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Bioactive Properties Of Commercial Reishi Mushroom Products In Powder Form

Year 2021, , 273 - 281, 01.05.2021
https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.754131

Abstract

Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mushroom) has well known history of use with regards to ensuring health effects and longevity in Asian countries. Besides, it has an antioxidative protection system to protect the living organism from the action of free radicals. This study examines the bioactive properties of powder form of G. lucidum as a natural functional agent and the antimicrobial effects of the 5 different commercially sold powder of the G. lucidum mushrooms were investigated against various pathogenic bacteria and molds. For this purpose, the phenolic content, antioxidant capacity of G. lucidum samples were determined. The antimicrobial effects of the 5 different G. lucidum mushrooms against various food-related pathogenic bacteria (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis ATCC 13076, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 2592, Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC 17802) and molds (Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 and Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 465) were expressed as a diameter (mm) of the inhibition zone. The values of total phenolic content of different G. lucidum samples ranged from 2.35 to 10.46 mg GAE g-1. The scavenging activity of DPPH radicals of G. lucidum samples did not show any significant difference for samples 2, 4, and 5. The same trend was observed between for ABTS+ results of these samples. The highest total phenolic content and antioxidative activity were observed in the sample 1. The extracts of different G. lucidum samples demonstrated statistically significant antibacterial activity against E. coli ATCC 25922. Regarding the antifungal activity of G. lucidum samples, there were not found any significant differences when compared different samples. The results demonstrated that G. lucidum can be used as a functional food ingredient to improve the bioactive properties of foods.

