Innovative Approaches and AI Applications in Agricultural Reuse of Urban Treated Wastewater

Şeyma Akkurt; Aysel Alkan Uçkun

doi:10.31015/2025.si.12

Innovative Approaches and AI Applications in Agricultural Reuse of Urban Treated Wastewater

Abstract

There are increasing effects of climate change and growing urbanization on depleting freshwater supplies worldwide, making sustainable water reuse solutions critically necessary. Urban-origin treated wastewater offers a viable alternative source for agricultural irrigation; however, its application must be carefully managed to ensure safety and efficiency. This review explores cutting-edge methods and the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) to enhance the use of urban treated wastewater in farming. It reviews the latest advancements in treatment techniques such as membrane bioreactors, advanced oxidation processes, and eco-engineered systems, coupled with AI-based tools for forecasting water quality, optimizing irrigation schedules, and evaluating potential hazards. Predictive models using machine learning and deep learning have demonstrated considerable potential in anticipating contaminant removal rates, improving treatment operations, and maintaining compliance with irrigation standards. The review also highlights challenges, including limited datasets, model transparency, and regulatory considerations, emphasizing the necessity for cross-disciplinary collaboration. Collectively, applying AI alongside innovative wastewater management strategies can support sustainable water practices and foster climate-resilient agricultural systems.

Keywords

Agricultural irrigation, AI-driven irrigation, Climate change, Water quality, Wastewater reuse

References

Abou Jaoude, L., Kamaleddine, F., Said, R. B., Mohtar, R. H., Dbaibo, R., & Yanni, S. F. (2025). Treated wastewater reuse and its impact on soil properties and potato and corn growth. Science of the Total Environment, 958, 178130.
Adalı, S., & Kılıç, M. Y. (2020). Use of treated wastewater in agricultural irrigation: Iznik example. International Journal of Biosystems Engineering, 1(1), 12-23.
Al-Hazmi, H. E., Mohammadi, A., Hejna, A., Majtacz, J., Esmaeili, A., Habibzadeh, S., ... & Mąkinia, J. (2023). Wastewater reuse in agriculture: Prospects and challenges. Environmental Research, 236, 116711.
Almanaseer, N., Hindiyeh, M., & Al-Assaf, R. (2020). Hydrological and environmental impact of wastewater treatment and reuse on Zarqa River Basin in Jordan. Environments, 7(2), 14.
Alprol, A. E., Mansour, A. T., Ibrahim, M. E. E. D., & Ashour, M. (2024). Artificial intelligence technologies revolutionizing wastewater treatment: Current trends and future prospective. Water, 16(2), 314.
AlSawaftah, N., Abuwatfa, W., Darwish, N., & Husseini, G. (2021). A comprehensive review on membrane fouling: Mathematical modelling, prediction, diagnosis, and mitigation. Water, 13(9), 1327.
Alvarez-Holguin, A., Sosa-Perez, G., Ponce-Garcia, O. C., Lara-Macias, C. R., Villarreal-Guerrero, F., Monzon-Burgos, C. G., & Ochoa-Rivero, J. M. (2022). The impact of treated wastewater irrigation on the metabolism of barley grown in arid and semi-arid regions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(4), 2345.
Alzahrani, F., Elsebaei, M., & Tawfik, R. (2023). Public Acceptance of Treated Wastewater Reuse in the Agricultural Sector in Saudi Arabia. Sustainability, 15(21), 15434. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152115434
Amahmid, O., El Guamri, Y., Rakibi, Y., Yazidi, M., Razoki, B., Kaid Rassou, K., Achaq, H., Basla, S., Zerdeb, M. A., El Omari, M., Touloun, O., & Chakiri, S. (2023). Wastewater reuse in agriculture: A review of soil and crops parasitic contamination, associated health risks and mitigation approach. Environmental Health Engineering and Management Journal, 10(1), 107–119.
Ansari, S.; Alavi, J.; Ghafoori, M. A. (2018). Technical Model for Reclaimed Water Reuse in Agricultural Irrigation: A Case Study in Kordkuy, Iranian Environment Earth Sciences, 77, 90.

