Bilingualism and Biculturalism: Migration, Identity and Ownership

Abstract

The concepts of bilingualism and biculturalism have often been subjects of distinct research fields despite they are closely related. However, language and culture are in a constant interaction and an integral part of each other. This dynamic relationship between language and culture is prevalent at the same time for monolingual individuals and societies as well as for bilingual individuals and societies. These concepts must be dealt with together, especially when they concern immigrants. This descriptive study presents a traditional literature review. The aim of this article is to discuss current definitions and classifications of bilingualism and biculturalism, explain the relation between bilingualism and biculturalism and analyse particularly how these two concepts develop in immigrants. To do this, in the first part, minimalist and maximalist approaches of bilingualism have been treated. Then, different types and current definitions of bilingualism have been mentioned. In a second part entitled “Identity and Ownership”, the concepts of identity, culture and biculturalism have been introduced. In this part, different concepts related to identity and culture have been defined as Social Identity, Cultural Identity, Ethnic Identity, Enculturation and Acculturation. In the next part, the relationship between bilingualism and biculturalism has been discussed and some factors that can be considered common to bilingualism and biculturalism have been explained as Cultural Dominance, Age of Acculturation, Cultural Identity and self-perception of the individual as well as Cultural ‘Comfort’. Finally, the development of bilingualism and biculturalism in a context of migration, the bilingual development of immigrants in the framework of the hierarchical relationship between the minority and the majority languages as well as the acculturation strategies adopted by them have been examined.    

Keywords

• Bilingualism,
• Biculturalism,
• Migration,
• Identity,
• Ownership

İki Dillilik ve İki Kültürlülük: Göç, Kimlik ve Aidiyet

Abstract

İki dillilik ve iki kültürlülük kavramları ilintili olmalarına karşın çoğunlukla farklı araştırma alanlarının konusu olmuşlardır. Oysa dil ve kültür, devamlı etkileşim halindedir ve birbirinin ayrılmaz parçasıdır. Dil ve kültür arasındaki bu devingen ilişki tek dilli bireyler ve toplumlar için geçerli olduğu gibi iki dilli bireyler ve toplumlar için de geçerlidir. Göçmenler söz konusu olduğunda bu iki kavramı birlikte ele almak daha da önemli hale gelmektedir. Bu betimsel çalışmada geleneksel tarama yöntemi kullanılarak bir alanyazın taraması yapılmıştır. Makalenin amacı: iki dilliliğin ve iki kültürlülüğün güncel tanımlarını ve sınıflandırmalarını ele almak, iki dillilik ve iki kültürlülük arasındaki ilişkiyi açıklamak ve özellikle göçmenlerde bu iki kavramın nasıl geliştiğini incelemektir. Bunun için, birinci bölümde ilk önce iki dillilikte var olan minimalist ve maksimalist tanımlar ele alınmıştır. Daha sonra iki dilliliğin farklı türleri ve iki dillilikte güncel yaklaşımlar açıklanmıştır. “Kimlik ve Aidiyet” başlıklı ikinci bölümde kimlik, kültür ve iki kültürlülük kavramlarına değinilmiştir. Bu bölümde Toplumsal Kimlik, Kültürel Kimlik, Etnik Kimlik, Kültürlenme ve Kültürleşme gibi kavramların tanımlarına yer verilmiştir. Sonraki bölümde iki dillilik ve iki kültürlülük arasındaki ilişkiye değinilmiş, Kültürel baskınlık, Kültürleşme yaşı, Kültürel Kimlik ve bireyin öz algısı, Kültürel ‘Rahatlık’ gibi iki kültürlülüğün, iki dillilik tanımlarıyla benzeşen unsurları vurgulanmıştır. Son olarak iki dillilik ve iki kültürlülük kavramlarının göç ortamında nasıl geliştikleri ayrıntılı şekilde ele alınmış, göçmen bireylerin azınlık ve çoğunluk dilleri arasındaki saygınlık ilişkisi çerçevesinde gelişen iki dillilikleri ve benimsedikleri kültürleşme stratejileri irdelenmiştir.

Keywords

• İki dillilik
• İki kültürlülük
• Göç
• Kimlik
• Aidiyet

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