General Principles
All articles submitted to the Düzce University Journal of Woman and Society for evaluation must be prepared in accordance with the writing template and the rules specified here.
All manuscripts submitted to the journal must be prepared in accordance with APA 7th edition writing rules.
Papers are accepted in Turkish or English.
- The length of manuscripts should be 5,000–8,000 words (including abstract, references, tables, and figures).
- Submissions must be original, unpublished, and not under review by another journal.
- All submissions undergo a double-blind peer review process.

Formatting and Page Layout
Font: Cambria, 10 pt.
Line spacing: Single
Page size: A4 with 2.5 cm margins on all sides.
Paragraphs: First line indent of 1.25 cm.
Headings: Unnumbered, following APA hierarchy (Level 1, Level 2, etc.).
Article title: 12 pt, bold and italic

Title and Abstract
- The article title should not exceed 20 words and must be provided in both Turkish and English.
- Each article must include: A Turkish and English abstract (150–250 words) and 4–6 keywords in both languages.
-The abstract should briefly state the purpose, method, findings, and conclusion of the study.

Manuscript Submission
- Manuscripts must be submitted via the journal’s online submission system.
- A separate cover page should include the author(s)’ title, institution, ORCID, and contact information.
- To ensure double-blind review, the main manuscript must not contain author names or any identifying information.

Publication Ethics
- The journal adheres to the standards of COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics).
- A plagiarism report may be requested.
- For studies requiring ethics committee approval, the relevant approval document must be submitted.

Tables, Figures, and Visual Materials
- All tables, figures, and visual materials must be numbered and titled in accordance with APA 7 guidelines.
- Visual materials should be of high resolution. Responsibility for copyright compliance rests with the author.

In-Text Citations and References
In-text citations and the reference list must be prepared in accordance with the APA 7th edition.

Citation and References
All in-text citations and references must comply with APA 7th Edition.
In-text citation examples:
Single author: (Arat, 2015).
Two authors: (Demir & Yılmaz, 2020).
Three or more authors: (Kaya et al., 2021).
In-text citation:
Short quotations (fewer than 40 words)
For quotations with fewer than 40 words, include the quoted words in your own text by placing them within quotation marks, without additional formatting (such as italics). Do not add ellipsis marks at the beginning or end of the quotation unless they appear in the original source.

Example:
It can be difficult to define effective teams because "high performance in one domain does not necessarily mean high performance in another" (Ervin et al., 2018, p. 470).

Format quotations that are 40 words (about three lines) or longer as block quotations.

Reference list examples:
Book:
Arat, Y. (2015). Türkiye’de kadın hareketi: Tarihsel bir perspektif. İletişim Yayınları.

Article:
Aksoy, Z., & Yıldız, F. (2020). Gender roles and media representations. Journal of Women Studies, 12(2), 45-60. https://doi.org/xxxx

For more information:
American Psychological Association. (2019, September). Style and Grammar Guidelines.
https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines


*** DETAILED IN-TEXT CITATION GUIDELINES ****

1- When There is One or Two Authors
Aslan, S., & Deniz, F. N. (2022). Teamwork efficiency: A new modelling approach: Yeni bir modelleme yaklaşımı. Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 12(1), 110-125.
Yılmaz, E. B. (2024). Liderlik stillerinin örgütsel bağlılığa etkisi. Yönetim Bilimleri Dergisi, 8(3), 50-65.
References written within the same parentheses are listed alphabetically and separated by a semicolon (;). The ampersand (&) is used in parenthetical citations, while the conjunction “and/ve” is used in narrative citations.
• Parenthetical citation: (Aslan & Deniz, 2022; Yılmaz, 2024).
• Narrative citation: Aslan and Deniz (2022)… ; Yılmaz (2024),…
• Narrative citation (with year first): in 2022, Aslan and Deniz,….; in 2024, Yılmaz,…

2- Citing Works by the Same Author in the Same Year
a- Same author, same year
Yılmaz, Z. (2025a)…
Yılmaz, Z. (2025b)…
• Parenthetical citation: (Yılmaz, 2025a, 2025b).
• Narrative citation: Yılmaz (2025a),…; Yılmaz (2025b),…