Areosa, I., Martins, T. A., Lourinho, R., Batista, M., Brito, A. G., & Amaral, L. (2024). Treated wastewater reuse for irrigation: A feasibility study in Portugal. Science of the Total Environment, 954, 176698.
Asheghmoalla, M., & Mehrvar, M. (2024). Integrated and hybrid processes for the treatment of actual wastewaters containing micropollutants: A review on recent advances. Processes, 12(2), 339.
Augsburger, N., Rachmadi, A. T., Zaouri, N., Lee, Y., & Hong, P. Y. (2021). Recent update on UV disinfection to fulfill the disinfection credit value for enteric viruses in water. Environmental Science & Technology, 55(24), 16283-16298.
Aydin, Ö., Kandemir, C. A., Kiraç, U., & Dalkiliç, F. (2021). An artificial intelligence and Internet of things based automated irrigation system. arXiv preprint arXiv:2104.04076.
Baarimah, A. O., Bazel, M. A., Alaloul, W. S., Alazaiza, M. Y., Al-Zghoul, T. M., Almuhaya, B., ... & Mushtaha, A. W. (2024). Artificial intelligence in wastewater treatment: Research trends and future perspectives through bibliometric analysis. Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering, 10, 100926.
Bassi, N. (2023). Scaling wastewater reuse: Treatment and management in India [Policy brief]. Council on Energy, Environment and Water (CEEW). Retrieved from https://www.ceew.in/sites/default/files/scaling-wastewater-reuse-treatment-and-management-india.pdf
Belhaj D, Jerbi B, Medhioub M, Zhou J, Kallel M. (2016). Impact of treated urban wastewaterfor reuse in agriculture on crop response and soil ecotoxicity. Environmental Sciences and Pollution Research, 23, 15877-15887.
Bermúdez, L. A., Mendoza, V. D., Díaz, J. C. L., Pascual, J. M., Martínez, M. D. M. M., & Capilla, J. M. P. (2024). Investigation of the agricultural reuse potential of urban wastewater and other resources derived by using membrane bioreactor technology within the circular economy framework. Science of The Total Environment, 955, 177011.
Bingül Z. & Altıkat A. 2017. Usability of Domestic Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents for Agricultural Irrigation. Iğdır University Journal of Science Institute, 7(4), 69-75.
Biswal, B. K., & Balasubramanian, R. (2022). Constructed Wetlands for Reclamation and Reuse of Wastewater and Urban Stormwater: A Review. Frontiers in Environmental Science, 10, 836289. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.836289.
Canaj, K., Mehmeti, A., 2024. Unveiling drivers and barriers in advancing agricultural wastewater reuse in Southern Italy: a SWOT analysis informed by Stakeholder insights. Cleaner Water, 1, 100008. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clwat.2024.100008.
Carpanez, T. G., Silva, J. B. G., Otenio, M. H., Amaral, M. C. S., & Moreira, V. R. (2024). Potential for nutrients reuse, carbon sequestration, and CO2 emissions reduction in the practice of domestic and industrial wastewater recycling into agricultural soils: A review. Journal of Environmental Management, 370, 122443.
Choi, J. M., Manthapuri, V., Keenum, I., Brown, C. L., Xia, K., Chen, C., ... & Zhang, L. (2025). A machine learning framework to predict PPCP removal through various wastewater and water reuse treatment trains. Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology, 11(2), 481-493.
Cordeiro, S., Ferrario, F., Pereira, H. X., Ferreira, F., & Matos, J. S. (2023). Water reuse, a sustainable alternative in the context of water scarcity and climate change in the Lisbon Metropolitan area. Sustainability, 15(16), 12578.
