COPE Code of Conduct(2020). Adapted from http://publicationethics.org/files/Code_of_conduct_for_journal_editors_Mar11.pdf

1. General duties and responsibilities of editors
1.1. Editors should be accountable for everything published in their journals
This means the editors should
1.2. strive to meet the needs of readers and authors;
1.3. strive to constantly improve their journal;
1.4. have processes in place to assure the quality of the material they publish;
1.5. champion freedom of expression;
1.6. maintain the integrity of the academic record;
1.7. preclude business needs from compromising intellectual and ethical standards;
1.8. always be willing to publish corrections, clarifcations, retractions and apologies when needed.

2. Relations with readers
2.1. Readers should be informed about who has funded research or other scholarly work and whether the funders had any role in the research and its publication and, if so, what this was.

3. Relations with authors
3.1. Editors’ decisions to accept or reject a paper for publication should be based on the paper’s importance, originality and clarity, and the study’s validity and its relevance to the remit of the journal.
3.2. Editors should not reverse decisions to accept submissions unless serious problems are identifed with the submission.
3.3. New editors should not overturn decisions to publish submissions made by the previous editor unless serious problems are identifed.
3.4. A description of peer review processes should be published, and editors should be ready to justify any important deviation from the described processes.
3.5. Journals should have a declared mechanism for authors to appeal against editorial decisions.
3.6. Editors should publish guidance to authors on everything that is expected of them. This guidance should be regularly updated and should refer or link to this code.
3.7. Editors should provide guidance about criteria for authorship and/or who should be listed as a contributor following the standards within the relevant feld.

4. Relations with editors
4.1. Editors should provide guidance to reviewers on everything that is expected of them including the need to handle submitted material in confdence. This guidance should be regularly updated and should refer or link to this code.
4.2. Editors should require reviewers to disclose any potential competing interests before agreeing to review a submission.
4.3. Editors should have systems to ensure that peer reviewers’ identities are protected unless they use an open review system that is declared to authors and reviewers.

5. Relations with editorial board members
5.1. Editors should provide new editorial board members with guidelines on everything that is expected of them and should keep existing members updated on new policies and developments.

6. Relations with journal owners and publishers
6.1. The relationship of editors to publishers and owners is often complex but should be based frmly on the principle of editorial independence.
6.2. Editors should make decisions on which articles to publish based on quality and suitability for the journal and without interference from the journal owner/publisher.om the journal owner/publisher.
6.3. Editors should have a written contract(s) setting out their relationship with the journal’s owner and/or publisher.
6.4. The terms of this contract should be in line with the COPE Code of Conduct for Journal Editors.

7. Editorial and peer review processes
7.1. Editors should strive to ensure that peer review at their journal is fair, unbiased and timely.
7.2. Editors should have systems to ensure that material submitted to their journal remains confdential while under review.

8. Editorial and peer review processes
8.1. Editors should take all reasonable steps to ensure the quality of the material they publish, recognising that journals and sections within journals will have different aims and standards.

9. Protecting individual data
9.1. Editors must obey laws on confdentiality in their own jurisdiction. Regardless of local statutes, however, they should always protect the confdentiality of individual information obtained in the course of research or professional interactions (e.g. between doctors and patients). It is therefore almost always necessary to obtain written informed consent for publication from people who might recognise themselves or be identifed by others (e.g. from case reports or photographs). It may be possible to publish individual information without explicit consent if public interest considerations outweigh possible harms, it is impossible to obtain consent and a reasonable individual would be unlikely to object to publication.

10. Encouraging ethical research (e.g. research involving humans or animals)
10.1. Editors should endeavour to ensure that research they publish was carried out according to the relevant internationally accepted guidelines (e.g. the Declaration of Helsinki for clinical research, the AERA and BERA guidelines for educational research).
10.2. Editors should seek assurances that all research has been approved by an appropriate body (e.g. research ethics committee, institutional review board) where one exists. However, editors should recognise that such approval does not guarantee that the research is ethical.