3- Citing Works That Abbreviate to the Same “et al.” form
If works by the same first author and same year would abbreviate identically (e.g., Yıldız et al.), include the second author’s surname to avoid ambiguity.
• Parenthetical citation: (Yıldız, Ateş, et al., 2025; Yıldız, Deniz, et al., 2025).
• Narrative citation: Yıldız, Ateş, et al. (2025),…; Yıldız, Deniz, et al. (2025),…
• Narrative citation: in 2025, Yıldız, Ateş et al.…; in 2025,… Yıldız, Deniz et al.,…

4- Authors with the Same Surname
• Parenthetical citation: (A. Yılmaz, 2024; M. Yılmaz, 2024).
• Narrative citation: A. Yılmaz (2024),…; M. Yılmaz (2024),…
• Narrative citation: in 2024, A. Yılmaz,…; in 2024, M. Yılmaz,…

ARTICLE BIBLIOGRAPHY FORMATS
1- Three or more authors
According to APA 7, list all authors in the reference list. If there are more than 21 authors, list the first 19, insert an ellipsis (…), and then add the final author (without &).
• Parenthetical citation: (Şengülkızı et al., 2021).
• Narrative citation: Şengülkızı et al. (2021),…
• Narrative citation: in 2021, Şengülkızı et al.,…

2- Citing an Article with an Article Number
Aslan, L., & Demir, R. (2020). Using television series as a tool in medical education: A pilot study. BMC Medical Education, 20(1), Article 150. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-02000-5
• Parenthetical citation: (Aslan & Demir, 2020).
• Narrative citation: Aslan and Demir (2020),…
• Narrative citation: in 2020, Aslan and Demir,…

3- Magazine or Journal Article
Demir, A., & Yılmaz, N. (2022, July 5). Climate change reshapes migration patterns in Europe. Nature, 607(7918), 45–46. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-01999-1
Kara, S. (2021, March 12). Artificial intelligence in daily life: Opportunities and risks. The Guardian Weekly, 204(11), 14–15.
Öztürk, M. (2023, October 10). The rise of e-sports culture. Harper’s Magazine. https://harpers.org/archive/2023/10/the-rise-of-e-sports-culture
• Parenthetical citations: (Demir & Yılmaz, 2022; Kara, 2021; Öztürk, 2023).
• Narrative citations: Kara (2021),…; Demir and Yılmaz (2022),…; Öztürk (2023),…
• Narrative citations: in 2021, Kara…; in 2022, Demir and Yılmaz…; in 2023, Öztürk…

4- Citing articles written in other languages
Li, W., & Chen, Y. (2023). The impact of smartphones on children's cognitive development. Journal of Technology and Society, 15(2), 45-60. [in Chinese].
Petrova, A. A., & Smirnov, I. B. (2024). The use of nanomaterials in aerospace technology. Journal of Applied Physics, 35(4), 112-128. [in Russian].
5- If you can transliterate the title of a work
Li, W., & Chen, Y. (2023). Zhìnéng shǒujī duì értóng rènzhī fāzhǎn de yǐngxiǎng [The impact of smartphones on children's cognitive development]. Kējì yǔ shèhuì [Technology and Society], 15(2), 45-60. [In Chinese].
Petrova, A. A., & Smirnov, I. B. (2024). Primeneniye nanomaterialov v aerokosmicheskoy tekhnike [The use of nanomaterials in aerospace technology]. Zhurnal prikladnoy fiziki [Journal of Applied Physics], 35(4), 112-128. [In Russian].
6- If you can’t transliterate the title of a work
Li, W., & Chen, Y. (2023). 智能手机对儿童认知发展的影响 [The impact of smartphones on children's cognitive development]. 科技与社会 [Technology and Society], 15(2), 45-60.
Petrova, A. A., & Smirnov, I. B. (2024). Применение наноматериалов в аэрокосмической технике [the use of nanomaterials in aerospace technology]. Журнал прикладной физики [Journal of Applied Physics], 35(4), 112-128.
• Parenthetical citations: (Li & Chen, 2023; Petrova & Smirnov, 2024).
• Narrative citations: Li and Chen (2023),…; Petrova and Smirnov (2024),…
• Narrative citations: in 2023, Li and Chen,…; in 2024, Petrova and Smirnov,…