Corwin, C. J., & Summers, R. S. (2011). Adsorption and desorption of trace organic contaminants from granular activated carbon adsorbers after intermittent loading and throughout backwash cycles. Water research, 45(2), 417-426.
Çay, Ş., & Kanber, R. (2013). Use of Konya urban wastewater for agricultural irrigation and its effects on corn cultivation: Project final report. Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Livestock, General Directorate of Agricultural Research and Policies.
da Costa, M. F., Araújo, R. D. S., Silva, A. R., Pereira, L., & Silva, G. M. (2025). Predictive artificial neural networks as applied tools in the remediation of dyes by adsorption—A review. Applied Sciences, 15(5), 2310.
Dickin, S. K., Schuster-Wallace, C. J., Qadir, M., & Pizzacalla, K. (2016). A review of health risks and pathways for exposure to wastewater use in agriculture. Environmental health perspectives, 124(7), 900-909.
Dona, C. G. W., Fukushi, K., & Mohan, G. (2025). Reusing treated wastewater and biosolids in urban agriculture: Social feasibility of a decentralized approach for underserved settlements. Environmental Challenges, 101159.
Dotaniya, M. L., Meena, V. D., Saha, J. K., Dotaniya, C. K., Mahmoud, A. E. D., Meena, B. L., ... & Rai, P. K. (2023). Reuse of poor-quality water for sustainable crop production in the changing scenario of climate. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25(8), 7345-7376.
Ebissa, G., Desta, H., & Fetene, A. (2025). The role of treated wastewater in fostering sustainable urban agriculture in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Discover Water, 5(1), 1-20.
El Bilali, A., & Taleb, A. (2024). State-of-the art-on irrigation water quality management using data-driven methods: Practical application, limitations, and prospective directions. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 136, 103794.
Elfiky, A. A. E. A., Mubarak, M. F., Keshawy, M., Sayed, I. E. T. E., & Moghny, T. A. (2024). Novel nanofiltration membrane modified by metal oxide nanocomposite for dyes removal from wastewater. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 26(8), 19935-19957.
Essahlaoui, F., Elhajrat, N., Halimi, M., & El Abbassi, A. (2023). New approach to monitoring a wastewater irrigation system controlled by the artificial neural network (ANN). Groundwater for Sustainable Development, 23, 100999.
European Parliament and Council. (2020). Regulation (EU) 2020/741 of 25 May 2020 on minimum requirements for water reuse. Official Journal of the European Union, L 177, 32–55.
Falk, M. W., Reardon, D. J., Neethling, J. B., Clark, D. L., & Pramanik, A. (2013). Striking the balance between nutrient removal, greenhouse gas emissions, receiving water quality, and costs. Water Environment Research, 85(12), 2307-2316. FAO. (2021). Guidelines for the safe use of wastewater, excreta and greywater. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
Fernandes, E., & Cunha, R. (2023). Review of water reuse from a Circular Economy perspective. Water, 15 (5), 848.
Frascari, D., Bolognesi, S., Luna, M., Nocentini, M., Pinelli, D., & Galletti, A. M. R. (2018). Integrated technological and management solutions for wastewater treatment and efficient agricultural reuse in Egypt, Morocco, and Tunisia. Integrated Environmental Assessment and Management, 14(3), 338–350. https://doi.org/10.1002/ieam.4045
Foglia, A., Andreola, C., Cipolletta, G., Radini, S., Akyol, Ç., Eusebi, A. L., ... & Fatone, F. (2021). Comparative life cycle environmental and economic assessment of anaerobic membrane bioreactor and disinfection for reclaimed water reuse in agricultural irrigation: A case study in Italy. Journal of Cleaner Production, 293, 126201.
