Antioxidants, protein, oil content and fatty acids profiles of chia seeds (Salvia hispanica L.) genotype Tzotzol growing in three tropical ecosystems of Bolivia, Ecuador and Paraguay

Year 2019, , 191 - 196, 27.09.2019

Ricardo Ayerza

https://doi.org/10.31015/jaefs.2019.3.11

Cited By: 6

Abstract

Chia is a summer annual of the Lamiaceae.  The objective of this study was to
investigate the effect of growing location on the antioxidants content and
composition in one genotype of chia, and the potential relationship with its
major nutritional compounds, as protein, oil, and fatty acids.  This study was carried out with black‑spotted
chia seeds commercially grown in three different ecosystems, Tropical Rain
Forest, Sub Humid Chaco, and Campo Cerrado, located in Ecuador, Bolivia and
Paraguay, respectively. Flavonols quercetin, myrcetin, kaempherol, caffeic acid,
chlorogenic acid, and SDG lignan compound presence was detected by
chromatographic analysis.  No significant
(P<0.05) differences between seed origins= were found. 
Total oil content was significantly (P<0.05) higher in the seeds from
Ecuador (34.2%) than all other locations, followed by the seeds from Bolivia (32.5%)
which was significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to Paraguay (31.6%).  The content of α‑linolenic fatty acid in
seeds from Ecuador was significantly (P<0.05) higher compared to the seeds
from all three locations. No significant correlation (P<0.05) between α
-linolenic fatty acid and polyphenols content was detected. The results
indicate that protein content, oil content and fatty acid profile
characteristics of the chia are affected by the different ecological conditions
of the tested ecosystems, which not affect the polyphenols content, and composition. 