7- Missing volume number
Lipscomb, A. Y. (2021). Addressing trauma in the college essay writing process. The Journal of College Admission, (249), 30–33. https://www.catholiccollegesonline.org/pdf/national_ccaa_in_the_news_-_nacac_journal_of_college_admission_winter_2021.pdf
8- Missing issue number
Bosco, G., Rizzato, A., Moon, R. E., & Camporesi, E. M. (2018). Environmental physiology and diving medicine. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, Article 72. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00072
Sanchiz, M., Chevalier, A., & Amadieu, F. (2017). How do older and young adults start searching for information? Impact of age, domain knowledge and problem complexity on the different steps of information searching. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 67–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.02.038
9- Missing page or article number
Butler, J. (2017). Where access meets multimodality: The case of ASL music videos. Kairos: A Journal of Rhetoric, Technology, and Pedagogy, 21(1). http://technorhetoric.net/21.1/topoi/butler/index.html
• Parenthetical citations: (Bosco et al., 2018; Butler, 2017; Lipscomb, 2021; Sanchiz et al., 2017).
• Narrative citations: Bosco et al. (2018),…; Butler (2017),…; Lipscomb (2021),…; Sanchiz et al. (2017),…

NEWSPAPER ARTICLE REFERENCES
1- Writing Bibliographies for Articles Published in Newspapers
Aksoy, E. (2022, February 7). İstanbul’da toplu taşıma kullanımında rekor artış. Sabah, 5.
Roberts, S. (2018, November 20). Advances in gene editing raise ethical questions. The New York Times, A3.
Yılmaz, H. (2021, May 14). Türkiye’de yenilenebilir enerji yatırımları hızla artıyor. Hürriyet. https://www.hurriyet.com.tr/ekonomi/turkiyede-yenilenebilir-enerji-yatirimlari-41812345
• Parenthetical citations: (Aksoy, 2022; Roberts, 2018; Yılmaz, 2021)
• Narrative citations: Aksoy (2022),…, Roberts (2018),…, Yılmaz (2021),…
• Narrative citations: in 2022, Aksoy,…; in 2018, Roberts,…; in 2021, Yılmaz,…

2- Citing Comments on Articles Published in Online Newspapers
elifk. (2021, June 12). Belki de şehirlerdeki trafik sorununun çözümü toplu taşımayı daha cazip hale getirmekten geçiyordur [Comment on the article “How cities can fight traffic congestion”]. The Guardian. https://bit.ly/3xyCity
• Parenthetical citation: elifk (2021).
• Narrative citation: elifk (2021),…

BOOK REFERENCES
1- Book and Edited Book
Jacks, L. M. (2009). The psychology of prejudice: From attitudes to social action (2nd ed.). American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1073/0000175-000
Kesharwani, P. (Ed.). (2020). Nanotechnology based approaches for tuberculosis treatment. Academic Press.
Sapoky, R. M. (2007). Behave: The biology of humans at our best and worst. Penguin Books.
Sven, S., & Leber, L. (Eds.). (2000). The big picture/Academic writing: The one-hour guide (3rd digital ed.). Hans Reitzel Forlag. https://thebigpicture-acadewriting.digi.hansreitzel.dk/
• Parenthetical citations: (Jacks, 2009; Kesharwani, 2020; Sapoky, 2007; Sven & Leber, 2000).
• Narrative citations: Jacks (2009),…; Kesharwani (2020); Sapoky (2007),…; Sven and Leber (2000),…
• Narrative citations: in 2009, Jacks,…; in 2020, Kesharwani,…; in 2007, Sapoky,…; in 2000, Sven and Leber,…

2- Book Chapter
Aron, L., Yıldız, A., & Demir, S. (2021). Digital literacy and its role in higher education. In T. Kaya & B. Öztürk (Eds.), Innovations in educational technology: Global perspectives (pp. 201–219). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-67890-1_12
Kara, M. (2022). Leadership and motivation in organizational settings. In R. Çelik & H. Aksoy (Eds.), Contemporary approaches to management research (2nd ed., pp. 75–93). Routledge.
Thestrup, K. (2010). To transform, to communicate, to play—The experimenting community in action. In E. Hygum & P. M. Pedersen (Eds.), Early childhood education: Values and practices in Denmark. Hans Reitzels Forlag. https://earlychildhoodeducation.digi.hansreitzel.dk/?id=192
• Parenthetical citation: (Aron et al., 2021; Kara, 2022; Thestrup, 2010).
• Narrative citation: Aron et al. (2021),…; Kara (2022),…; Thestrup (2010),…
• Narrative citation: in 2021, Aron et al.,…; in 2022, Kara,…; in 2010, Thestrup,…

