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Bezemelerin Simetrilerinde Saklı Olan Ortaçağ Kültür İlişkileri

Year 2023, Issue: 16, 145 - 156, 03.11.2023
https://doi.org/10.26658/jmr.1376768

Abstract

Mozaiklerde bulunan bezemelerin simetrilerini kullanarak, yedi Ortaçağ uygarlığının kültürel izlerini gözlemliyoruz. Simetrileri, sanat eserinin yaratıldığı kültürün bir özelliği olarak değerlendiriyoruz. Öncelikle iki boyutlu periyodik bezemeleri simetrilerine göre 17 Wallpaper grubuna ayırıyor ve her uygarlık için simerti gruplarının kullanım sıklığını sayısal olarak belirliyoruz. Bu değerlere kosinüs yöntemini uygulayarak, her bir topluluk çifti için bir tane olmak üzere, uygarlıklar arasındaki ilişkileri gösteren toplam 21 korelasyon sayısı elde ediyoruz. Bu korelasyon sayılarına uygulanan hiyerarşik kümeleme tekniği, uygarlıkların birbirlerine yakınlaştıkları iki ana kümeyi ortaya çıkarıyor: Birincisi Araplar ve Selçukluların yer aldığı İslam kümesi, ikincisi ise etkisini Anadolu’da olduğu kadar ilginç olarak Endülüs’te de belli eden Helen-Roma grubu. Uyguladığımız çok boyutlu ölçekleme yöntemi sonuçları desteklemektedir. Böylece matematiğin değişik dallarından esinlenen simetri analizi ve istatistiksel yöntemler yardımıyla, farklı uygarlıkların sanat eserlerindeki simetrileri incelemiş ve uygarlıklar arasındaki sanatsal etkileşmeleri bulma yolunda yenilikçi bir adım atmış oluyoruz.

