C. (2009). Fairness in children’s resource allocation depends on the recipient. Psychological Science, 20(8), 944-948. google scholar
  • Nelson, L. ve Madsen, M. C. (1969). Cooperation and competition in four-year-olds as a function of reward contingency and subculture. Developmental Psychology, 1(4), 340. google scholar
  • Ng, R., Heyman, G. D. ve Barner, D. (2011). Collaboration promotes proportional reasoning about resource distribution in young children. Developmental Psychology, 47(5), 1230. google scholar
  • Nichols, S. R., Svetlova, M. ve Brownell, C. A. (2015). Toddlers’ responses to infants’ negative emotions. Infancy, 20(1), 70-97. google scholar
  • Özcan, A. (2016). Türkiye’de okul öncesi dönemde prososyal davranışlar ile ilgili yapılan yüksek lisans ve doktora tezleri ile makalelerin incelenmesi. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 51(3), 489-504. google scholar
  • Paulus, M. (2014). The early origins of human charity: Developmental changes in preschoolers’ sharing with poor and wealthy individuals. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 344. google scholar
  • Paulus, M. ve Moore, C. (2014). The development of recipient-dependent sharing behavior and sharing expectations in preschool children. Developmental Psychology, 50(3), 914-921. google scholar
  • Pettygrove, D. M., Hammond, S. I., Karahuta, E. L., Waugh, W. E. ve Brownell, C. A. (2013). From cleaning up to helping out: Parental socialization and children’s early prosocial behavior. Infant Behavior and Development, 36(4), 843-846. google scholar
  • Ponitz, C. C., McClelland, M. M., Matthews, J. S. ve Morrison, F. J. (2009). A structured observation of behavioral self-regulation and its contribution to kindergarten outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 45(3), 605. google scholar
  • Pozzoli, T. ve Gini, G. (2010). Active defending and passive bystanding behavior in bullying: The role of personal characteristics and perceived peer pressure. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(6), 815-827. google scholar
  • Roffey, S. (2011). Enhancing connectedness in Australian children and young people. Asian Journal of Counselling, 18(1), 15-39. google scholar
  • Sebanc, A. M. (2003). The friendship features of preschool children: Links with prosocial behavior and aggression. Social Development, 12(2), 249-268. google scholar
  • Sunar, D. ve Fidancı, P. E. (2016). Farklı türdeki özgecil davranışların erken gelişimi: Paylaşma, yardım etme ve bağış yapma. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 31(78), 26-41. google scholar
  • Svetlova, M., Nichols, S. R. ve Brownell, C. A. (2010). Toddlers’ prosocial behavior: From instrumental to empathic to altruistic helping. Child Development, 81(6), 1814-1827. google scholar
  • Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M. ve Liszkowski, U. (2007). A new look at infant pointing. Child Development, 78(3), 705-722. google scholar
  • Toplak, M. E., West, R. F. ve Stanovich, K. E. (2013). Practitioner review: Do performance-based measures and ratings of executive function assess the same construct? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(2), 131-143. google scholar
  • Warneken, F. (2013). Young children proactively remedy unnoticed accidents. Cognition, 126(1), 101108. google scholar
  • Warneken, F., Chen, F. ve Tomasello, M. (2006). Cooperative activities in young children and chimpanzees. Child Development, 77(3), 640-663. google scholar
  • Warneken, F. ve Tomasello, M. (2006). Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees. Science, 311(5765), 1301-1303. google scholar
  • Warneken, F. ve Tomasello, M. (2007). Helping and cooperation at 14 months of age. Infancy, 11(3), 271-294. google scholar
  • Warneken, F. ve Tomasello, M. (2009). The roots of human altruism. British Journal of Psychology, 100(3), 455-471. google scholar
  • Warneken, F. ve Tomasello, M. (2013). Parental presence and encouragement do not influence helping in young children. Infancy, 18(3), 345-368. google scholar
  • Wu, Z. ve Su, Y. (2014). How do preschoolers’ sharing behaviors relate to their theory of mind understanding? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 120, 73-86. google scholar
  • Xu, J., Saether, L. ve Sommerville, J. A. (2016). Experience facilitates the emergence of sharing behavior among 7.5-month-old infants. Developmental Psychology, 52(11), 1732. google scholar
  • Yağmurlu, B., Sanson, A. ve Köymen, S. B. (2005). Effects of parenting and child temperament on the development of prosocial behavior: The mediating role of theory of mind. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 20(55), 1-20. google scholar

Prosocial Behaviors in 13 to 70 months old Children:A Naturalistic Observation Study

Year 2021, , 673 - 709, 30.08.2021
https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0096

