Seçilmiş Çevresel Faktörler ve İhracat İlişkisi: E7 Ülkeleri Örneği

Abstract

Amaç: Çevresel faktörlerin ihracat üzerindeki etkileri ülkeler açısından stratejiktir. Çok sayıda çalışma ihracatın farklı makro ekonomik yönlerini değerlendirmiştir. Bu çalışmada E7 ülkelerinin kişi başına düşen karbondioksit (CO2) emisyonları ve yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi çevresel faktörleri temsil ederken, bu faktörlerin mal ve hizmet ihracatı üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. E7 ülkeleri olarak bilinen Brezilya, Çin, Endonezya, Hindistan, Meksika, Rusya ve Türkiye hızlı sanayileşen ve çevre sorunları yaşayan ülkeler oldukları için bu ilişkinin ortaya konulması oldukça önemlidir. E7 ülkelerinin 1990-2021 dönemine ait çevresel faktörleri ve kişi başına düşen GSYİH’ları bağımsız değişken olarak, mal ve hizmet ihracatı bağımlı değişken olarak ele alınmıştır. Yöntem: Çalışmada hem yatay kesit bağımlılığını hem de heterojeniteyi dikkate alan CCEMG yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Bulgular: Ampirik sonuçlar karbondioksit emisyonu ve yenilenebilir enerji tüketiminin ülke ihracatlarıyla pozitif ilişki içerisinde olduğunu göstermiştir. Sonuç: Politika yapıcılar için önerimiz çevre kirliliğine yol açmayan sürdürülebilir üretim ve ihracat gelişimini sağlayan uygulamalara öncelik vermeleridir. Özgünlük: E7 ülkeleri çevresel faktörlerinin ekonomik değişkenler ile ilişkilerini inceleyen çalışmalar mevcuttur. Ancak bu faktörlerin doğrudan ihracat üzerindeki etkisini değerlendiren çalışma bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışma seçilmiş çevresel faktörler ile ihracat ilişkisine ampirik ve teorik çerçeve sunarak E7 ülkeleri ihracatı ile ilgili yeşil ekonomi kapsamında ele alınmayan yönleri daha iyi anlamamızı sağlayacaktır.

Keywords

• İhracat
• karbon dioksit emisyonu
• yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi
• E7 ülkeleri
• panel veri analizi

Selected Environmental Factors and Export Relationship: The Case of E7 Countries

Abstract

Aim: The impact of environmental factors on exports is strategic for countries. Numerous studies have evaluated different macroeconomic aspects of exports. In this study, per capita carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and renewable energy consumption of the E7 countries represent environmental factors, and the effects of these factors on exports of goods and services are examined. Since the E7 countries – Brazil, China, Indonesia, India, Mexico, Russia, and Turkey – are rapidly industrializing countries facing environmental problems, revealing this relationship is crucial. Environmental factors and per capita GDP of the E7 countries for the period 1990-2021 are considered as independent variables, while exports of goods and services are considered as the dependent variable. Method: The study used the CCEMG method, which considers both cross-sectional dependence and heterogeneity. Results: The results of the study showed that carbon dioxide emissions and renewable energy consumption are positively related to exports. Conclusion: Our recommendation for policymakers is to prioritize practices that ensure sustainable production and export development that do not lead to environmental pollution. Originality: Studies exist that examine the relationships between environmental factors and economic variables in E7 countries. However, there are no studies that directly evaluate the impact of these factors on exports. This study will provide an empirical and theoretical framework for the relationship between selected environmental factors and exports, enabling us to better understand aspects of E7 countries' exports that are not addressed within the scope of the green economy.