References

  • Ajith, T., Sudheesh, N., Roshny, D., Abishek, G., & Janardhanan, K. (2009). Effect of Ganoderma lucidum on the activities of mitochondrial dehydrogenases and complex I and II of electron transport chain in the brain of aged rats. Experimental gerontology, 44(3), 219-223.
  • Benedict, R., & Brady, L. (1972). Antimicrobial activity of mushroom metabolites. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 61(11), 1820-1822.
  • Berovič, M., Habijanič, J., Zore, I., Wraber, B., Hodžar, D., Boh, B., & Pohleven, F. (2003). Submerged cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum biomass and immunostimulatory effects of fungal polysaccharides. Journal of Biotechnology, 103(1), 77-86.
  • Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.-E., & Berset, C. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food science and Technology, 28(1), 25-30.
  • Celık, G. Y., Onbaslı, D., Altınsoy, B., & Allı, H. (2014). In vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Ganoderma lucidum extracts grown in Turkey. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 709-722.
  • Ćilerdžić, J., Vukojević, J., Stajić, M., Stanojković, T., & Glamočlija, J. (2014). Biological activity of Ganoderma lucidum basidiocarps cultivated on alternative and commercial substrate. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 155(1), 312-319.
  • De Silva, D. D., Rapior, S., Fons, F., Bahkali, A. H., & Hyde, K. D. (2012). Medicinal mushrooms in supportive cancer therapies: an approach to anti-cancer effects and putative mechanisms of action. Fungal Diversity, 55(1), 1-35.
  • Ferreira, I. C., Heleno, S. A., Reis, F. S., Stojkovic, D., Queiroz, M. J. R., Vasconcelos, M. H., & Sokovic, M. (2015). Chemical features of Ganoderma polysaccharides with antioxidant, antitumor and antimicrobial activities. Phytochemistry, 114, 38-55.
  • Gao, Y., Tang, W., Gao, H., Chan, E., Lan, J., Li, X., & Zhou, S. (2005). Antimicrobial activity of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma. Food Reviews International, 21(2), 211-229.
  • Gao, Y., Zhou, S., Huang, M., & Xu, A. (2003). Antibacterial and antiviral value of the genus Ganoderma P. Karst. species (Aphyllophoromycetideae): a review. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 5(3).
  • Islam, T., Yu, X., & Xu, B. (2016). Phenolic profiles, antioxidant capacities and metal chelating ability of edible mushrooms commonly consumed in China. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 72, 423-431. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2016.05.005
  • Karaman, İ., Şahin, F., Güllüce, M., Öǧütçü, H., Şengül, M., & Adıgüzel, A. (2003). Antimicrobial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of Juniperus oxycedrus L. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 85(2), 231-235. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00006-0
  • Kim, K. C., & Kim, I. (1999). Ganoderma lucidum extract protects DNA from strand breakage caused by hydroxyl radical and UV irradiation. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 4(3), 273-280.
  • Kino, K., Yamashita, A., Yamaoka, K., Watanabe, J., Tanaka, S., Ko, K., . . . Tsunoo, H. (1989). Isolation and characterization of a new immunomodulatory protein, ling zhi-8 (LZ-8), from Ganoderma lucidium. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 264(1), 472-478. Li, W. J., Nie, S. P., Chen, Y., Xie, M. Y., He, M., Yu, Q., & Yan, Y. (2010). Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide protects cardiomyocytes against anoxia/reoxygenation‐induced oxidative stress by mitochondrial pathway. Journal of cellular biochemistry, 110(1), 191-200.
  • Lim, D.-H., Choi, D., Choi, O.-Y., Cho, K.-A., Kim, R., Choi, H.-S., & Cho, H. (2011). Effect of Astragalus sinicus L. seed extract on antioxidant activity. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 17(3), 510-516.
  • Liu, D., Hu, Z., Liu, Z., Yang, B., Tu, W., & Li, L. (2009). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil isolated from the cultured mycelia of Ganoderma japonicum. Journal of Nanjing Medical University, 23(3), 168-172.
  • Ma, C.-w., Feng, M., Zhai, X., Hu, M., You, L., Luo, W., & Zhao, M. (2013). Optimization for the extraction of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum and their antioxidant and antiproliferative activities. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 44(6), 886-894. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2013.01.032
  • Paterson, R. R. M. (2006). Ganoderma–a therapeutic fungal biofactory. Phytochemistry, 67(18), 1985-2001. Quereshi, S., Pandey, A., & Sandhu, S. (2010). Evaluation of antibacterial activity of different Ganoderma lucidum extracts. J Sci Res, 3, 9-13.
  • Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., & Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free radical biology and medicine, 26(9-10), 1231-1237.
  • Sheena, N., Ajith, T., Mathew, A., & Janardhanan, K. (2003). Antibacterial activity of three macrofungi, Ganoderma lucidum, Navesporus floccosa and Phellinus rimosus occurring in South India. Pharmaceutical biology, 41(8), 564-567.
  • Shi, X., & Zhu, X. (2009). Biofilm formation and food safety in food industries. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 20(9), 407-413.
  • Singleton, V. L., Orthofer, R., & Lamuela-Raventós, R. M. (1999). [14] Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of folin-ciocalteu reagent. In Methods in enzymology (Vol. 299, pp. 152-178): Elsevier.
  • Smina, T., De, S., Devasagayam, T., Adhikari, S., & Janardhanan, K. (2011). Ganoderma lucidum total triterpenes prevent radiation-induced DNA damage and apoptosis in splenic lymphocytes in vitro. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 726(2), 188-194.
  • Sudheer, S., Taha, Z., Manickam, S., Ali, A., & Cheng, P. G. (2018). Development of antler-type fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum and determination of its biochemical properties. Fungal Biology, 122(5), 293-301. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2018.01.007
  • Veljović, S., Veljović, M., Nikićević, N., Despotović, S., Radulović, S., Nikšić, M., & Filipović, L. (2017). Chemical composition, antiproliferative and antioxidant activity of differently processed Ganoderma lucidum ethanol extracts. Journal of food science and technology, 54(5), 1312-1320.
  • Wasser, S. P. (2010). Medicinal mushroom science: history, current status, future trends, and unsolved problems. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 12(1).
  • Wasser, S. P. (2011). Current findings, future trends, and unsolved problems in studies of medicinal mushrooms. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 89(5), 1323-1332.
  • Yeung, W. (2004). Chemical and biochemical basis of the potential anti-tumor properties of Ganoderma lucidum. Curr Top Nutraceut Res, 2, 67-77.