References

  • Abas - Salman 1995 S. J. Abas – A. S. Salman, Symmetries of Islamic Geometrical Patterns, World Scientific, Singapore. https://www.worldscientific.com/doi//pdf/101142/9789814335942_fmatter.
  • Başan 2010 A. Başan, The Great Seljuks: A History, Routledge, London.
  • Bijnen 1973 E. J. Bijnen, Cluster Analysis, Tilburg University Press, Groningen.
  • Bonner 2017 J. Bonner, Islamic Geometric Patterns, Springer, New York.
  • Bourgoin 1879 J. Bourgoin, Les Élements de L’Arabe, Librairie de Firmin-Didot, Paris; Arabic Geometrical Pattern and Design, Dover, New York.
  • Brinton et al. 1963 C. Brinton – J. B. Christopher – R. L. Wolff, A History of Civilization, vol. 1, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
  • Cordoso 2015 E. R. Fe. Cardoso, Diplomacy and oriental influence in the court of Cordoba, Dissertation in History of Islamic Mediterranean Societies, University of Lisbon. https://repositorio.ul.pt/bitstream/10451/18276/1/ulfl183083.pdf.
  • Critchlow 1976 K. Critchlow, Islamic Patterns, London. https://archive.org/details/IslamicPatterns_201805/page/n1.
  • Dodd 2020 E. Dodd, “Late Roman viticulture in Rough Cilicia: an unusual wine-press at Antiochia ad Cragum”, JRA 33, 467-482.
  • Erbudak 2020a M. Erbudak, “Mathematical Determination of the Cultural Interaction between Medieval Groups”, JMSM 3, 95-101.
  • Erbudak 2020b M. Erbudak, “Mathematical Classification of Rum Seljuk Ornaments”, Symmetry: Culture and Science 2, 177-198.
  • Erbudak - Onat 2020 M. Erbudak – M. S. Onat, “The Role of the Greco-Roman Practice as a Progenitor of the Armenian and Eastern Roman Ornamental Art”, arXiv:2011.10973.
  • Goodyear 2016 M. Goodyear, “Inside and Outside the Purple: How Armenians Made Byzantium”, Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History 6, 22-47.
  • Hammond 2015 C. Hammond, The Basics of Crystallography and Diffraction, 4th ed., Oxford.
  • Hattstein - Delius 2000 M. Hattstein – P. Delius, Islam, Kunst und Architektur, Könemann, Köln.
  • Hutt - Harrow 1977 A. Hutt – L. Harrow, Iran I, London.
  • Kaldellis 2019 A. Kaldellis, Romanland: Ethnicity and Empire in Byzantium, Cambrigde.
  • Kruskal 1964 J. B. Kruskal, “Multidimensional scaling by optimizing goodness of fit to a nonmetric hypothesis”, Psychometrika 29, 1-27.
  • Kyurkchyan - Khatcherian 2010 A. Kyurkchyan (Author) – Hrair Hawk Khatcherian (Photographer), Armenian Ornamental Art, Craftology, Yerevan.
  • Kyurkchyan 2016 A. Kyurkchyan, Armenian Block Printing Fabric, Kyurkchyan, Yerevan.
  • Lévi-Provençal 1952 E. Lévi-Provençal, Histoire l’Espagne musulmane, vol. 2, Le caliphate umaiyade de Cordue (912-1031), 2nd ed., Leiden.
  • Makowicky 2016 E. Makowicky, Symmetry, Through The Eyes of Old Masters, Berlin.
  • Makowicky - Makowicky 1977 E. Makowicky – M. Makowicky, “Arabic Geometrical Patterns – A Treasury for Crystallographic Teaching”, Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Monatshefte 2, 58-66.
  • Marçais 1965 G. Marçais, Sur les mosaïques de la Grand Mosquée de Codoue, Islamic Art and Architecture in Honour of Professor K.A.C. Cresswell, Cairo, 147-56.
  • Mecit 2014 S. Mecit, The Rum Seljuqs: Evolution of a Dynasty, London.
  • Müller 1944 E. A. Müller, Gruppentheoretische und strukturanalytische Untersuchung der Maurischen Ornamente aus der Alhambra in Granada, PhD Thesis, University of Zurich, Zurich.
  • Payaslian 2007 S. Payaslian, The History of Armenia: From the Origins to the Present, New York.
  • Pólya 1924 G. Pólya, “Über die Analogie der Kristallsymmetrie in der Ebene”, Z. Kristall 60, 278-282.
  • Schneider 1980 G. Schneider, Geometrische Bauornamente der Seldschuken in Kleinasien, Wiesbaden.
  • Sokal - Michener 1958 R. R. Sokal – C. D. Michener, “A Statistical Method for Evaluating Systematic Relationship”, University of Kansas Science Bulletin 58, 1409-1438.
  • Tabanlı 2007 D. Tabanlı, Roma Dönemi Mozaiklerinin Efes Örneğinde İncelenmesi, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ege Universitesi, İzmir.
  • Vasiliev 1952 A. A. Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire, vols. I - II, Wisconsin.
  • Vio 2012 E. Vio, Il Manto di Pietra della Basilica di San Marco a Venezia, Venice.
  • Washburn - Crowe 1999 D. K. Washburn – D. W. Crowe, Symmetries of Culture: Theory and Practice of Plane Pattern Analysis, Washington.
  • Wasserstein 1987 D. Wasserstein, Byzantium and Al-Andalus, MedHistR 2:1, 76-101.
  • Wichmann 2020 B. Wichmann, https://tilingsearch.mit.edu/FirstUsage.html
  • Ye 2011 J. Ye, “Cosine similarity measures for intuitionistic fuzzy sets and their applications”, Math. Comput. Modelling 53, 91-97.
  • Zeugma Archeological site of Zeugma: https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5726/, https://museumofwander.com/zeugma-mosaic-museum-gaziantep/ and photographs of the author.

Cultural Interactions of Medieval Societies Hidden in The Symmetry of Ornaments

Year 2023, Issue: 16, 145 - 156, 03.11.2023
https://doi.org/10.26658/jmr.1376768

Abstract

We trace the culture on the mosaics of seven medieval civilizations by taking the symmetry of the ornaments found on the mosaics as characteristic evidence for the cultural group in which the artwork is created. We classify the ornaments into 17 wallpaper groups according to their symmetry. Applying the cosine law to the frequency of each symmetry group we calculate the pairwise correlation of the cultural interactions. Finally, a hierarchical cluster analysis is performed on the correlations to find cultural groups that are closely related to each other. The results show the formation of two clusters: The Islamic cluster includes the Arabs and the Seljuk dynasties. The Hellenistic group inspired other Anatolian civilizations and even influenced the Umayyads in Andalusia. These results are consistent with the calculations based on multidimensional scaling. Our work demonstrates the possibility of applying symmetry analysis and statistical methods to the visual arts to reveal valuable details such as the hidden influences in art practice.