Keywords

• Export
• carbon dioxide emissions
• renewable energy consumption
• E7 countries
• panel data analysis

References

1. Abd El-Aal, M. F. (2024). The relationship between CO2 emissions and macroeconomics indicators in low and high-income countries: Using artificial intelligence. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 27, 29493-29514. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-024-04880-3
2. Aghasafari, H., Aminizadeh, M., Karbasi, A. & Calisti, R. (2021). CO2 emissions, export and foreign direct investment: Empirical evidence from Middle East and North Africa Region. The Journal of International Trade & Economic Development, 30(7), 1054-1076. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638199.2021.1934087
3. Akbostancı, E., Tunç, G. İ. & Türüt-Aşık, S. (2004). Pollution haven hypothesis and role of dirty industries in Turkey’s exports (ERC Working Paper in Economic No. 04/03). Economic Research Center, Middle East Technical University.
4. Al Ahmad, A. S. M. & Sarjiyanto, S. (2023). Are emerging economies a pollution haven?, E3S Web of Conferences, 467, 01030. https://doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346701030
5. Al-Mulali, U. & Sheau-Ting, L. (2014). Econometric analysis of trade, exports, imports, energy consumption and CO2 emission in six regions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 33, 484-498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.02.010
6. Ang, T., Salem, M., Kamarol, M., Das, H. S., Nazari, M.A. & Prabaharan, N. (2022). A comprehensive study of renewable energy sources: Classifications, challenges and suggestions. Energy Strategy Reviews, 43, 100939. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.estr.2022.100939
7. Anwar, A., Chaudhary, A. R., Malik, S. & Bassim, M. (2021). Modelling the macroeconomic determinants of carbon dioxide emissions in the G-7 countries: The roles of technological innovation and institutional quality improvement. Global Business Review, 26(3), 823-845. https://doi.org/10.1177/09721509211039392.
8. Arslan Gürdal, H. (2024). Examining relationship between carbon dioxide emissions, renewable energy consumption and economic growth in E7 countries. Optimum Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 11(2), 309-324.