Gao, T., Xiao, K., Zhang, J., Xue, W., Wei, C., Zhang, X., ... & Huang, X. (2022). Techno-economic characteristics of wastewater treatment plants retrofitted from the conventional activated sludge process to the membrane bioreactor process. Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 16(4), 49.
Ghaedi, S., Rajabi, H., Mosleh, M. H., & Sedighi, M. (2025). MOF biochar composites for environmental protection and pollution control. Bioresource Technology, 418, 131982.
Hajjar, T., Mohtar, R. H., Abou Jaoude, L., & Yanni, S. F. (2025). Treated wastewater reuse for irrigation in a semi-arid region. Science of the Total Environment, 966, 178579.
Hashem, M., & Qi, X. (2021). Treated Wastewater Irrigation—A Review. Water 2021, 13, 1527.
Jiao, J., Li, Y., Song, Q., Wang, L., Luo, T., Gao, C., ... & Yang, S. (2022). Removal of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) by free radicals in advanced oxidation processes. Materials, 15(22), 8152.
Jiménez, B., & Asano, T. (2015). Water reuse: An international survey of current practice, issues and needs. IWA Publishing.
Jones, E.R., van Vliet, M.T.H., Qadir, M., Bierkens, M.F.P., 2021. Country-level and gridded estimates of wastewater production, collection, treatment and reuse. Earth System Science Data, 13, 237–254. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-13-237-2021
Kalboussi, N., Biard, Y., Pradeleix, L., Rapaport, A., Sinfort, C., & Ait-Mouheb, N. (2022). Life cycle assessment as decision support tool for water reuse in agriculture irrigation. Science of the Total Environment, 836, 155486.
Khan, M. M., Siddiqi, S. A., Farooque, A. A., Iqbal, Q., Shahid, S. A., Akram, M. T., ... & Khan, I. (2022). Towards sustainable application of wastewater in agriculture: a review on reusability and risk assessment. Agronomy, 12(6), 1397.
Kisekka, I. (2024). Assessing the State of Knowledge and Impacts of Recycled Water Irrigation on Agricultural Crops and Soils. University of California, Davis. https://doi.org/10.34951/E2WC7K
Koyuncu İ, İmer DY, 2016. Wastewater Recycling. İTÜ MEM-TEK Bulletin.
Köksal, D. D., Ahi, Y., & Todorovic, M. (2025). Assessing Agricultural Reuse Potential of Treated Wastewater: A Hybrid Machine Learning Approach. Agronomy, 15(3), 703.
Krajčovičová, T. E., Hatala, M., Gemeiner, P., Híveš, J., Mackuľak, T., Nemčeková, K., & Svitková, V. (2023). Biochar for water pollution control: From sensing to decontamination. Chemosensors, 11(7), 394.
Lakshmi, D., Akhil, D., Kartik, A., Gopinath, K. P., Arun, J., Bhatnagar, A., ... & Muthusamy, G. (2021). Artificial intelligence (AI) applications in adsorption of heavy metals using modified biochar. Science of the Total Environment, 801, 149623.
Latosińska, J., & Grdulska, A. (2025). A Review of Methods for the Removal of Endocrine-Disrupting Compounds with a Focus on Oestrogens and Pharmaceuticals Found in Wastewater. Applied Sciences, 15(12), 6514.
Li, Y., Xiao, J., Lei, Y., Qin, D., Cai, W., Chen, X., Ma, C., Zhu, X., Zhang, S., Sun, Q (2025). Impacts of Reclaimed Water Irrigation on Soil Salinity, Nutrient Cycling, and Landscape Plant Growth in a Coastal Monsoon Environment. Water, 17, 337.
Liang, J., Lee, S., Ren, X., Guo, Y., Park, J., Park, S. G., ... & Hwang, M. H. (2025). Predictive Framework for Membrane Fouling in Full-Scale Membrane Bioreactors (MBRs): Integrating AI-Driven Feature Engineering and Explainable AI (XAI). Processes, 13(8), 2352.
Liu, J., Yuan, Y., Li, B., Zhang, Q., Wu, L., Li, X., & Peng, Y. (2017). Enhanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal from municipal wastewater in an anaerobic-aerobic-anoxic sequencing batch reactor with sludge fermentation products as carbon source. Bioresource technology, 244, 1158-1165.