Abstract

Prosocial behaviors are first observed at an early age. However, almost no studies examine different prosocial behaviors together or provide an intervention-free observation. Therefore, in this study, preschool children’s helping, sharing, cooperation, informing, comforting, and compliant prosocial behaviors were investigated in their kindergarten context by using naturalistic observation. Another aim was to observe prosocial behavior not specified in the literature. The study comprised 16 children aged 13–23 months, 30 children aged 24–35 months, 28 children aged 36–47 months, 32 children aged 48–59 months, and 35 children aged 60–70 months; thus, 141 children (62 girls, 79 boys) were observed. Observations were conducted during the children’s activity, free play, and structured play timeframes, and behaviors were recorded by the observer. The total duration of observations conducted for each age group in multiple sessions was 500 minutes. The frequencies of prosocial behaviors were examined in each age group. Data indicated that helping, sharing, comforting, and compliant prosocial behaviors were observed after the children’s first birthday. Cooperation and informing behaviors were observed during the second year of the children’s life. In addition to these prosocial behaviors, some behaviors such as defending and motivating others, which both contribute to the well-being of others, were also observed in this study, and related prototypes were presented in the results section. Additionally, in-class practices, peers’ past experiences with each other, and characteristics of children (whether they are agents or recipients of prosocial behavior) influenced the emergence of different prosocial behaviors. Results, which further enhanced the sets of evidence pointing to the multidimensional nature of prosocial behaviors, were discussed in the context of classroom observations conducted on preschool children