3- Multi-volume sources
Hars, B. Y., Graham, S., & Urdan T. (Eds.). (2019). APA educational psychology handbook (Vols. 1–3). American Psychological Association.
• Parenthetical citation: (Hars et al., 2019).
• Narrative citation: Hars et al. (2019),…
• Narrative citation: in 2019, Hars et al.,…

4- Conference Presentation
Evans, A. C., Jr., Garbarino, J., Bocanegra, E., Kinscherff, R. T., & Márquez-Greene, N. (2019, August 8–11). Gun violence: An event on the power of community [Conference presentation]. APA 2019 Convention, Chicago, IL, United States. https://convention.apa.org/2019-video
• Parenthetical citation: (Evans et al., 2019).
• Narrative citation: Evans et al. (2019),…

5- Abstract of a conference presentation
Cacioppo, S. (2019, April 25–28). Evolutionary theory of social connections: Past, present, and future [Conference presentation abstract]. Ninety-ninth annual convention of the Western Psychological Association, Pasadena, CA, United States. https://westernpsych.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/WPA-Program-2019-Final-2.pdf
• Parenthetical citation: (Cacioppo, 2019).
• Narrative citation: Cacioppo (2019),…
• Narrative citation: in 2019, Cacioppo,…

6- Conference Proceedings Published in a Journal
Duckworth, A. L., Demir, H., Gallop, R., Yıldız, A., Kelly, D. R., & Matthews, M. D. (2009). Cognitive and noncognitive predictors of success. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 116(47), 2348874504. https://doi.org/10.1082/pnas.1565698116
• Parenthetical citation: (Duckworth et al., 2009).
• Narrative citation: Duckworth et al. (2009),…
• Narrative citation: in 2009, Duckworth et al.,…

7- Conference Proceedings Published as a Whole Book
Kushilevitz, E., & Malkin, T. (Eds.). (2016). Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. 9562. Theory of cryptography. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-49096-9
• Parenthetical citation: (Kushilevitz & Malkin, 2016).
• Narrative citation: Kushilevitz and Malkin (2016),…

8- Conference Proceedings Published as a Book Chapter
Bedenel, A.-L., Jourdan, L., & Biernacki, C. (2019). Probability estimation by an adapted genetic algorithm in web insurance. In R. Battiti, M. Brunato, I. Kotsireas, & P. Pardalos (Eds.), Lecture notes in computer science: Vol. 11353. Learning and intelligent optimization (pp. 225–240). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-05348-2_21
• Parenthetical citation: (Bedenel et al., 2019).
• Narrative citation: Bedenel et al. (2019),…
• Narrative citation: in 2019, Bedenel et al.,…

DISSERTATION OR THESIS REFERENCES
1- Published Dissertation or Thesis References
Kabir, J. M. (2016). Factors influencing customer satisfaction at a fast food hamburger chain: The relationship between customer satisfaction and customer loyalty (Publication No. 10169573) [Doctoral dissertation, Wilmington University]. ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global.
Miranda, C. (2019). Exploring the lived experiences of foster youth who obtained graduate level degrees: Self-efficacy, resilience, and the impact on identity development (Publication No. 27542827) [Doctoral dissertation, Pepperdine University]. PQDT Open. https://pqdtopen.proquest.com/doc/2309521814.html?FMT=AI
Zambrano-Vazquez, L. (2016). The interaction of state and trait worry on response monitoring in those with worry and obsessive-compulsive symptoms [Doctoral dissertation, University of Arizona]. UA Campus Repository. https://repository.arizona.edu/handle/10150/620615
• Parenthetical citations: (Kabir, 2016; Miranda, 2019; Zambrano-Vazquez, 2016).
• Narrative citations: Kabir (2016),… Miranda (2019),… Zambrano-Vazquez (2019),…
• Narrative citations: in 2016, Kabir,…; in 2019, Miranda,…; in 2019, Zambrano-Vazquez,…