Liu, Y., Mancuso, G., Petrotto, L., Lavrnić, S., Dong, Z., Tian, Y., ... & Toscano, A. (2025). AI-driven solutions in wastewater treatment and agricultural reuse systems: A comprehensive review. Journal of Environmental Management, 393, 127008.
Luthy, R. G., Sedlak, D. L., Plumlee, M. H., Austin, D., & Resh, V. H. (2015). Wastewater‐effluent‐dominated streams as ecosystem‐management tools in a drier climate. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 13(9), 477-485.
Luthy, R. G., Wolfand, J. M., & Bradshaw, J. L. (2020). Urban water revolution: sustainable water futures for California cities. Journal of Environmental Engineering, 146(7), 04020065. India and China – Emerging Reuse Economies.
Mancuso, G., Parlato, M. C., Lavrnić, S., Toscano, A., & Valenti, F. (2022). GIS-Based assessment of the potential for treated wastewater reuse in agricultural irrigation: a case study in Northern Italy. Sustainability, 14(15), 9364.
Mansouri, F., Chouchene, K., Roche, N., & Ksibi, M. (2021). Removal of pharmaceuticals from water by adsorption and advanced oxidation processes: state of the art and trends. Applied Sciences, 11(14), 6659.
Mateo-Sagasta, J., Velpuri, N. M., & Orabi, M. O. (2022). Wastewater production, treatment and reuse in MENA: Untapped opportunities. In Water Reuse in the Middle East and North Africa: A Sourcebook (Chapter 2). International Water Management Institute (IWMI).
Mazuki, N. I. M., Teow, Y. H., & Mohammad, A. W. (2020). A comparative study on treatment technologies for sewage reclamation: a focus on the disinfection process. IIUM Engineering Journal, 21(2), 80-99.
Messing, A., & Sela, Y. (2016). SHAFDAN (Greater Tel Aviv Wastewater Treatment Plant): recent upgrade and expansion. Water Practice and Technology, 11(2), 288-297.
Michalopoulos, S. M., & Kalavrouziotis, I. K. (2025). Treated wastewater reuse practices, under a holistic approach at the city scale. Operational Research, 25(3), 65.
Mizyed, A. (2025). A strategic framework for reusing partially treated wastewater in agriculture: Viability and sustainability prospects. Agricultural Water Management, 317, 109676.
Mundi, G., Zytner, R. G., Warriner, K., Bonakdari, H., & Gharabaghi, B. (2021). Machine learning models for predicting water quality of treated fruit and vegetable wastewater. Water, 13(18), 2485.
Musazura, W., Odindo, A. O., Tesfamariam, E. H., Hughes, J. C., & Buckley, C. A. (2019). Nitrogen and phosphorus dynamics in plants and soil fertigated with decentralised wastewater treatment effluent. Agricultural Water Management, 215, 55-62.
Muscarella, S. M., Alduina, R., Badalucco, L., Capri, F. C., Di Leto, Y., Gallo, G., ... & Mannina, G. (2024). Water reuse of treated domestic wastewater in agriculture: Effects on tomato plants, soil nutrient availability and microbial community structure. Science of the Total Environment, 928, 172259.
Nas, B., Uyanik, S., Aygün, A., Doğan, S., Erul, G., Nas, K. B., ... & Dolu, T. (2020). Wastewater reuse in Turkey: from present status to future potential. Water Supply, 20 (1), 73-82.
Obijianya, C. C., Yakamercan, E., Karimi, M., Veluru, S., Simko, I., Eshkabilov, S., & Simsek, H. (2025). Agricultural Irrigation Using Treated Wastewater: Challenges and Opportunities. Water, 17(14), 2083.
Ofori, S., Abebrese, D. K., Růžičková, I., & Wanner, J. (2024). Reuse of treated wastewater for crop irrigation: Water suitability, fertilization potential, and impact on selected soil physicochemical properties. Water, 16(3), 484.
