İstanbul: Sanayisizleşmeyen Bir Küresel Kent

Year 2022, , 329 - 349, 15.06.2022

Özgür Sayın

https://doi.org/10.26650/JECS2021-881837

Abstract

Küresel ekonominin ulus-devletlerin bölgesel sınırlarını aşarak derinleşmesi, küresel kentler olarak adlandırılan bazı büyük şehirlerin bu sistemin organizasyonunda önemli işlevler üstelenerek giderek daha fazla önem kazanmasına neden olmaktadır. Bu kentlerin küresel ve bölgesel işlevleri, ulus-ötesi bağlantıları ve geçirdikleri ekonomik, politik ve sosyal dönüşümler üzerine inşa edilmiş geniş bir literatür bulunmaktadır. Bu literatürdeki temel yaklaşımlardan bir tanesi küresel şehirlerin üretim yapılarının sanayiden ileri hizmetler sektörüne doğru keskin bir geçiş gösterdiğidir. Zaman içinde hem küresel kentler olarak tanımlanan şehirlerin sayısındaki artışa hem de sanayisizleşme çalışmalarında önemli gelişimler gerçekleşmiştir. Bu gelişmelere rağmen küresel kentlerin sanayisizleşmiş şehirler olduğu tezinin yeteri kadar ampirik sorgulamaya tabi tutulmadığı gözlemlenmektedir. Bu noktadan hareketle, bu çalışma küresel kentlerin aynı zamanda post-endüstriyel bir karakter taşıdığı tezini İstanbul örneği üzerinde sorgulamaktadır. Bu amaçla, makale İstanbul’un bir küresel kent olarak ortaya çıktığı 2000’li yıllardan itibaren şehrin ekonomik yapısındaki değişimleri ekonomik üretimin, istihdamın ve mekânsal göstergeler yoluyla inceleyerek şehirde bir sanayisizleşme sürecinin yaşanıp yaşanmadığını incelemektedir. Bulgular, literatürde varsayılanın aksine, şehirde bu tarz bir dönüşüm yaşanmadığını, ancak küreselleşmenin sanayi üretiminin niteliğinde ve kent içindeki yerleşiminde birtakım değişikliklere yol açtığını göstermektedir. Bulgular ayrıca sanayisizleşmenin temelde bir kısım yerel ve ulusal faktörlerden kaynaklandığını, küreselleşmenin de bu sanayinin kentte kalmasına katkı sağladığını göstermektedir.

Keywords

Küreselleşme, Küresel Kentler, Sanayisizleşme, Post-endüstriyel Şehir, İstanbul

Istanbul: A Global, but Still Industrial, City

Abstract

Global cities are typically perceived as the outcomes of a series of structural transformations experienced by the advanced capitalist countries in North America and Western Europe in the 1970s. A radical decrease in the share of industrial production vis-à-vis an increase in advanced producer services in the sectorial composition of global cities is one of the indicators of such restructuring. However, beyond the North Atlantic Axis—and especially with regard to new global cities—the validity of this assumption is questionable. Consequently, this paper involves a case study of Istanbul on the subject. This paper considers economic production and employment levels as well as spatial indicators to explore the changes in the sectorial dynamics of Istanbul's economy following the 2000s. Furthermore, it evaluates whether post-industrial transformation has taken place in the city. The first empirical section of the paper argues that such post-industrial transformation has not taken place in Istanbul; it posits that rather, globalization has spurred some changes in the manufacturing industry in terms of the scale of production and spatial distribution within the city. It further discusses the local and global dynamics contributing to the survival of industries in the city.

Keywords

Globalization, Global Cities, De-industrialization, Post-industrial City, Istanbul

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