References

  • Abas - Salman 1995 S. J. Abas – A. S. Salman, Symmetries of Islamic Geometrical Patterns, World Scientific, Singapore. https://www.worldscientific.com/doi//pdf/101142/9789814335942_fmatter.
  • Başan 2010 A. Başan, The Great Seljuks: A History, Routledge, London.
  • Bijnen 1973 E. J. Bijnen, Cluster Analysis, Tilburg University Press, Groningen.
  • Bonner 2017 J. Bonner, Islamic Geometric Patterns, Springer, New York.
  • Bourgoin 1879 J. Bourgoin, Les Élements de L’Arabe, Librairie de Firmin-Didot, Paris; Arabic Geometrical Pattern and Design, Dover, New York.
  • Brinton et al. 1963 C. Brinton – J. B. Christopher – R. L. Wolff, A History of Civilization, vol. 1, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall, New Jersey.
  • Cordoso 2015 E. R. Fe. Cardoso, Diplomacy and oriental influence in the court of Cordoba, Dissertation in History of Islamic Mediterranean Societies, University of Lisbon. https://repositorio.ul.pt/bitstream/10451/18276/1/ulfl183083.pdf.
  • Critchlow 1976 K. Critchlow, Islamic Patterns, London. https://archive.org/details/IslamicPatterns_201805/page/n1.
  • Dodd 2020 E. Dodd, “Late Roman viticulture in Rough Cilicia: an unusual wine-press at Antiochia ad Cragum”, JRA 33, 467-482.
  • Erbudak 2020a M. Erbudak, “Mathematical Determination of the Cultural Interaction between Medieval Groups”, JMSM 3, 95-101.
  • Erbudak 2020b M. Erbudak, “Mathematical Classification of Rum Seljuk Ornaments”, Symmetry: Culture and Science 2, 177-198.
  • Erbudak - Onat 2020 M. Erbudak – M. S. Onat, “The Role of the Greco-Roman Practice as a Progenitor of the Armenian and Eastern Roman Ornamental Art”, arXiv:2011.10973.
  • Goodyear 2016 M. Goodyear, “Inside and Outside the Purple: How Armenians Made Byzantium”, Armstrong Undergraduate Journal of History 6, 22-47.
  • Hammond 2015 C. Hammond, The Basics of Crystallography and Diffraction, 4th ed., Oxford.
  • Hattstein - Delius 2000 M. Hattstein – P. Delius, Islam, Kunst und Architektur, Könemann, Köln.
  • Hutt - Harrow 1977 A. Hutt – L. Harrow, Iran I, London.
  • Kaldellis 2019 A. Kaldellis, Romanland: Ethnicity and Empire in Byzantium, Cambrigde.
  • Kruskal 1964 J. B. Kruskal, “Multidimensional scaling by optimizing goodness of fit to a nonmetric hypothesis”, Psychometrika 29, 1-27.
  • Kyurkchyan - Khatcherian 2010 A. Kyurkchyan (Author) – Hrair Hawk Khatcherian (Photographer), Armenian Ornamental Art, Craftology, Yerevan.
  • Kyurkchyan 2016 A. Kyurkchyan, Armenian Block Printing Fabric, Kyurkchyan, Yerevan.
  • Lévi-Provençal 1952 E. Lévi-Provençal, Histoire l’Espagne musulmane, vol. 2, Le caliphate umaiyade de Cordue (912-1031), 2nd ed., Leiden.
  • Makowicky 2016 E. Makowicky, Symmetry, Through The Eyes of Old Masters, Berlin.
  • Makowicky - Makowicky 1977 E. Makowicky – M. Makowicky, “Arabic Geometrical Patterns – A Treasury for Crystallographic Teaching”, Neues Jahrbuch für Mineralogie Monatshefte 2, 58-66.
  • Marçais 1965 G. Marçais, Sur les mosaïques de la Grand Mosquée de Codoue, Islamic Art and Architecture in Honour of Professor K.A.C. Cresswell, Cairo, 147-56.
  • Mecit 2014 S. Mecit, The Rum Seljuqs: Evolution of a Dynasty, London.
  • Müller 1944 E. A. Müller, Gruppentheoretische und strukturanalytische Untersuchung der Maurischen Ornamente aus der Alhambra in Granada, PhD Thesis, University of Zurich, Zurich.
  • Payaslian 2007 S. Payaslian, The History of Armenia: From the Origins to the Present, New York.
  • Pólya 1924 G. Pólya, “Über die Analogie der Kristallsymmetrie in der Ebene”, Z. Kristall 60, 278-282.
  • Schneider 1980 G. Schneider, Geometrische Bauornamente der Seldschuken in Kleinasien, Wiesbaden.
  • Sokal - Michener 1958 R. R. Sokal – C. D. Michener, “A Statistical Method for Evaluating Systematic Relationship”, University of Kansas Science Bulletin 58, 1409-1438.
  • Tabanlı 2007 D. Tabanlı, Roma Dönemi Mozaiklerinin Efes Örneğinde İncelenmesi, Yayınlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi, Ege Universitesi, İzmir.
  • Vasiliev 1952 A. A. Vasiliev, History of the Byzantine Empire, vols. I - II, Wisconsin.
  • Vio 2012 E. Vio, Il Manto di Pietra della Basilica di San Marco a Venezia, Venice.
  • Washburn - Crowe 1999 D. K. Washburn – D. W. Crowe, Symmetries of Culture: Theory and Practice of Plane Pattern Analysis, Washington.
  • Wasserstein 1987 D. Wasserstein, Byzantium and Al-Andalus, MedHistR 2:1, 76-101.
  • Wichmann 2020 B. Wichmann, https://tilingsearch.mit.edu/FirstUsage.html
  • Ye 2011 J. Ye, “Cosine similarity measures for intuitionistic fuzzy sets and their applications”, Math. Comput. Modelling 53, 91-97.
  • Zeugma Archeological site of Zeugma: https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5726/, https://museumofwander.com/zeugma-mosaic-museum-gaziantep/ and photographs of the author.
There are 38 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Archaeological Science
Journal Section Article
Authors