Bioactive Properties Of Commercial Reishi Mushroom Products In Powder Form

Year 2021, , 273 - 281, 01.05.2021
https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.754131

Abstract

Ganoderma lucidum (Reishi mantarı), Asya ülkelerinde sağlık etkileri ve uzun ömürlülüğü sağlamak için yaygın olarak bilinen bir kullanım geçmişine sahiptir. Ayrıca, canlı organizmayı serbest radikallerin etkisinden korumak için antioksidatif koruma sistemine de sahiptir. Bu çalışmada toz formunda G. lucidum'un doğal fonksiyonel ajanlar olarak biyoaktif özellikleri incelenmiş ve G. lucidum mantarlarının ticari olarak satılan 5 farklı tozunun çeşitli gıda patojeni bakterilere ve küflere karşı antimikrobiyal etkileri araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla G. lucidum numunelerinin toplam fenolik içeriği, antioksidan kapasitesi de belirlenmiştir. 5 farklı G. lucidum mantarının antimikrobiyal etkileri, gıda ile ilgili çeşitli patojenik bakterilere (Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis ATCC 13076, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 2592, Vibrio parahaemolyticus ATCC 17802) küflere (Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 2999 ve Aspergillus parasiticus NRRL 465) karşı araştırılmış ve sonuçlar inhibisyon zon çapı (mm) olarak ifade edilmiştir. Farklı G. lucidum örneklerinin toplam fenolik içeriği değerlerinin 2.35 ila 10.46 mg GAE g-1 arasında değiştiği bulunmuştur. G. lucidum numunelerinin DPPH radikallerine karşı antioksidan aktivitesi araştırıldığında; 2, 4 ve 5 numaralı örnekler arasında önemli bir fark gözlemlenmemiştir. Bu numunelerin ABTS+ sonuçları için de aynı eğilim olduğu tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek toplam fenolik içerik ve antioksidatif aktivite G. lucidum’un 1 numaralı örneğinde belirlenmiştir. Farklı G. lucidum örneklerinin ekstraktları, E. coli ATCC 25922'ye karşı istatistiksel olarak anlamlı antibakteriyal aktivite gösterirken (p <0.05), G. lucidum örneklerinin antifungal aktivitesi ile ilgili olarak, farklı örnekler karşılaştırıldığında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bir farklılık bulunamamıştır (p> 0.05). Elde edilen sonuçlara göre, G. lucidum'un gıdaların biyoaktif özelliklerini geliştirmek için fonksiyonel bir gıda bileşeni olarak kullanılabileceğini görülmektedir.