9. Aslanturk, O. & Kıprızlı, G. (2020). The role of renewable energy in ensuring energy security of supply and reducing energy-related import. International Journal of Enegy Economics and Policy, 10(2), 354-359. https://doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.8414
10. Atyeh, M. & Damrah, S. (2024). Examining macroeconomic factors and environmental sustainability: An OLS regression analysis of the impact of exports, imports, govermental budget, and oil products on CO2 emissions in Jordan. Edelweiss Applied Science and Technology, 8(4), 1420-1427. https://doi.org/10.55214/25768484.v8i4.1516
11. Berry, H., Chauvin, J., Cheng, Y. L. & Lee, N. (2025). The global sourcing of green products. Journal of International Business Studies. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-025-00801-2
12. Bhat, V. & Tantri, M. L. (2023). Pollution haven hypothesis and the bilateral trade between India and China. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs, 53(2), 277-302. https://doi.org/10.1177/18681026231188450
13. Bhayana, S. & Nag, B. (2024). Global value chain linkages and carbon emissions embodied in trade, an evidence from emerging economies: Uncovering connections. arXiv, https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2411.02963
14. Bosupeng, M. (2016). The effects of exports on carbon dioxide emissions: Policy implications. International Journal of Management and Economics, 51(1), 20-32. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijme-2016-0017
15. Bulus, G. C., & Koc, S. (2021). The effects of FDI and government expenditures on environmental pollution in Korea: The pollution haven hypothesis revisited. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(28), 38238-38253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13462-z
16. Cen, H. & Xu, Y. (2021). Environmental regulation and exports: Evidence from the comprehensive air pollution policy in China. Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031316
17. Chai, J., Wu, H. & Yang, Y. (2021). Do constraints created by economic growth targets benefit sustainable development? Evidence from China. Business Strategy and Environment, 30(8), 4188-4205. https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.2864
18. Chen, Y., Wang, Z. & Zhong, Z. (2019). CO2 emmissions, economic growth, renewable and non-renewable energy production and foreign trade in China. Renewable Energy, 131, 208-216. Doi:10.1016/j.renene.2018.07.047
19. Chen, F. & Chen, Z. (2021). Cost of economic growth: Air pollution and health expenditure. Science of the Total Environment, 755(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142543
20. Cichowicz, R., Bochenek, A. D. (2024). Assessing the effects of urban heat island and air pollution on human quality of life. Antropocen, 46, 100433. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2024.100433.
21. De Hoyos, R. E. & Sarafidis, V. (2006). Testing for cross-sectional dependence in panel-data models. The Stata Journal, 6(4), 482-496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1536867x0600600403
22. Doan, T. (2024). Green production: Sustainable manufacturing for a greener planet. Erişim tarihi: 29.08.2025. Erişim adresi: https://thttextile.com.vn/green-production-sustainable-manufacturing/
23. Eberhardt, M. (2011). XTMG: Stata module to estimate panel time series models with heterogeneous slopes [Software documentation]. Boston College, Department of Economics.
24. EDGAR (2025). GHG emissions of all world countries 2025 report. Erişim tarihi: 10.09.2025. Erişim adresi: https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/report_2025#emissions_table
25. EU (n.d.). Carbon border adjustment mechanism. Erişim adresi: https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism_en#latest-developments
26. European Commission (2024). CBAM guidance and legislation. Erişim tarihi: 05.10.2025. Erişim adresi: https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/carbon-border-adjustment-mechanism/cbam-guidance-and-legislation_en
27. European Commission (2025). G20 climate strategies insufficient to meet Paris Agreement goals. Erişim tarihi: 27.08.2025. Erişim adresi: https://joint-research-centre.ec.europa.eu/jrc-news-and-updates/g20-climate-strategies-insufficient-meet-paris-agreement-goals-2025-01-31_en
28. Energyworld. (2025). Russia’s clean energy share to reach 90% by 2050: Deputy PM. Erişim tarihi: 09.11.2025. Erişim adresi: https://energy.economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/renewable/russias-renewable-energy-projection-for-2050-90-clean-energy-share/124711876
29. Ember (2025). China energy transition review 2025. Erişim tarihi: 15.11.2025. Erişim adresi: https://ember-energy.org/latest-insights/china-energy-transition-review-2025/