Ortega, E., & Iglesias, R. (2009). Reuse of treated municipal wastewater effluents in Spain: Regulations and most common technologies, including extensive treatments. Desalination and water treatment, 4(1-3), 148-160.
Pandis, P. K., Kalogirou, C., Kanellou, E., Vaitsis, C., Savvidou, M. G., Sourkouni, G., ... & Argirusis, C. (2022). Key points of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) for wastewater, organic pollutants and pharmaceutical waste treatment: A mini review. Chemical Engineering, 6(1), 8.
Prabu, P., Alluhaidan, A. S., Aziz, R., & Basheer, S. (2025). AquaFlowNet a machine learning based framework for real time wastewater flow management and optimization. Scientific Reports, 15(1), 19182.
Qadir M, Sharma BR, Bruggeman A, Choukr–Allah R, Karajeh F. 2007. Non–conventional water resources and opportunities for water augmentation to achieve food security in water scarce countries. Agricultural Water Management 87:2–22.
Qadir, M., Drechsel, P., Cisneros, B. J., Kim, Y., Pramanik, A., Mehta, P., & Olaniyan, O. (2020). Global and regional potential of wastewater as a water, nutrient and energy source. Natural Resources Forum, 44(1), 40–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12187
Qadir, M., Drechsel, P., & Jones, E. R. (2025). Domestic wastewater treatment and agricultural reuse progress and reporting challenges. Discover Water, 5(1), 74.
Qu, J., Dai, X., Hu, H. Y., Huang, X., Chen, Z., Li, T., ... & Daigger, G. T. (2022). Emerging trends and prospects for municipal wastewater management in China. ACS ES&T Engineering, 2(3), 323-336.
Radhi, A. A. (2020). Comparison of granulated and powdered activated carbon in the removal of organic matter from river water. International Advanced Researches and Engineering Journal, 5, 191-197.
Rakhmania, Kamyab, H., Yuzir, M. A., Abdullah, N., Quan, L. M., Riyadi, F. A., & Marzouki, R. (2022). Recent applications of the electrocoagulation process on agro-based industrial wastewater: a review. Sustainability, 14(4), 1985.
Saravanan, A., Deivayanai, V. C., Senthil Kumar, P., Rangasamy, G., Hemavathy, R. V., Harshana, T., Gayathri, N., & Alagumalai, K. (2022). A detailed review on advanced oxidation process in treatment of wastewater: Mechanism, challenges and future outlook. Chemosphere, 308, 136524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136524.
Serna-Carrizales, J. C., Zárate-Guzmán, A. I., Flores-Ramírez, R., de León-Martínez, L. D., Aguilar-Aguilar, A., Warren-Vega, W. M., ... & Ocampo-Pérez, R. (2024). Application of artificial intelligence for the optimization of advanced oxidation processes to improve the water quality polluted with pharmaceutical compounds. Chemosphere, 351, 141216.
Shah, S. M. H., Abba, S. I., Yassin, M. A., Lawal, D. U., Aliyu, F., Al-Qadami, E. H. H., ... & Scholz, M. (2024). New strategy based on Hammerstein–Wiener and supervised machine learning for identification of treated wastewater salinization in Al-Hassa region, Saudi Arabia. Environmental Sciences Europe, 36(1), 114.
Shamshad, J., & Rehman, R. U. (2025). Innovative approaches to sustainable wastewater treatment: a comprehensive exploration of conventional and emerging technologies. Environmental Science: Advances.
Shanmugam, K., Gadhamshetty, V., Tysklind, M., Bhattacharyya, D., & Upadhyayula, V. K. (2022). A sustainable performance assessment framework for circular management of municipal wastewater treatment plants. Journal of Cleaner Production, 339, 130657.
