Geçmişten Günümüze Avrupa Birliği'nde Nükleer Enerji

Year 2025, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 24 - 38, 30.12.2025

Gönül Tezcan

Abstract

Enerji Avrupa bütünleşmesinin temel taşlarından biri olmuş, Avrupa Birliği’nin (AB) kurucu ülkeleri önce kömür ve çelikte başlattıkları işbirliğini 1957’de EURATOM Antlaşması’nı imzalayarak nükleer enerji alanına da taşımışlardır. O dönemde nükleer enerji Avrupa’nın kalkınmasında gerekli olan enerjiyi sağlarken dışa bağımlılığı azaltacak stratejik bir araç olarak kabul edilmiştir. Bu çalışmanın amacı 1950’lerden günümüze AB’de nükleer enerji politikalarının geçirdiği tarihsel dönüşümü analiz etmektir. Çalışmada AB’deki nükleer enerji dinamikleri AB (ulusüstü), üye devlet (ulusal) ve kamuoyu (toplumsal) olmak üzere üç farklı analiz düzeyinde incelenmektedir. Çalışma, AB’de nükleer enerji dinamiklerini enerji arz güvenliği, nükleer kazalar ve iklim değişikliği ile mücadele olmak üzere üç temel unsurun şekillendirdiğini savunmaktadır. Rusya Ukrayna Savaşı’yla derinleşen enerji güvenliği kaygıları ve iklim değişikliği ile mücadelenin gerektirdiği karbonsuzlaşma zorunluluğu nedeniyle, kısa vadede birçok AB ülkesinde nükleer enerjiye yönelik desteğin artacağını ancak kamuyoyu nezdinde çevresel güvenlik kaygılarının yenilenebilir enerjiyi nükleer enerjiye kıyasla daha ön planda tutacağını öngörmektedir.

Keywords

Avrupa Birliği , Euratom , İklim değişikliği , Nükleer Enerji , Rusya-Ukrayna Savaşı

Supporting Institution

Yoktur

Thanks

Yoktur

NUCLEAR ENERGY in the EUROPEAN UNION FROM PAST to PRESENT

Abstract

Energy is one of the cornerstones of the European integration. The founding countries of the European Union (EU) first initiated cooperation in coal and steel and extended it to the field of nuclear energy by signing the EURATOM Treaty in 1957. In that period nuclear energy was considered a strategic tool that would provide the necessary energy Europe’s development while reducing foreign dependency. This study aims to analyse the historical transformation of nuclear energy policies in the EU from the 1950s to the present. In this study, the dynamics of nuclear energy in the EU are examined at three different levels of analysis: EU (supranational), member state (national) and public opinion (societal). The study argues that three main factors-energy supply security, nuclear accidents and combating climate change- shape the dynamics of nuclear energy in the EU. Due to energy security concerns deepened by the Russia-Ukraine War and the necessity of decarbonization required to combat climate change, it is predicted that support for nuclear energy will increase in many EU countries in the short term, but environmental safety concerns will prioritize renewable energy over nuclear energy in the public opinion.