30. Gaibulloev, K., Sandler, T., & Sul, D. (2014). Dynamic panel analysis under cross-sectional dependence. Political Analysis, 22(2), 258-273. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpt029
31. Global Times (2025). China remains world’s largest manufacturer for 15 years; NEV production, sales top world for 10 years: official. Erişim tarihi: 11.11.2025. Erişim adresi: https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202509/1343021.shtml
32. Government of India Press Information Bureau (2025). The solar surge: India’s bold leap toward a net zero future. Erişim tarihi: 19.09.2025. Erişim adresi: https://www.pib.gov.in/PressNoteDetails.aspx?id=155063&NoteId=155063&ModuleId=3®=3&lang=2
33. Güneş, H., Kamacı, A. & Önder, H. (2022). Foreign trade and renewable energy consumption: The case of OECD and Turkey. Fiscaoeconomia, 6(3), 1003-1017. https://doi.org/10.25295/fsecon.1068817
34. He, S. (2024). The impact of import and export trade on carbon emissions: Based on the perspective of belt and road countries. Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management, 13(2), 5-9. https://doi.org/10.54097/60gzfv81
35. Handoyo, R. D., Rahmawati, Y., Rojas Altamirano, O. G., Ahsani, S. F., Hudang, A. K., & Haryanto, T. (2022). An empirical investigation between FDI, tourism, and trade on CO2 emission in Asia: Testing environmental Kuznet curve and pollution haven hypothesis. International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy, 12(4), 385-393. https://doi:10.32479/ijeep.13242
36. Huang, Y., Kuldasheva, Z. & Salahodjaev, R. (2021). Renewable energy and CO2 emissions: Empirical evidence from major energy-consuming countries. Energies, 14(22), 7504. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14227504
37. Huang, J., Zhang, K., Zhao, H., Fu, R. & Li, Z. (2023). Environmental effects of China’s export trade to the countries along belt end road: An empirical evidence based on inter-provincial panel data. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20, 4698. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064698
38. IEA (2024). Renewables 2024 analysis and forecast to 2030. Erişim tarihi: 19.10.2025. Erişim adresi: https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2024/global-overview
39. Ilechukwu, N. & Lahiri, S. (2022). Renewable-energy consumption and international trade. Energy Reports, 8, 10624-10629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.08.209
40. ILO (2024). Jobs in renewable energy record highest annual growth rate, reaching 16.2 million. Erişim tarihi: 01.11.2025. Erişim adresi: https://www.ilo.org/resource/news/jobs-renewable-energy-record-highest-annual-growth-rate-reaching-162?utm_source=chatgpt.com
41. IRENA (2024). Renewable power generation costs in 2024. Erişim tarihi: 10.09.2025. Erişim adresi: https://www.irena.org/Publications/2025/Jun/Renewable-Power-Generation-Costs-in-2024
42. Kang, H. (2021). CO2 emissions embodied in ınternational trade and economic growth: Empirical evidence for OECD and non-OECD countries. Sustainability, 13(21), 12114. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132112114
43. Kim, J. H. (2019). Multicollinearity and misleading statistical result. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology, 72(6), 558-569. https://doi.org/10.4097/kja.19087
44. Li, Y., Zhong, R., Wang, Z., Yu, M., Wu, Y., Irfan, M., & Hao, Y. (2022). Would the inequality of environmental quality affect labor productivity and the income gap? Evidence from China. Journal of Environmental Planning and Management, 67(1), 25-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640568.2022.2097061.
45. Liang, Y. & Hao, X. (2022). Can the agglomeration of new energy industries improve environmental efficiency? Evidence from China sustainability. Sustainability Journal, 14(14), 8961. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14148961
46. Liu, J., Jizu, L. & Yao, X. (2019). The economic effects of the development of the renewable energy industry in China. Energies, 12(9), 1808. https://doi.org/10.3390/en12091808
47. Liu, S. & Zhang, P. (2021). Foreign Direct investment and air pollution in China: Evidence from the global financial crises. The Developing Economies, 60(1), 30-61. https://doi.org/10.1111/deve.12298
48. Liu, X., Niu, Q., Dong, S. & Zhong, S. (2023). How does renewable energy consumption affect carbon emission intensity? Temporal-spatial impact analysis in China. Energy, 284, 128690. Doi:10.1016/j.energy.2023.128690
49. Lu, J. (2020). Air pollution. A systematic review of its psychological, economic, and social effects. Current Opinion in Psychology, 32, 52-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.06.024