Sheffield, J., & Wood, E. F. (2008). Global trends and variability in soil moisture and drought characteristics, 1950–2000, from observation-driven simulations of the terrestrial hydrologic cycle. Journal of Climate, 21(3), 432-458.
Sun, X., Zhang, L., Wang, C., Yang, Y., & Wang, H. (2024). Dynamic Real-Time prediction of reclaimed water volumes using the improved transformer model and decomposition integration technology. Sustainability, 16(15), 6598.
Toze, S. (2006). Reuse of effluent water—benefits and risks. Agricultural water management, 80(1-3), 147-159.
TÜİK (Turkish Statistical Institute). (2023). Municipal wastewater statistics 2023. Ankara: Republic of Türkiye.
Ulusoy, A., Atılgan, A., Rolbiecki, R., Jagosz, B., & Rolbiecki, S. (2024). Innovative approaches for sustainable wastewater resource management. Agriculture, 14(12), 2111.
Urbano, V. R., Mendonça, T. G., Bastos, R. G., & Souza, C. F. (2017). Effects of treated wastewater irrigation on soil properties and lettuce yield. Agricultural water management, 181, 108-115.
Uzen, N., Cetin, O., & Unlu, M. (2016). Effects of domestic wastewater treated by anaerobic stabilization on soil pollution, plant nutrition, and cotton crop yield. Environmental monitoring and assessment, 188(12), 664.
Verónica Carabias, A., Gil, M. I., Pérez, J. M., Abellán, M., Rancaño, A., José Simón, P., ... & Allende, A. (2023). Fluence requirements in existing UV disinfection facilities to comply with EU validation performance targets for reclaimed water: a case study. Water Science & Technology, 88(4), 1131-1141.
Wahid, N., Khairy, W., & Krause, R. (2024). Cost–benefit analysis on the implementation of nature-based treated wastewater reuse: case of sekem farm El-Wahat, Egypt. Discover Water, 4(1), 63.
Wu, W., Xu, C., Liu, H., Hao, Z., Ma, F., & Ma, Z. (2010). Effect of reclaimed water irrigation on yield and quality of fruity vegetables. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering, 26(1), 36-40.
WWAP (United Nations World Water Assessment Programme). (2023). The United Nations World Water Development Report 2023: Partnerships and cooperation for water. UNESCO Publishing.
Wypart-Pawul, A., Neczaj, E., & Grobelak, A. (2023). Advanced oxidation processes for removal of organic micropollutants from wastewater. Desalination and Water Treatment, 305, 114-128.
Xu, M., & Liu, D. (2025). AI-Enabled Membrane Bioreactors: A Review of Control Architectures and Operating-Parameter Optimization for Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal. Water, 17(19), 2899.
Yalin, D., Craddock, H. A., Assouline, S., Mordechay, E. B., Ben-Gal, A., Bernstein, N., ... & Cytryn, E. (2023). Mitigating risks and maximizing sustainability of treated wastewater reuse for irrigation. Water Research X, 21, 100203.
Ye, Z., Yin, S., Cao, Y., & Wang, Y. (2024). AI-driven optimization of agricultural water management for enhanced sustainability. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 25721.
Yılmaz, F., Otuzaltı, M. M., Perendeci, N. A., Karatay, M., Ünşar, E. K., Ateş, M., Akin, R., Yıldız, O., & Orhon, D. (2020). Potential of aerobic membrane bioreactor for recycling and reuse of domestic wastewater for irrigation. Environmental Earth Sciences, 79, 260. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-020-09006-2
Zamfir, F. S., Carbureanu, M., & Mihalache, S. F. (2025). Application of machine learning models in optimizing wastewater treatment processes: A review. Applied Sciences, 15(15), 8360.
Zema, D. A., Bombino, G., Andiloro, S., & Zimbone, S. M. (2012). Irrigation of energy crops with urban wastewater: Effects on biomass yields, soils and heating values. Agricultural Water Management, 115, 55-65.

