Psikolojide Yöntem Sorunlarına Eleştirel Yaklaşım ve Öneriler

Year 2021, Volume: 41 Issue: 3, 759 - 787, 31.12.2021

Meral Gezici-yalçın Canan Coşkan

https://doi.org/10.26650/SP2020-844357

Abstract

Bağımsız bir alan olarak ortaya çıktığı günden bu yana doğa bilimlerinin tümdengelimci araştırma yöntemine yönelen, bu yöntemi tek taraflı, Batı merkezci ve sadece yanlışlama ilkesi temelinde kullanan psikoloji bilimi, günümüzde devasa sorunlarla karşı karşıya. Bu sorunlar karşısında açık bilim ve ön-kayıtlanma uygulaması gibi bazı çözüm önerileri geliştirilse de bir bütün olarak psikoloji disiplininin tarihsel eleştirisinin yapıldığı az sayıda eser göze çarpıyor. Bu nedenle bu yazıda amacımız öncelikle paradigmalar açısından psikoloji tarihine kısa bir göz atarak her şeyin nasıl başladığını hatırlamak. Bunun ardından, ontolojik ve epistemolojk pozisyonumuzu ortaya koymak için psikolojiye eleştirel yaklaşım ve güncel kuir feminist bilim çalışmaları temelinde epistemolojik çeşitlilik, düşünümsellik, öznelerarasılık, konumlandırılmış ve bağlamlandırılmış bilgi üretme ilkelerini ayrıntılandırıyor ve bu ilkeleri psikoloji çalışmalarının merkezinde tutmanın önemine değiniyoruz. Takiben, çoklu paradigmaların ve karma yaklaşımların diyalektik bir şekilde ve önerdiğimiz ilkeler çerçevesinde eleştirel bir yaklaşımla kullanılmasının psikolojinin farklı alanlarındaki genel yöntem sorunlarına çözüm olabileceği savını tartışıyoruz. Yöntem konusuna eleştirel bir pencereden bakmanın, içinde farklı yöntemlerin ve tekniklerin bulunduğu bir ‘alet çantası’ metaforuyla yaklaşmanın, psikolojinin yöntembilimsel sorunlarını aşmaya yönelik katkılarının neler olabileceğini irdeliyoruz. Bu esnada, çoklu ve karma yöntemleri kısaca tanıtıyor ve psikolojideki kullanımlarına yönelik güncel tartışmaları özetliyoruz. Kısaca bu yazıda, psikolojinin toplumsal sorunların çözümüne katkısının, çoklu ve karma yöntemlerin eleştirel bakış açısıyla alan yazını da dönüştürecek bir amaçla kullanılmasıyla artabileceği savını ortaya atıyoruz. Bu çerçevede, eleştirel bakış açısı için gerekli temel ilkelerle (düşünümsellik, öznelerarasılık, konumlandırılmış bilgi) yola çıkıldığında, bilginin (ve dolayısıyla verinin) türünden (nitel veya nicel) ziyade, bilginin hangi amaçla ve kim için üretildiği sorusunun daha önemli bir tartışma zemini yaratabileceğini ileri sürüyoruz.

Keywords

Psikolojide yöntem sorunları, bilimsel paradigmalar, nitel ve nicel yöntemler, eleştirel yaklaşım, düşünümsellik, konumlandırılmış bilgi

A Critical Approach to Methodological Problems in Psychology and Suggestions

Abstract

Psychological science faces paramount problems for its inclination toward using deductive methods through a single-sided and western-centrist perspective, which is solely based on the principle of falsifiability since its declaration of disciplinary independence. Although several solutions, such as open science and pre-registration practices, have been developed to counteract these problems, paucity exists in research that presents a historical critique of the discipline of psychology. For this reason, we firstly aim to remember the foundation of this discipline in terms of the paradigms of the history of psychology. To posit our ontological and epistemological perspectives, we then provide a detailed account of the principles of epistemological diversity, reflexivity, intersubjectivity, and situated and contextualized knowledge production as grounded on the critical approach and queer feminist science studies. Moreover, we underline the importance of holding these principles at the center of psychological studies. Afterward, we argue for a potential solution to methodological problems using multiple and mixed methods through a dialectical understanding and a critical approach framed by the suggested principles. Furthermore, we discuss the potential contributions of considering the issue of methodology from a critical perspective and approach it as a toolbox, in which one can find diverse methods and techniques to overcome the methodological problems of psychology. In doing so, we briefly introduce multiple and mixed methods and summarize the current discussions around the use of such methods in psychology. In summary, we argue that the contribution of psychology to solutions to societal problems can be enhanced using multiple and mixed methods from a critical perspective and the transformation of the existing literature. Within this framework, we propose that if the discussion begins with the basic principles required to construct a critical perspective (i.e., reflexivity, intersubjectivity, and situated knowledge), then questioning the purpose and the target of knowledge production instead of the type (i.e., qualitative or quantitative) of knowledge (and, consequently, the data) can become a more crucial basis of discussion.

Keywords

Methodological problems in psychology, scientific paradigms, qualitative and quantitative methods, critical approach, reflexivity, situated knowledge

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