References

  • Altmann, J. (1974). Observational study of behavior: Sampling methods. Behaviour, 49(3-4), 227-266. google scholar
  • Arı, M. ve Yaban, H. (2016). Okul öncesi dönemdeki çocukların sosyal davranışları: mizaç ve duygu düzenlemenin rolü. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 31(1), 125-141. google scholar
  • Astington, J. W. ve Jenkins, J. M. (1995). Theory of mind development and social understanding. Cognition & Emotion, 9(2-3), 151-165. google scholar
  • Aydin, M. S. ve Acun, E. (2018). Küçük çocuklar başkalarının ihtiyacını gözeterek yardım ederler. Nesne, 6(12), 51-67. google scholar
  • Aydin, M. S. ve Karakelle, S. (2016). 3-4 yaş çocuklarında zihin kuramı ve kendini düzenleme becerisinin yardım davranışları üzerindeki etkisi. Nesne, 4(8), 205-226. google scholar
  • Bar-Tal, D., Raviv, A. ve Goldberg, M. (1982). Helping behavior among preschool children: An observational study. Child Development, 16, 516-524. google scholar
  • Benenson, J. F., Markovits, H., Roy, R. ve Denko, P. (2003). Behavioural rules underlying learning to share: Efects of development and context. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 27, 116-121. google scholar
  • Birch, L. L. ve Billman, J. (1986). Preschool children’s food sharing with friends and acquaintances. Child Development, 57(2), 387-395. google scholar
  • Brownell, C. A., Iesue, S. S., Nichols, S. R. ve Svetlova, M. (2013). Mine or yours? Development of sharing in toddlers in relation to ownership understanding. Child Development, 84(3), 906-920. google scholar
  • Brownell, C. A., Svetlova, M., Anderson, R., Nichols, S. R. ve Drummond, J. (2013). Socialization of early prosocial behavior: Parents’ talk about emotions is associated with sharing and helping in toddlers. Infancy, 18(1), 91-119. google scholar
  • Brownell, C. A., Svetlova, M. ve Nichols, S. (2009). To share or not to share: When do toddlers respond to another’s needs? Infancy, 14(1), 117-130. google scholar
  • Carlo, G. ve Randall, B. A. (2001). Are all prosocial behaviors equal? A socioecological developmental conception of prosocial behavior. In F. Columbus (Ed.), Advances in psychology research, Volume II (pp. 151-170). New York: Nova Science. google scholar
  • Carlo, G., Samper, P., Malonda, E., Tur-Porcar, A. M. ve Davis, A. (2018). The effects of perceptions of parents’ use of social and material rewards on prosocial behaviors in Spanish and US youth. The Journal ofEarly Adolescence, 38(3), 365-287. google scholar
  • Carpenter, M., Akhtar, N. ve Tomasello, M. (1998). Fourteen-through 18-month-old infants differentially imitate intentional and accidental actions. Infant Behavior and Development, 21(2), 315-330. google scholar
  • Davidov, M., Vaish, A., Knafo-Noam, A. ve Hastings, P. D. (2016). The motivational foundations of prosocial behavior from a developmental perspective-evolutionary roots and key psychological mechanisms: Introduction to the special section. Child Development, 87(6), 1655-1667. google scholar
  • Do, K. T., McCormick, E. M. ve Telzer, E. H. (2019). The neural development of prosocial behavior from childhood to adolescence. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 14(2), 129-139. google scholar
  • Dunfield, K., Kuhlmeier, V. A., O’Connell, L. ve Kelley, E. (2011). Examining the diversity of prosocial behavior: Helping, sharing, and comforting in infancy. Infancy, 16(3), 227-247. google scholar
  • Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A. ve Spinrad, T. L. (2006). Prosocial development. In N. Eisenberg, W. Damon, & R. M. Lerner (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology. Vol. 3: Social, emotional, and personality development (6. ed., s. 646-718). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. google scholar
  • Eisenberg, N., Guthrie, I. K., Murphy, B. C., Shepard, S. A., Cumberland, A. ve Carlo, G. (1999). Consistency and development of prosocial dispositions: A longitudinal study. Child Development, 70(6), 1360-1372. google scholar
  • Grice, P. (1975). Logic and conversation. P. Cole & J. Morgan (Ed.) içinde, Syntax and semantics. Vol. 3: Speech acts (s. 43 - 58). New York: Academic Press. google scholar
  • Hammond, S. I., Al-Jbouri, E., Edwards, V. ve Feltham, L. E. (2017). Infant helping in the first year of life: Parents’ recollection of infants’ earliest prosocial behaviors. Infant Behavior and Development, 47(2017), 54-57. google scholar
  • Hepach, R., Haberl, K., Lambert, S. ve Tomasello, M. (2017). Toddlers help anonymously. Infancy, 22(1), 130-145. google scholar
  • Jaeggi, A. V., Burkart, J. M. ve Van Schaik, C. P. (2010). On the psychology of cooperation in humans and other primates: Combining the natural history and experimental evidence of prosociality. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 365(1553), 2723-2735. google scholar
  • Köster, M., Cavalcante, L, Carvalho, R. V C, Resende, B. D. ve Kartner, J. (2016). Cultural influences on toddlers’ prosocial behavior: How maternal task assignment relates to helping others. Child Development, 87(6), 1727-1738. google scholar
  • Liddle, M. J. E., Bradley, B. S. ve Mcgrath, A. (2015). Baby empathy: Infant distress and peer prosocial responses. Infant Mental Health Journal, 36(4), 446-458. google scholar
  • Liszkowski, U., Carpenter, M., Striano, T. ve Tomasello, M. (2006). 12-and 18-month-olds point to provide information for others. Journal of Cognition and Development, 7(2), 173-187. google scholar
  • Marcus, R. F., Telleen, S. ve Roke, E. J. (1979). Relation between cooperation and empathy in young children. Developmental Psychology, 15(3), 346. google scholar
  • Miles, M. B. ve Huberman, A. M. (1994). An expanded sourcebook qualitative data analysis. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications google scholar
  • Moore, C. (2009). Fairness in children’s resource allocation depends on the recipient. Psychological Science, 20(8), 944-948. google scholar
  • Nelson, L. ve Madsen, M. C. (1969). Cooperation and competition in four-year-olds as a function of reward contingency and subculture. Developmental Psychology, 1(4), 340. google scholar
  • Ng, R., Heyman, G. D. ve Barner, D. (2011). Collaboration promotes proportional reasoning about resource distribution in young children. Developmental Psychology, 47(5), 1230. google scholar
  • Nichols, S. R., Svetlova, M. ve Brownell, C. A. (2015). Toddlers’ responses to infants’ negative emotions. Infancy, 20(1), 70-97. google scholar
  • Özcan, A. (2016). Türkiye’de okul öncesi dönemde prososyal davranışlar ile ilgili yapılan yüksek lisans ve doktora tezleri ile makalelerin incelenmesi. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 51(3), 489-504. google scholar
  • Paulus, M. (2014). The early origins of human charity: Developmental changes in preschoolers’ sharing with poor and wealthy individuals. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 344. google scholar
  • Paulus, M. ve Moore, C. (2014). The development of recipient-dependent sharing behavior and sharing expectations in preschool children. Developmental Psychology, 50(3), 914-921. google scholar
  • Pettygrove, D. M., Hammond, S. I., Karahuta, E. L., Waugh, W. E. ve Brownell, C. A. (2013). From cleaning up to helping out: Parental socialization and children’s early prosocial behavior. Infant Behavior and Development, 36(4), 843-846. google scholar
  • Ponitz, C. C., McClelland, M. M., Matthews, J. S. ve Morrison, F. J. (2009). A structured observation of behavioral self-regulation and its contribution to kindergarten outcomes. Developmental Psychology, 45(3), 605. google scholar
  • Pozzoli, T. ve Gini, G. (2010). Active defending and passive bystanding behavior in bullying: The role of personal characteristics and perceived peer pressure. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 38(6), 815-827. google scholar
  • Roffey, S. (2011). Enhancing connectedness in Australian children and young people. Asian Journal of Counselling, 18(1), 15-39. google scholar
  • Sebanc, A. M. (2003). The friendship features of preschool children: Links with prosocial behavior and aggression. Social Development, 12(2), 249-268. google scholar
  • Sunar, D. ve Fidancı, P. E. (2016). Farklı türdeki özgecil davranışların erken gelişimi: Paylaşma, yardım etme ve bağış yapma. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 31(78), 26-41. google scholar
  • Svetlova, M., Nichols, S. R. ve Brownell, C. A. (2010). Toddlers’ prosocial behavior: From instrumental to empathic to altruistic helping. Child Development, 81(6), 1814-1827. google scholar
  • Tomasello, M., Carpenter, M. ve Liszkowski, U. (2007). A new look at infant pointing. Child Development, 78(3), 705-722. google scholar
  • Toplak, M. E., West, R. F. ve Stanovich, K. E. (2013). Practitioner review: Do performance-based measures and ratings of executive function assess the same construct? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 54(2), 131-143. google scholar
  • Warneken, F. (2013). Young children proactively remedy unnoticed accidents. Cognition, 126(1), 101108. google scholar
  • Warneken, F., Chen, F. ve Tomasello, M. (2006). Cooperative activities in young children and chimpanzees. Child Development, 77(3), 640-663. google scholar
  • Warneken, F. ve Tomasello, M. (2006). Altruistic helping in human infants and young chimpanzees. Science, 311(5765), 1301-1303. google scholar
  • Warneken, F. ve Tomasello, M. (2007). Helping and cooperation at 14 months of age. Infancy, 11(3), 271-294. google scholar
  • Warneken, F. ve Tomasello, M. (2009). The roots of human altruism. British Journal of Psychology, 100(3), 455-471. google scholar
  • Warneken, F. ve Tomasello, M. (2013). Parental presence and encouragement do not influence helping in young children. Infancy, 18(3), 345-368. google scholar
  • Wu, Z. ve Su, Y. (2014). How do preschoolers’ sharing behaviors relate to their theory of mind understanding? Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 120, 73-86. google scholar
  • Xu, J., Saether, L. ve Sommerville, J. A. (2016). Experience facilitates the emergence of sharing behavior among 7.5-month-old infants. Developmental Psychology, 52(11), 1732. google scholar
  • Yağmurlu, B., Sanson, A. ve Köymen, S. B. (2005). Effects of parenting and child temperament on the development of prosocial behavior: The mediating role of theory of mind. Turkish Journal of Psychology, 20(55), 1-20. google scholar
There are 53 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Muhammed Şükrü Aydın 0000-0003-1112-3180