References

  • Ajith, T., Sudheesh, N., Roshny, D., Abishek, G., & Janardhanan, K. (2009). Effect of Ganoderma lucidum on the activities of mitochondrial dehydrogenases and complex I and II of electron transport chain in the brain of aged rats. Experimental gerontology, 44(3), 219-223.
  • Benedict, R., & Brady, L. (1972). Antimicrobial activity of mushroom metabolites. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences, 61(11), 1820-1822.
  • Berovič, M., Habijanič, J., Zore, I., Wraber, B., Hodžar, D., Boh, B., & Pohleven, F. (2003). Submerged cultivation of Ganoderma lucidum biomass and immunostimulatory effects of fungal polysaccharides. Journal of Biotechnology, 103(1), 77-86.
  • Brand-Williams, W., Cuvelier, M.-E., & Berset, C. (1995). Use of a free radical method to evaluate antioxidant activity. LWT-Food science and Technology, 28(1), 25-30.
  • Celık, G. Y., Onbaslı, D., Altınsoy, B., & Allı, H. (2014). In vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Ganoderma lucidum extracts grown in Turkey. European Journal of Medicinal Plants, 709-722.
  • Ćilerdžić, J., Vukojević, J., Stajić, M., Stanojković, T., & Glamočlija, J. (2014). Biological activity of Ganoderma lucidum basidiocarps cultivated on alternative and commercial substrate. Journal of ethnopharmacology, 155(1), 312-319.
  • De Silva, D. D., Rapior, S., Fons, F., Bahkali, A. H., & Hyde, K. D. (2012). Medicinal mushrooms in supportive cancer therapies: an approach to anti-cancer effects and putative mechanisms of action. Fungal Diversity, 55(1), 1-35.
  • Ferreira, I. C., Heleno, S. A., Reis, F. S., Stojkovic, D., Queiroz, M. J. R., Vasconcelos, M. H., & Sokovic, M. (2015). Chemical features of Ganoderma polysaccharides with antioxidant, antitumor and antimicrobial activities. Phytochemistry, 114, 38-55.
  • Gao, Y., Tang, W., Gao, H., Chan, E., Lan, J., Li, X., & Zhou, S. (2005). Antimicrobial activity of the medicinal mushroom Ganoderma. Food Reviews International, 21(2), 211-229.
  • Gao, Y., Zhou, S., Huang, M., & Xu, A. (2003). Antibacterial and antiviral value of the genus Ganoderma P. Karst. species (Aphyllophoromycetideae): a review. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 5(3).
  • Islam, T., Yu, X., & Xu, B. (2016). Phenolic profiles, antioxidant capacities and metal chelating ability of edible mushrooms commonly consumed in China. LWT - Food Science and Technology, 72, 423-431. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2016.05.005
  • Karaman, İ., Şahin, F., Güllüce, M., Öǧütçü, H., Şengül, M., & Adıgüzel, A. (2003). Antimicrobial activity of aqueous and methanol extracts of Juniperus oxycedrus L. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 85(2), 231-235. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-8741(03)00006-0
  • Kim, K. C., & Kim, I. (1999). Ganoderma lucidum extract protects DNA from strand breakage caused by hydroxyl radical and UV irradiation. International Journal of Molecular Medicine, 4(3), 273-280.
  • Kino, K., Yamashita, A., Yamaoka, K., Watanabe, J., Tanaka, S., Ko, K., . . . Tsunoo, H. (1989). Isolation and characterization of a new immunomodulatory protein, ling zhi-8 (LZ-8), from Ganoderma lucidium. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 264(1), 472-478. Li, W. J., Nie, S. P., Chen, Y., Xie, M. Y., He, M., Yu, Q., & Yan, Y. (2010). Ganoderma atrum polysaccharide protects cardiomyocytes against anoxia/reoxygenation‐induced oxidative stress by mitochondrial pathway. Journal of cellular biochemistry, 110(1), 191-200.
  • Lim, D.-H., Choi, D., Choi, O.-Y., Cho, K.-A., Kim, R., Choi, H.-S., & Cho, H. (2011). Effect of Astragalus sinicus L. seed extract on antioxidant activity. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 17(3), 510-516.
  • Liu, D., Hu, Z., Liu, Z., Yang, B., Tu, W., & Li, L. (2009). Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil isolated from the cultured mycelia of Ganoderma japonicum. Journal of Nanjing Medical University, 23(3), 168-172.
  • Ma, C.-w., Feng, M., Zhai, X., Hu, M., You, L., Luo, W., & Zhao, M. (2013). Optimization for the extraction of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum and their antioxidant and antiproliferative activities. Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, 44(6), 886-894. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2013.01.032
  • Paterson, R. R. M. (2006). Ganoderma–a therapeutic fungal biofactory. Phytochemistry, 67(18), 1985-2001. Quereshi, S., Pandey, A., & Sandhu, S. (2010). Evaluation of antibacterial activity of different Ganoderma lucidum extracts. J Sci Res, 3, 9-13.
  • Re, R., Pellegrini, N., Proteggente, A., Pannala, A., Yang, M., & Rice-Evans, C. (1999). Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free radical biology and medicine, 26(9-10), 1231-1237.
  • Sheena, N., Ajith, T., Mathew, A., & Janardhanan, K. (2003). Antibacterial activity of three macrofungi, Ganoderma lucidum, Navesporus floccosa and Phellinus rimosus occurring in South India. Pharmaceutical biology, 41(8), 564-567.
  • Shi, X., & Zhu, X. (2009). Biofilm formation and food safety in food industries. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 20(9), 407-413.
  • Singleton, V. L., Orthofer, R., & Lamuela-Raventós, R. M. (1999). [14] Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of folin-ciocalteu reagent. In Methods in enzymology (Vol. 299, pp. 152-178): Elsevier.
  • Smina, T., De, S., Devasagayam, T., Adhikari, S., & Janardhanan, K. (2011). Ganoderma lucidum total triterpenes prevent radiation-induced DNA damage and apoptosis in splenic lymphocytes in vitro. Mutation Research/Genetic Toxicology and Environmental Mutagenesis, 726(2), 188-194.
  • Sudheer, S., Taha, Z., Manickam, S., Ali, A., & Cheng, P. G. (2018). Development of antler-type fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum and determination of its biochemical properties. Fungal Biology, 122(5), 293-301. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.funbio.2018.01.007
  • Veljović, S., Veljović, M., Nikićević, N., Despotović, S., Radulović, S., Nikšić, M., & Filipović, L. (2017). Chemical composition, antiproliferative and antioxidant activity of differently processed Ganoderma lucidum ethanol extracts. Journal of food science and technology, 54(5), 1312-1320.
  • Wasser, S. P. (2010). Medicinal mushroom science: history, current status, future trends, and unsolved problems. International Journal of Medicinal Mushrooms, 12(1).
  • Wasser, S. P. (2011). Current findings, future trends, and unsolved problems in studies of medicinal mushrooms. Applied microbiology and biotechnology, 89(5), 1323-1332.
  • Yeung, W. (2004). Chemical and biochemical basis of the potential anti-tumor properties of Ganoderma lucidum. Curr Top Nutraceut Res, 2, 67-77.
There are 28 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Ahmet Şükrü Demirci 0000-0001-5252-8307