Mehmet Erbudak 0000-0002-6316-5115

Publication Date November 3, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023 Issue: 16

Cite

APA Erbudak, M. (2023). Cultural Interactions of Medieval Societies Hidden in The Symmetry of Ornaments. Journal of Mosaic Research(16), 145-156. https://doi.org/10.26658/jmr.1376768
AMA Erbudak M. Cultural Interactions of Medieval Societies Hidden in The Symmetry of Ornaments. JMR. November 2023;(16):145-156. doi:10.26658/jmr.1376768
Chicago Erbudak, Mehmet. “Cultural Interactions of Medieval Societies Hidden in The Symmetry of Ornaments”. Journal of Mosaic Research, no. 16 (November 2023): 145-56. https://doi.org/10.26658/jmr.1376768.
EndNote Erbudak M (November 1, 2023) Cultural Interactions of Medieval Societies Hidden in The Symmetry of Ornaments. Journal of Mosaic Research 16 145–156.
IEEE M. Erbudak, “Cultural Interactions of Medieval Societies Hidden in The Symmetry of Ornaments”, JMR, no. 16, pp. 145–156, November 2023, doi: 10.26658/jmr.1376768.
ISNAD Erbudak, Mehmet. “Cultural Interactions of Medieval Societies Hidden in The Symmetry of Ornaments”. Journal of Mosaic Research 16 (November 2023), 145-156. https://doi.org/10.26658/jmr.1376768.
JAMA Erbudak M. Cultural Interactions of Medieval Societies Hidden in The Symmetry of Ornaments. JMR. 2023;:145–156.
MLA Erbudak, Mehmet. “Cultural Interactions of Medieval Societies Hidden in The Symmetry of Ornaments”. Journal of Mosaic Research, no. 16, 2023, pp. 145-56, doi:10.26658/jmr.1376768.
Vancouver Erbudak M. Cultural Interactions of Medieval Societies Hidden in The Symmetry of Ornaments. JMR. 2023(16):145-56.

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