Details

Primary Language

English

Subjects

Natural Resource Management

Journal Section

Review Article

Authors

Şeyma Akkurt
0000-0002-0135-1975
Türkiye

Aysel Alkan Uçkun ^*
0000-0002-8957-7476
Türkiye

Early Pub Date

December 3, 2025

Publication Date

December 28, 2025

Submission Date

October 14, 2025

Acceptance Date

November 30, 2025

Published in Issue

Year 2025 Volume: 9 Number: Special

DOI

https://doi.org/10.31015/2025.si.12

IZ

https://izlik.org/JA95SH73NZ

APA

Akkurt, Ş., & Alkan Uçkun, A. (2025). Innovative Approaches and AI Applications in Agricultural Reuse of Urban Treated Wastewater. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, 9(Special), 256-269. https://doi.org/10.31015/2025.si.12

AMA

1.Akkurt Ş, Alkan Uçkun A. Innovative Approaches and AI Applications in Agricultural Reuse of Urban Treated Wastewater. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. 2025;9(Special):256-269. doi:10.31015/2025.si.12

Chicago

Akkurt, Şeyma, and Aysel Alkan Uçkun. 2025. “Innovative Approaches and AI Applications in Agricultural Reuse of Urban Treated Wastewater”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 9 (Special): 256-69. https://doi.org/10.31015/2025.si.12.

EndNote

Akkurt Ş, Alkan Uçkun A (December 1, 2025) Innovative Approaches and AI Applications in Agricultural Reuse of Urban Treated Wastewater. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 9 Special 256–269.

IEEE

[1]Ş. Akkurt and A. Alkan Uçkun, “Innovative Approaches and AI Applications in Agricultural Reuse of Urban Treated Wastewater”, int. j. agric. environ. food sci., vol. 9, no. Special, pp. 256–269, Dec. 2025, doi: 10.31015/2025.si.12.

ISNAD

Akkurt, Şeyma - Alkan Uçkun, Aysel. “Innovative Approaches and AI Applications in Agricultural Reuse of Urban Treated Wastewater”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences 9/Special (December 1, 2025): 256-269. https://doi.org/10.31015/2025.si.12.

JAMA

1.Akkurt Ş, Alkan Uçkun A. Innovative Approaches and AI Applications in Agricultural Reuse of Urban Treated Wastewater. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. 2025;9:256–269.

MLA

Akkurt, Şeyma, and Aysel Alkan Uçkun. “Innovative Approaches and AI Applications in Agricultural Reuse of Urban Treated Wastewater”. International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences, vol. 9, no. Special, Dec. 2025, pp. 256-69, doi:10.31015/2025.si.12.

Vancouver

1.Şeyma Akkurt, Aysel Alkan Uçkun. Innovative Approaches and AI Applications in Agricultural Reuse of Urban Treated Wastewater. int. j. agric. environ. food sci. 2025 Dec. 1;9(Special):256-69. doi:10.31015/2025.si.12

Abstracting & Indexing Services

Google Scholar | Crossref DOI Registry

All content published in this journal is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
Authors retain copyright of their work and grant the journal a non-exclusive right to publish, reproduce, and distribute the articles within an open-access framework.

Web: dergipark.org.tr/jaefs E-mail: editorialoffice@jaefs.com Phone / WhatsApp: +90 850 309 59 27

Innovative Approaches and AI Applications in Agricultural Reuse of Urban Treated Wastewater

Innovative Approaches and AI Applications in Agricultural Reuse of Urban Treated Wastewater

Abstract

Keywords

References

Details

Primary Language

Subjects

Journal Section

Authors

Early Pub Date

Publication Date

Submission Date

Acceptance Date

Published in Issue

DOI

IZ

Cite

Abstracting & Indexing Services

© International Journal of Agriculture, Environment and Food Sciences