Didem Sözeri Atik 0000-0002-8547-7304

İbrahim Palabıyık 0000-0001-8850-1819

Mehmet Gülcü 0000-0001-7862-7733

Publication Date May 1, 2021
Submission Date June 17, 2020
Acceptance Date January 20, 2021
Published in Issue Year 2021

Cite

APA Demirci, A. Ş., Sözeri Atik, D., Palabıyık, İ., Gülcü, M. (2021). Bioactive Properties Of Commercial Reishi Mushroom Products In Powder Form. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 18(2), 273-281. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.754131
AMA Demirci AŞ, Sözeri Atik D, Palabıyık İ, Gülcü M. Bioactive Properties Of Commercial Reishi Mushroom Products In Powder Form. JOTAF. May 2021;18(2):273-281. doi:10.33462/jotaf.754131
Chicago Demirci, Ahmet Şükrü, Didem Sözeri Atik, İbrahim Palabıyık, and Mehmet Gülcü. “Bioactive Properties Of Commercial Reishi Mushroom Products In Powder Form”. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 18, no. 2 (May 2021): 273-81. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.754131.
EndNote Demirci AŞ, Sözeri Atik D, Palabıyık İ, Gülcü M (May 1, 2021) Bioactive Properties Of Commercial Reishi Mushroom Products In Powder Form. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 18 2 273–281.
IEEE A. Ş. Demirci, D. Sözeri Atik, İ. Palabıyık, and M. Gülcü, “Bioactive Properties Of Commercial Reishi Mushroom Products In Powder Form”, JOTAF, vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 273–281, 2021, doi: 10.33462/jotaf.754131.
ISNAD Demirci, Ahmet Şükrü et al. “Bioactive Properties Of Commercial Reishi Mushroom Products In Powder Form”. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi 18/2 (May 2021), 273-281. https://doi.org/10.33462/jotaf.754131.
JAMA Demirci AŞ, Sözeri Atik D, Palabıyık İ, Gülcü M. Bioactive Properties Of Commercial Reishi Mushroom Products In Powder Form. JOTAF. 2021;18:273–281.
MLA Demirci, Ahmet Şükrü et al. “Bioactive Properties Of Commercial Reishi Mushroom Products In Powder Form”. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, vol. 18, no. 2, 2021, pp. 273-81, doi:10.33462/jotaf.754131.
Vancouver Demirci AŞ, Sözeri Atik D, Palabıyık İ, Gülcü M. Bioactive Properties Of Commercial Reishi Mushroom Products In Powder Form. JOTAF. 2021;18(2):273-81.