Keywords

Salvia hispanica L., Chia, Antioxidants, Fatty acids, Protein

References

• Abdallah, A., Ahumada, M.H. and Gradziel, T.M. (1998). Oil content and fatty acid composition of almond kernels from different genotypes and California production regions. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci., 123:1029‑1033.
• Adzet, T. and Puigmacia, M. (1985). High‑performance liquid chromatography of caffeoylquinic and chlorogenic acid derivatives of Cynara scolymus L. leaves. J. Chromatogr ., 2: 447‑453.
• AOAC-Association of Official Analytical Chemists. (1995). Micro‑Kjeldahl Method. Official methods of analysis (960.52). Gaithersberg, MD, USA.
• AOAC-Association of Official Analytical Chemists. (2002). 41.1.16 AOAC Official Method 965.33, Peroxide value of oils and fats. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 17th edition. Gaithersberg, MD, USA.
• Ayerza, R.(h). (1995). Oil Content and Fatty Acid Composition of Chia (Salvia hispanica) From Five Northwestern Locations in Argentina. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 9:971-1090.
• Ayerza, R.(h). (2009). The seeds protein and oil content, fatty acid composition, and growing cycle length of a single genotype of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) as affected by environmental factors. J. Oleo Sci., 58:347‑354.
• Ayerza, R.(h). (2010). Effects of seed color and growing locations on fatty acid content and composition of two chia (Salvia hispanica L.) genotypes. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc. 10: 1161-1165.
• Ayerza, R.(h). (2011). The seed's oil content and fatty acid composition of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) variety Iztac 1, grown under six tropical ecosystems conditions. Interciencia, 8:620-624.
• Ayerza, R.(h). (2013). Effect of seed color on protein, oil, fiber, amino acids, and antioxidants content and composition of two chia (Salvia hispanica L.) genotypes. Emir. J. Food Agric., 25(7):495-500.
• Ayerza, R.(h) and Coates, W. (2004). Protein and oil content, peroxide index and fatty acid composition of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) grown in six tropical and subtropical ecosystems of South America. Trop. Sci., 3:131-135.
• Ayerza, R.(h) and Coates, W. (2005a). Chia: rediscovering a forgotten crop of the Aztecs. The University of Arizona Press. Tucson, Arizona, USA.
• Ayerza, R.(h) and Coates, W. (2005b). Effect of ground chia seed and chia oil on plasma total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglyceride content, and fatty acid composition when fed to rats. Nutr. Res., 11:995-1003.
• Canadian Food Inspection. (2008). Seed Program Specific Work Instruction: Official Seed Sampling. SWI 132.1.1, Plant Production Division, Plant Products Directorate, Government of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
• Castro‑Martínez, R., Pratt, D.E. and Miller, E.E. (1986). Natural antioxidants of chia seeds, in Proc. World Conf. Emerging Technologies Fats Oils Ind. American Oil Chemists' Society Champaign, IL., USA. pp.392396.
• Chang, C.W., Hsiu, S.L., Wu, P.P., Kuo, S.C. and Chao, P.D.L. (1997). HPLC assays of naringin and hesperidin in Chinese herbs and serum. J. Food Drug. Anal., 2:111‑120.
• Charlet, S., Bensaddek, L., Raynaud, S., Gillet, F., Mesnard, F. and Fliniaux, M.A. (2002). An HPLC procedure for the quantification of anhydrosecoisolariciresinol. Application to the valuation of flax lignan content. Plant Physiol. Biochem., 40:225229.
• Cheynier, V. (2005). Polyphenols in foods are more complex than often thought. Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 81(Suppl):223S229S.
• Coates, W. and Ayerza, R.(h). (1996). Production potential of chia in Northwestern Argentina. Ind. Crop Prod., 3:229-233.
• Codex Mendoza. (1542). Codex Mendoza. Edition of Francisco del Paso y Troncoso (1925). México D.F., México. Museo Nacional de Arqueología, Historia y Etnografía (in Spanish).
• Comin, L.M, Temelli, F. and Aranda-Saldan, M. (2011). Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Flax Lignans. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 88:707-715.
• Dolde, D., Vlahakis, C. and Hazebroek, J. (1999). Tocopherols in breeding lines and effects of planting location, fatty acid composition, and temperature during development. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 76:349355.
• Cohort Stat. (2006). Cohort Stat 6.311. Cohort Software Inc. Monterey, California, USA.
• Folch, J., Lees, M. and Sloane‑Stanley, G.H.A. (1957). A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from tissues. J. Biol. Chem., 226:497507.
• Hosseinian, F. (2008). Antioxidant properties of flaxseed lignans using in vitro model systems. A Thesis submitted to the College of Graduate Studies and Research in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the College of Pharmacy and Nutrition of the University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.
• IRAM-Instituto Argentino de Racionalización de Materiales. (1982). Aceites y grasas vegetales y animales: Método rápido de preparación de esteres metílicos de ácidos grasos para su análisis por cromatografía en fase gaseosa. Buenos Aires, Argentina. Instituto Argentino de Racionalización de Materiales (in Spanish).
• ISO-Internacional Standard. (1978). ISO 5509: Animal and vegetable fats and oilsPreparation of methyl esters of fatty acids. International rganization for Standardization. Geneva, Switzerland.
• Kumar. V., Rani, A., Solanki, S., and Hussain, S.M. (2006). Influence of growing environment on the biochemical composition and physical characteristics of soybean seed. J. Food Comp. Anal. 19:188-195.
• Mohammed, C.A., Francis, J.F., Rajewski. J. and Maranville, J.W. 1987. Genotype environment interaction and stability analysis of protein and oil in grain sorghum. Crop Sci., 27: 169171.
• Pires Borges, O., Soeiro-Carvalho, J., Reis-Correia, P., and Silva, A.P. (2007). Lipid and fatty acid profiles of Castanea Sativa Mill. chestnuts of 17 native Portuguese cultivars. J. Food Comp. Anal., 20:80‑89.
• Proestos, C., Bakogiannis, A., Psarianos, C., Koutinas, A.A., Kanellaki, M. and Komaitis, M. (2005). High performance liquid chromatography analysis of phenolic substances in Greek wines. Food Contr. 16:319323.
• Reyes‑Caudillo, E., Tecante, A. and Valdivia‑López, M.A. (2008). Dietary fiber content and antioxidant activity of phenolic compounds present in Mexican Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) seeds. Food Chem.,107:656‑663.
• Richards, A., Wijesundera, C. and Salisbury, P. (2008). Genotype and Growing Environment Effects on the Tocopherols and Fatty Acids of Brassica napus and B. juncea. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 85:159168.
• Sahagún, B. (1579). Historia general de las cosas de Nueva España. Edición de A. M. Garibay, 1989. Editorial Porrua, México D.F., México (in Spanish).
• Simopoulos, A.P. (2003). Common statement, in De Meester F (Ed.) First International Congress on the Columbus Concept. Belovo S.A., Bastogne, Belgium, pp.157‑178.
• Taga, M.S., Miller, E.E. and Pratt, D.E. 1984. Chía seeds as a source of natural lipid antioxidants. J. Oil Chem. Soc. 61:928‑931.
• Thomas, J.M.G., Boote, K., Allen, H.Jr, Gallo‑Meagher, M. and Davis, J.M. (2003). Elevated temperature and carbon dioxide effects on soybean seed composition and transcript abundance. Crop Sci. 43:15481557.
• Vollmann, J., Moritz, T., Kargl, C., Baumgartner, S. and Wagentristl, H. (2007). Agronomic evaluation of camelina genotypes selected for seed quality characteristics. Ind. Crop Prod., 3:270277.
• Vuksan, V., Whitham, D., Sievenpiper, J.L., Jenkins, A.L., Rogovik, A.L., Bazinet, R.P., Vidgen E. and Hanna, A. (2007). Supplementation of Conventional Therapy with the novel grain Salba (Salvia hispanica L.) improves major and emerging cardiovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care, 11:20112804.
• Wakjira, A., Labuschagne, M.T. and Hugo, A. (2004). Variability in oil content and fatty acid composition of Ethiopian and introduced cultivars of linseed. J. Sci. Food Agric., 84:601-607.
• Yaniv, Z., Schafferman, D. and Zur, M. (1995). The effect of temperature on oil quality and yield parameters of high‑and low‑erucic acid Cruciferae seeds (rape and mustard). Ind. Crop Prod., 3:247252.