Keywords

European Union , Climate change , Euratom , Nuclear Energy , Russia-Ukraine War

References

• BBC Türkçe. (2025, 14 Şubat). Çernobil’de patlama: Ukrayna Rusya’yı suçladı, Moskova reddetti.
• BBC. Erişim tarihi: 2 Aralık 2025, https://www.bbc.com/turkce/articles/cglywd zkkjxo
• Birpınar, M. E. (2022). Küresel sorun: İklim değişikliği “gelişimi, uluslararası müzakereler ve Türkiye. Çevre Şehir ve İklim Dergisi, 1(1), 20-36.
• Blix, H. (1986). Nuclear plant safety: The post-Chernobyl outlook for nuclear power. IAEA Bulletin, Autumn 1986, 9-12.
• Bohdanowicz, Z., Łopaciuk-Gonczaryk, B., & Kowalski, J. (2025). Europe becomes pro-nuclear? Drivers of public support for nuclear energy in six EU countries after the energy crisis of 2022. Energy Policy, 200, 114528, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2025.114528
• Bourguignon, D., & Scholz, N. (2016, April). Chernobyl 30 years on: Environmental and health effects. (PE 581.972). European Parliamentary Research Service.
• Carter, N. (2013). Greening the mainstream: Party politics and the environment. Environmental Politics, 22(1), 73-94.
• Char, N. L., & Csik, B. J. (1987). Nuclear power development: History and outlook. IAEA Bulletin, 3, 19-25.
• CVCE. (t.y.). Historical events in the European integration process (1945–2009). Erişim tarihi: 1 Aralık 2025, https://www.cvce.eu/en/recherche/unit-content/-/unit/02bb76df-d066-4c08-a58a- d4686a3e68ff/59f513b4-4af9-492c-8a64-4474d1d7dd6a
• Çelikpala, M. (2014). Enerji güvenliği: NATO’nun yeni tehdit algısı. Uluslararası İlişkiler, 10(40), 75- 99.
• Çetin, M. Ş. (2025). Çevreci hareketlerin siyasallaşması: Örnek ülkeler açısından yeşil partiler. Uluslararası Akademik Birikim Dergisi, 8(4). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo. 17406013
• Erdoğan, S. (2018). İklim değişikliğine karşı verilen küresel mücadele ve Avrupa Birliği. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(4), 703-718.
• Eur-Lex. (t.y.). EU energy policy. Erişim tarihi: 30 Kasım 2025, https://eur-lex. europa.eu/EN/legal- content/glossary/eu-energy-policy.html
• European Commission. (2000). Green Paper: Towards a European strategy for the security of energy supply (COM(2000) 769 final). Brussels. https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/ PDF/?uri=CELEX:52000DC0769
• European Commission. (2006). Green Paper: A European Strategy for Sustainable, Competitive and Secure Energy (COM(2006) 105 final). Brussels. https://europa.eu/documents/comm/green_ papers/pdf/com2006_105_en.pdf
• European Commission. (2024). Special Eurobarometer 557: European citizens’ knowledge and attitudes towards science and technology. Erişim tarihi: 6 Aralık 2025, https://europa.eu / eurobarometer/surveys/detail/3227
• European Commission. (2025a, 3 Aralık). EU agrees to permanently stop Russian gas imports and phase out Russian oil. Erişim tarihi: 6 Aralık 2025, https://ec.europa.eu/ commission/presscorner/ detail/en/ip_25_2860
• European Commission. (2025b, 30 Haziran). Press corner – EU energy policy announcement. Erişim tarihi: 6 Aralık 2025, https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/ip_ 25_1376
• European Commission. (t.y.a). Euratom. Erişim tarihi: 1 Aralık 2025, https://commission. europa.eu/ strategy-and-policy/eu-budget/eu-borrower-investor-relations/euratom_en
• European Commission. (t.y.b). Nuclear safety. Erişim tarihi: 8 Aralık 2025, https://energy.ec.europa. eu/topics/nuclear-energy/nuclear-safety_en
• European Commission. (t.y.c). REPowerEU roadmap. Erişim tarihi: 8 Aralık 2025, https:// energy. ec.europa.eu/strategy/repowereu-roadmap_en
• European Council. (2025). Climate change - EU policy. Erişim tarihi: 28 Kasım 2025, https://www. consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/climate-change/
• European Green Party. (t.y.). Position on nuclear phase-out in Europe. Erişim tarihi: 8 Aralık 2025, https://europeangreens.eu/resolutions/positionnuclear-phase-out-europe
• European Parliament. (2014). The EU’s energy security made urgent by the Crimean crisis (In-Depth Analysis, 10/04/2014). European Parliamentary Research Service. Erişim tarihi: 28 Kasım 2025, https://www.europarl.europa.eu/thinktank/en/document/EXPO-AFET_SP(2014) 522338
• European Union. (2016). The Euratom Treaty: Consolidated version (QC-01-15-106-EN-N). Publications Office of the European Union. Erişim tarihi: 30 Kasım 2025, https://www.consilium. europa.eu/media/29775/qc0115106enn.pdf
• Eurostat. (2025). Nuclear energy statistics. Erişim tarihi: 29 Kasım 2025, https://ec.europa.eu / eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_statistics