11. Dealing with possible misconduct
11.1. Editors have a duty to act if they suspect misconduct or if an allegation of misconduct is brought to them. This duty extends to both published and unpublished papers.
11.2. Editors should not simply reject papers that raise concerns about possible misconduct. They are ethically obliged to pursue alleged cases.
11.3. Editors should follow the COPE flowcharts13 where applicable.
11.4. Editors should frst seek a response from those suspected of misconduct. If they are not satisfed with the response, they should ask the relevant employers, or institution, or some appropriate body (perhaps a regulatory body or national research integrity organization) to investigate.
11.5. Editors should make all reasonable efforts to ensure that a proper investigation into alleged misconduct is conducted; if this does not happen, editors should make all reasonable attempts to persist in obtaining a resolution to the problem. This is an onerous but important duty.

12. Ensuring the integrity of the academic record
12.1. Errors, inaccurate or misleading statements must be corrected promptly and with due prominence.
12.2. Editors should follow the COPE guidelines on retractions

13. Intellectual property
Editors should be alert to intellectual property issues and work with their publisher to handle potential breaches of intellectual property laws and conventions.

14. Encouraging debate
14.1. Editors should encourage and be willing to consider cogent criticisms of work published in their journal.
14.2. Authors of criticised material should be given the opportunity to respond.
14.3. Studies reporting negative results should not be excluded.

15. Complaints
15.1. Editors should respond promptly to complaints and should ensure there is a way for dissatisfed complainants to take complaints further. This mechanism should be made clear in the journal and should include information on how to refer unresolved matters to COPE.
15.2. Editors should follow the procedure set out in the COPE flowchart on complaints

16. Commercial considerations
16.1. Journals should have policies and systems in place to ensure that commercial considerations do not affect editorial decisions (e.g. advertising departments should operate independently from editorial departments).
16.2. Editors should have declared policies on advertising in relation to the content of the journal and on processes for publishing sponsored supplements.
16.3. Reprints should be published as they appear in the journal unless a correction needs to be included in which case it should be clearly identifed.

17. Conflicts of interest
17.1. Editors should have systems for managing their own conflicts of interest as well as those of their staff, authors, reviewers and editorial board members.
17.2. Journals should have a declared process for handling submissions from the editors, employees or members of the editorial board to ensure unbiased review.

References/further reading
1. MIAME (Minimum information about a microarray experiment): https://www.fged.org/projects/miame
2. CONSORT statement (and other reporting guidelines) can be found at: www. equator-network.org
3. BMJ transparency policy: http://resources.bmj.com/bmj/authors/editorial-policies/transparency-policy
4. Marušić, A., Bates, T., Anić, A., & Marušić, M. (2006). How the structure of contribution disclosure statements affects validity of authorship: a randomized study in a general medical journal. Current medical research and opinion, 22(6), 1035-1044.
5. ICMJE (International Committee of Medical Journal Editors) uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals: https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/
6. Kleinert, S., & Wager, E. (2010, July). Responsible research publication: international standards for editors. In A position statement developed at the 2nd World Conference on Research Integrity, Singapore (pp. 317-28).
7. World Association of Medical Editors statement on the relationship between journal editors-in-chief and owners: https://www.wame.org/policies
8. World Medical Association: https://www.wma.net/policy/
9. American Educational Research Association ethical standards: https://www.aera.net/About-AERA/AERA-Rules-Policies
10. American Psychological Association ethical principles: https://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index
11. British Educational Research Association ethical guidelines: https://www.bera.ac.uk/publication/ethical-guidelines-for-educational-research-2018
12. Good Clinical Practice: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/ich-e6-r2-good-clinical-practice-scientific-guideline
13. COPE flowcharts: https://publicationethics.org/guidance/Flowcharts
14. COPE retraction guidelines: https://publicationethics.org/retraction-guidelines
15. De Angelis, C., Drazen, J. M., Frizelle, F. A., Haug, C., Hoey, J., Horton, R., ... & Van Der Weyden, M. B. (2004). Clinical trial registration: a statement from the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors. The Lancet, 364(9438), 911-912.
16. PubMed Central: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/