50. Najibullah, J. I., Nosheen, M., Khan, M. W., Ul Haq Raja, E. & Jasim, M. (2021). An asymmetric analysis of the role of exports and imports in consumption-based cardon emissions in the G7 economics: Evidence from nonlinear panel autoregressive distributed lag model. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 53804-53818. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14465-6
51. Mahmood, H., Saqid, N., Adow, A. H. & Abbas, M. (2023). FDI, exports, imports, and consumption-based C02 emissions in the MENA region: Spatial analysis. Environmental Sciences and Pollution Research, 30, 67634-67646. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27245-1
52. Mahmud, H. (2023). Trade, FDI, and CO2 emissions nexus in Latin America: The spatial analysis in testing the pollution haven and EKC hypotheses. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30, 14439-14454. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23154-x
53. Manso, J.R.P. & Behmiri, N.B. (2013). Renewable energy and sustainable development. Estudios de Economia Aplicade, 31(1), 7-34. https://doi.org/10.25115/eea.v31i1.3259
54. Mengxuan, T., Han, H., Cifuentes-Faura, J., Sukumaran, S. (2024). Technological innovation and energy efficiency in central Eastern European countries. Utilities Policies, 88, 101761, https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.jup.2024.101761
55. Mpeqa, R. & Sun, H. P. (2023). Investigating the impact of import, export and innovation from Belt and Road Initiative countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(28), https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-27402-6
56. Nouira, R., Salem, L. B., Saafi, S. & Rault, C. (2025). Renewable energy consumption and international trade: Does climate policy stringency matter?. Energy Policy, 206, 114728. IZA DP No.17955 Discussion Paper Series.
57. Qi, J., Wang, S. & Zhang, Z. (2024). Export cost of air pollution: A regression discontinuity design. Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, 71, 337-353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.strueco.2024.08.009
58. Pesaran, M. H. (2006). Estimation and inference in large heterogeneous panels with a multifactor error structure. Econometrica, 74, 967-1012. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0262.2006.00692.x
59. Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2), 265–312. https://doi.org/10.1002/jae.951
60. Pesaran, M. H. (2015). Testing weak cross-sectional dependence in large panels. Econometric Reviews, 34(6-10), 1089-1117. https://doi.org/10.1080/07474938.2014.956623
61. Pesaran, M. H., & Tosetti, E. (2011). Large panels with common factors and Spatial correlation. Journal of Econometrics, 161, 182-202. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2010.12.003
62. Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50-93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010
63. Rao, P. (2025). Ranket: Top 15 Countiries by Carbon Emissions. Erişim tarihi: 13.07.2025. Erişim adresi: https://www.visualcapitalist.com/ranked-top-15-countries-by-carbon-emissions/
64. Rentschler, J. & Leonova, N. (2023). Global air pollution exposure and poverty. Nature communications, 14 (4432). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-023-39797-4
65. Roespinoedji, R., Juniati, S. & Ali, A. (2020). Macroeconomic indicators and CO2 emission: Are ASEAN countries doing a wrong trade-off?. Journal of Security and Sustainability Issues, 10, 279-290. https://doi.org/10.9770/jssi.2020.10.Oct(21)
66. Roser, M. (2025). Why did renewables become so cheap so fast?. Erişim tarihi: 10.07.2025. Erişim adresi: https://ourworldindata.org/cheap-renewables-growth
67. Salman, M., Long, X., Dauda, L., Mensah, C. N. & Muhammad, S. (2019). Different impacts of export and import on carbon emissions across 7 ASEAN countries: A panel quantile regression approach. Science of the Total Environment, 686, 1019-1029. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.019
68. Shahbaz, M., Sbia, R., Hamdi, H. (2013). The Environmental cost of skiing in the desert? Evidence from cointegration with unknown structural breaks in UAE. MPRA, Erişim adresi: https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/48007/
69. Shpak, N., Ohinok, S., Kulyniak, I., Sroka, W. & Androniceanu, A. (2022). Macroeconomic indicators and Co2 emissions in the EU Region. Amfiteatru Economic, 24(61), 817-830. https://doi.org/10.24818/EA/2022/61/817
70. Shrestha, N. (2020). Detecting multicollinearity in regression analysis. American Journal of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, 8(2), 39-42. https://doi.org/10.12691/ajams-8-2-1
71. Steinhauser, D., Kittova,Z. & Khulova, L. (2024). Relationship between CO2 emissions and trade: The case of the EU. Intereconomics, 1, 41-47. https://doi.org/10.2478/ie-2024-0009
72. UCS (2025). 7 benefits of renewable energy use. Erişim tarihi: 25.09.2025. Erişim adresi: https://www.ucs.org/resources/benefits-renewable-energy-use