Publication Date August 30, 2021
Submission Date December 17, 2019
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

APA Aydın, M. Ş. (2021). 13-70 Aylık Çocuklarda Prososyal Davranışlar: Doğal Gözlem Çalışması. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 41(2), 673-709. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0096
AMA Aydın MŞ. 13-70 Aylık Çocuklarda Prososyal Davranışlar: Doğal Gözlem Çalışması. Psikoloji Çalışmaları. August 2021;41(2):673-709. doi:10.26650/SP2019-0096
Chicago Aydın, Muhammed Şükrü. “13-70 Aylık Çocuklarda Prososyal Davranışlar: Doğal Gözlem Çalışması”. Psikoloji Çalışmaları 41, no. 2 (August 2021): 673-709. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0096.
EndNote Aydın MŞ (August 1, 2021) 13-70 Aylık Çocuklarda Prososyal Davranışlar: Doğal Gözlem Çalışması. Psikoloji Çalışmaları 41 2 673–709.
IEEE M. Ş. Aydın, “13-70 Aylık Çocuklarda Prososyal Davranışlar: Doğal Gözlem Çalışması”, Psikoloji Çalışmaları, vol. 41, no. 2, pp. 673–709, 2021, doi: 10.26650/SP2019-0096.
ISNAD Aydın, Muhammed Şükrü. “13-70 Aylık Çocuklarda Prososyal Davranışlar: Doğal Gözlem Çalışması”. Psikoloji Çalışmaları 41/2 (August 2021), 673-709. https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2019-0096.
JAMA Aydın MŞ. 13-70 Aylık Çocuklarda Prososyal Davranışlar: Doğal Gözlem Çalışması. Psikoloji Çalışmaları. 2021;41:673–709.
MLA Aydın, Muhammed Şükrü. “13-70 Aylık Çocuklarda Prososyal Davranışlar: Doğal Gözlem Çalışması”. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, vol. 41, no. 2, 2021, pp. 673-09, doi:10.26650/SP2019-0096.
Vancouver Aydın MŞ. 13-70 Aylık Çocuklarda Prososyal Davranışlar: Doğal Gözlem Çalışması. Psikoloji Çalışmaları. 2021;41(2):673-709.

Psikoloji Çalışmaları / Studies In Psychology / ISSN- 1304-4680