2- Unpublished Dissertation or Thesis References
Harris, L. (2014). Instructional leadership perceptions and practices of elementary school leaders [Unpublished doctoral dissertation]. University of Virginia.
• Parenthetical citation: (Harris, 2014)
• Narrative citation: Harris (2014),…
• Narrative citation: in 2014, Harris,…
When a dissertation or thesis is unpublished, include the description “[Unpublished doctoral dissertation]” or “[Unpublished master’s thesis]” in square brackets after the dissertation or thesis title.
- In the source element of the reference, provide the name of the institution that awarded the degree.
- The same format can be adapted for other unpublished theses, including undergraduate theses, by changing the wording of the bracketed description as appropriate.
- If you find the dissertation or thesis in a database or in a repository or archive, follow the “published dissertation or thesis reference” examples.

ISO STANDARD REFERENCES
International Organization for Standardization. (2018). Occupational health and safety management systems—Requirements with guidance for use (ISO Standard No. 45001:2018). https://www.iso.org/standard/63787.html
Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (1970). Occupational safety and health standards: Occupational health and environmental control: Occupational noise exposure (OSHA Standard No. 1910.95). United States Department of Labor. https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/regulations/standardnumber/1910/1910.95
• Parenthetical citations: (International Organization for Standardization, 2018; Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 1970).
• Narrative citations: International Organization for Standardization (2018),…; Occupational Safety and Health Administration (1970),…
- For most standards, the author will be the organization setting the standard.
- Provide the standard number in parentheses after the title without italics.

A REFERENCE TO A REPORT BY A GOVERNMENT AGENCY REFERENCES
National Cancer Institute. (2019). Taking time: Support for people with cancer (NIH Publication No. 18-2059). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health. https://www.cancer.gov/publications/patient-education/takingtime.pdf
• Parenthetical citation: (National Cancer Institute, 2019)
• Narrative citation: National Cancer Institute (2019),…
• Narrative citation: in 2019, National Cancer Institute,…

WEBPAGE ON A WEBSITE REFERENCES
1- Webpage on a website with an individual author
Mantel, B. (2025, April 24). How to be a caregiver for someone with multiple sclerosis. AARP. https://www.aarp.org/caregiving/health/info-2025/multiple-sclerosis-care-plan/
Schaeffer, K. (2021, October 1). What we know about online learning and the homework gap amid the pandemic. Pew Research Center. https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/10/01/what-we-know-about-online-learning-and-the-homework-gap-amid-the-pandemic/
• Parenthetical citations: (Mantel, 2025; Schaeffer, 2021).
• Narrative citations: Mantel (2025),…; Schaeffer (2021),…
- When individual author(s) are credited on the webpage, list them as the author in the reference.
- Provide as specific a date as possible for the webpage.
- Some online works note when the work was last updated. If this date is clearly attributable to the specific content you are citing rather than the overall website, use the updated date in the reference.
- Do not include a date of last review in a reference because content that has been reviewed has not necessarily been changed. If a date of last review is noted on a work, ignore it for the purposes of the reference.
- Italicize the title of the webpage.
- Provide the site name in the source element of the reference.
- End the reference with the URL.

2- Webpage on a website with a retrieval date
U.S. Census Bureau. (n.d.). U.S. and world population clock. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved January 9, 2020, from https://www.census.gov/popclock/
• Parenthetical citation: (U.S. Census Bureau, n.d.)
• Narrative citation: U.S. Census Bureau (n.d.),…
- When contents of a page are designed to change over time but are not archived, include a retrieval date in the reference. (n.d.: no date)


DOI AND URL SHORTENERS
When a DOI or URL is long or complex, you may use shortDOIs or shortened URLs if desired.
Use the shortDOI service provided by the International DOI Foundation to create shortDOIs. A work can have only one DOI and only one shortDOI; the shortDOI service will either produce a new shortDOI for a work that has never had one or retrieve an existing shortDOI.
Some websites provide their own branded shortened URLs, and independent URL shortening services are available as well. Any shortened URL is acceptable in a reference as long as you check the link to ensure that it takes you to the correct location (https://tinyurl.com/; https://t.ly/).