73. Umar M, Yousaf Raza M, Xu Y. (2023). Determinants of CO2 emissions and economic progress: A case from a developing economy. Heliyon, 3, 9(1):e12303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12303
74. UN (n.d). What is renewable energy?. Erişim tarihi: 20.10.2025. Erişim adresi: https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/what-is-renewable-energy
75. UNDP (ty.). The SDGS in action. Erişim tarihi: 25.10.2025. Erişim adresi: https://www.undp.org/sustainable-development-goals
76. UNEP (2011). Towards a Green economy: Pathways to sustainable development and poverty eradication-A Synthesis for policy makers. Erişim tarihi:11.11.2025. Erişim adresi:www.unep.org/greeneconomy
77. UNEP (2018). Green economy. Erişim tarihi: 11.11.2025. Erişim adresi: https://www.unep.org/regions/asia-and-pacific/regional-initiatives/supporting-resource-efficiency/green-economy
78. UNEP (2024). Emissions gap report 2024. Erişim tarihi: 11.10.2025. Erişim adresi: https://www.unep.org/resources/emissions-gap-report-2024
79. UNESCO (2023). Toplumsal dönüşümlerin yönetimi (most) programı. Erişim tarihi: 17.11.2025. Erişim adresi: https://www.unesco.org/en/management-social-transformations-most-programme/sustainability
80. Waqas, M., Quingfeng, M., Ahmad, N. & Iqbal, M. (2023). Green brands, customer satisfaction and sustainable performance in the Chinese manufacturing industry. Management Decision, 61(11), 3545-3572. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-09-2022-1251
81. WEF (2023). This is what the climate crises is costing economies around the world. Erişim tarihi: 17.09.2025. Erişim adresi: https://www.weforum.org/stories/2023/11/climate-crisis-cost-global-economies/
82. Wen, J., Okolo, C.V, Ugwuoke, Kolani, K. (2022). Research on influencing factors of renewable energy, energy efficiency, on technological innivation. Does trade, investment and human capital development matter? Energy policy, 160, 112718. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2021.112718
83. World Bank (2025). Pollution. Erişim tarihi: 17.09.2025. Erişim adresi: https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/pollution
84. WEF & BCG (2025). Building economic resiliences to the health impacts of climate change. Erişim tarihi: 06.09.2025. Erişim adresi: https://reports.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Building_Economic_Resilience_to_the_Health_ Impacts_of_Climate_Change_2025.pdfhttps://erc.metu.edu.tr/en/system/files/menu/series04/0403.pdf
85. WHO (2025). Climate impacts of air pollution. Erişim tarihi: 11.11.2025. Erişim adresi: https://www.who.int
86. Wu, R., Ma, T., Chen D. & Zhang, W. (2021). International trade, Co2 emmissions, and re-examination of “pollution haven hypothesis” in China. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29, 4375-4389. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-15926-8
87. Yadav, A. & Mahalik, M. K. (2024). Does renewable energy development reduce energy import dependency in emerging economies? Evidence from CS-ARDL and panel causality approach. Energy Economics, 131(C). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2024.107356
88. Yıldız, T. (2025). The effects of renewable energy production in Turkey on exports. Journal of Life Economies, 12(1), https://doi.org/10.15637/jlecon.2454
89. Yu, P. & Zeng, L. (2024). The impact of consumer environmental preferences on the green technological innovation of Chinese listed companies. Sustainability, 16(7). 2951. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072951
90. Yuliadi, I. & Kusuma Wardani, D. T. (2023). Macroeconomic variables and its impact on CO2 emissions: An empirical study on selected ASEAN economic community (AEC) countries. International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning, 18(1), 139-144. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.180114
91. Zhang, X. & Linjin, L. (2025). Pollution havens in high-income emerging nations: Can green energy, financial development and environmental rules change this?. Energy Strategy Reviews, 57, 101635. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esr.2024.101635
92. Zhao, X., Jiang, M. & Zhang, W. (2022). The Impact of Environmental Pollution and Economic Growth on Public Health: Evidence from China. Front Public Health, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.861157
93. Zhong, J. & Pei, J. (2022). Beggar thy neighbor? On the competitiveness and welfare impacts of the EU’s proposed carbon border adjustment mechanism. Energy Policy, 162,112802. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2022.112802
94. Zhou, A. & Li, J. (2021). Air pollution and income distribution: Evidence from Chinese provincial panel data. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28, 8392-8406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11224-x