17. Declaration of Helsinki: https://www.wma.net/policies-post/wma-declaration-of-helsinki-ethical-principles-for-medical-research-involving-human-subjects/

COPE Code of Conduct(2020). Adapted from COPE

Ethical Research Involving Children

The ethical rules to be followed when conducting research with children have been determined to ensure the safety of children and to preserve the validity and reliability of the research. These rules ensure that researchers respect children's rights and do not harm them. Here are the basic ethical rules to consider when doing research with children:

1. Obtaining Consent
Informed Consent: Children who will participate in the research and their parents or legal guardians must be informed about the purpose, method, duration, possible risks and benefits of the research. A voluntary consent must be given based on this information.
Consent of Children: Consent must be obtained from children in accordance with their age and development level. This ensures that children understand that their participation is voluntary and that they can withdraw from the study at any time.
2. Confidentiality and Privacy
Data Security: The privacy and security of children's data must be protected. It is important that data is anonymized and personal information is not disclosed.
Protection of Privacy: During research, children's privacy should be respected and situations that would disturb or embarrass them should be avoided.
3. Harm Avoidance
Physical and Psychological Safety: Ensure that the research does not pose any risk of physical, psychological or emotional harm to children.
Sensitive Situations: Increased care should be taken in research with children who are particularly vulnerable (e.g., traumatized children, children with illnesses).
4. Justice and Equality
Fair Participation: The selection of research participants should be fair and no child should be discriminated against.
Balance: The benefits of children's participation in research should be balanced with the possible burdens and risks of participation.
5. Well-Being of Children
Participant Welfare: Children's physical and emotional well-being should always be prioritized, and their safety should be ensured throughout the research.
Providing Support: A system should be created where children can receive support in case of any negative effects during or after the research.
6. Professional Conduct and Responsibility
Competence: Those conducting the research must have the necessary knowledge and skills to work with children.
Honesty and Transparency: Be honest and transparent throughout the research process, and receive ethical guidance in case of possible conflict.
7. Cultural Sensitivity
Cultural Differences: Children's cultural, religious and social contexts should be sensitive and these contexts should be respected.
8. Sharing the Results
Information: Research results should be shared appropriately and in a language that children and their families can understand.
Contribution to Society: It should be ensured that research results are used for the benefit of society and especially the children and their families participating in the research.

JOLTIDA is committed to undertaking and supporting high quality ethical research that is respectful of children's human dignity, rights and wellbeing. The following seven commitments guide JOLTIDA'S work in ethical concerns regarding (Graham,  Powell, & Taylor, 2015):

1. Ethics in research involving children is everyone's responsibility
2. Respecting the dignity of children is core to ethical research
3. Research involving children must be just and equitable
4. Ethical research benefits children
5. Children should never be harmed by their participation in research
6. Research must always obtain children's informed and ongoing consent
7. Ethical research requires ongoing reflection

Compliance with these ethical rules when conducting research with children will both improve the quality of the research and protect the rights and welfare of children. These rules have been determined in accordance with international ethical standards and guidelines.

Further readings

Behrman, R. E., & Field, M. J. (Eds.). (2004). Ethical conduct of clinical research involving children. http://elibrary.pcu.edu.ph:9000/digi/NA02/2004/10958.pdf

Everson-Bates, S. (1988). Research involving children: Ethical concerns and dilemmas. Journal of Pediatric Health Care, 2(5), 234-239.

Graham, A., Powell, M. A., & Taylor, N. (2015). Ethical research involving children: Putting the evidence into practice. Family Matters, 96, 23-28.

Graham, A., Powell, M. A., & Taylor, N. (2015). Ethical research involving children: Encouraging reflexive engagement in research with children and young people. Children & Society, 29(5), 331-343.

https://childethics.com/

https://www.aera.net/Portals/38/docs/About_AERA/CodeOfEthics%281%29.pdf

https://videocast.nih.gov/pdf/ohrp_research_involving_children.pdf

https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/2417347

Helseth, S., & Slettebø, Å. (2004). Research involving children: some ethical issues. Nursing ethics, 11(3), 298-299.