• Gherghina, S. (2025). From pitch perfect to epic fail: The Green Parties and the Green Deal in the European elections. JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies, 63, 193-205. https://doi.org/10.1111/ jcms.70030
• Gündoğdu, E., & Gündoğdu, B. Ç. (2023). Avrupa Birliği enerji güvenliğinin 2022 Ukrayna krizi bağlamında analizi. Marmara Üniversitesi Avrupa Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi, 31(2), 133-159. https://doi.org/10.29228/mjes.446
• Handrlica, J. (2018). The Splendid Durability of the Provisional: A Tribute to Euratom. CYELP, 14(2018), 161-180.
• Hayashi, M., & Hughes, L. (2013). The Fukushima nuclear accident and its effect on global energy security. Energy Policy, 59, 102-111.
• International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). (2024, March 21). Nuclear Energy Summit 2024. Erişim tarihi: 8 Aralık 2025, https://www.iaea.org/events/nuclear-energy-summit-2024
• International Energy Agency (IEA). (t.y.). Russia - Country profile. Erişim tarihi: 28 Kasım 2025, https://www.iea.org/countries/russia
• Jahn, D., & Korolczuk, S. (2012). German exceptionalism: The end of nuclear energy in Germany! Environmental Politics, 21(1), 159-164.
• Johnson, D. (1999). Nuclear energy policy in the European Union: Meltdown or false alarm? Journal of International Affairs, 53(1), 149-163.
• Mathijsen, P. (1961). Problems Connected With the Creation of Euratom. Law and Contemporary Problems, 26(4), 438-453.
• O’Driscoll, M., Lake, G., & Rittberger, B. (2002). The European Parliament and the Euratom Treaty: Past, Present and Future (Energy and Research Series, ENER 114 EN). Directorate-General for Research, European Parliament.
• Öztürk, S., & Saygın, S. (2017). 1973 petrol krizinin ekonomiye etkileri ve stagflasyon olgusu. Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 6(12), 1-12.
• Rudolph, J. R. (2025). Oil embargo and energy crises: 1973 and 1979. Erişim tarihi: 12 Kasım 2025, https://www.ebsco.com/research-starters/history/oil-embargo-and-energy-crises-1973-and-1979
• Sadouki, F. (2025, 6 Şubat). EU still dependent on Russian nuclear fuel - expert. Montel / World Nuclear Report. Erişim tarihi: 6 Aralık 2025, https://www.worldnuclearreport.org/EU-still- dependent-on-Russian-nuclear-fuel-expert
• Salameh, M. G. (2001). A third oil crisis? Survival, 43(3), 129-144.
• Smith, D. D. (1970). The European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom): The Limits of Supranationalism. California Western International Law Journal, 1(1), 33-59.
• Statista. (2025). Share of extra-EU natural gas import value from Russia from 2010 to 1st quarter 2025. Erişim tarihi: 14 Aralık 2025, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1021735/share-russian-gas-imports-eu
• Stern, J., Pirani, S., & Yafimava, K. (2009). The Russo-Ukrainian gas dispute of January 2009: A comprehensive assessment. Oxford Institute for Energy Studies.
• U.S. Department of Energy. (2023, 1 Aralık). At COP28, countries launch declaration to triple nuclear energy capacity by 2050, recognizing the key role of nuclear energy in reaching net zero. Erişim tarihi: 1 Aralık 2025, https://www.energy.gov/articles/cop28-countries-launch-declaration-triple-nuclear- energy-capacity-2050-recognizing-key
• UNFCCC. (t.y.). The Paris Agreement. UNFCCC. Erişim tarihi: 30 Kasım 2025, https://unfccc.int/ process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement
• Van Hecke, K. (2007). Nuclear energy in the European Union. Studia Diplomatica, 60(2), 131-155. World Nuclear Association. (2022, 11 Ekim). Three Mile Island accident. Erişim tarihi: 29 Kasım 2025, https://world-nuclear.org/Information-Library/Safety-and-Security/Safety-of-pla nts/Three- Mile-Island-accident
• World Nuclear Association. (2024, 29 Nisan). Fukushima Daiichi accident. Erişim tarihi: 30 Kasım 2025, https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/safety-and-security/safety-of-plant s/ fukushima-daiichi-accident
• World Nuclear Association. (2024, 8 Mayıs). Industry statement at Brussels nuclear energy summit. Erişim tarihi: 2 Aralık 2025, https://world-nuclear.org/news-and-media/press-stateme nts/ industry-statement-at-brussels-nuclear-energy-summ
• World Nuclear Association. (2025a, 9 Aralık). Nuclear power in the European Union. Erişim tarihi: 9 Aralık 2025, https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/country-profiles/others/eu ropean- union
• World Nuclear Association. (2025b, 24 Temmuz). Nuclear energy and public opinion. Erişim tarihi: 8 Aralık 2025, https://world-nuclear.org/information-library/current-and-future-genera tion/nuclear- energy-and-public-opinion