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SEÇİLMİŞ OECD ÜLKELERİNDE BÜTÇE AÇIKLARININ SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİĞİ: YATAY KESİT BAĞIMLILIĞI ALTINDA PANEL EŞ – BÜTÜNLEŞME ANALİZİ

Year 2013, Volume: 8 Issue: 30, 5086 - 1, 01.06.2013

İsmet Göçer

Abstract

Budget deficits are one of the most important macroeconomic problems in many countries. High public spending and insufficiency of public revenue are main reasons of collapse for Greek, Italy, Spain, Portugal and Ireland economies. Therefore, the conservation of budget balance and sustainability of budget deficits have got a great importance. In this study; the sustainability of budget deficit in selected 25 OECD countries was analyzed by using 2000-2011 period data, via panel co-integration analysis under cross-section dependence. According to the results of analysis; cross-section dependence was determined among these countries. Therefore, an economic shock coming to one of these countries, affects the others, too. Co-integration relationship was determined between these series. Consequently, it has been seen budget deficits of these countries were sustainable in weakly form in the long term.

Keywords

Budget Deficits Sustainability Cross-Sectional Dependence Panel Data Analysis.

References

  • AKÇAY, O. Cevdet, ALPER, C. Emre ve ÖZMUCUR, Süleyman, (2001), “Budget Deficit, Inflation and Debt Sustainability: Evidence From Turkey (1970-2000)”, Boğaziçi University Department of Economics, WP, 12, İstanbul.
  • ANAND, Ritu and WIJNBERGEN, Van S. (1989), “Inflation and Financing of Government Expenditure: An Introductory Analysis with An Application to Turkey”, World Bank Economic Review, 3(1):17-38.
  • ARESTIS, Philip, CIPOLLINI, Andrea and FATTOUH, Bassam, (2004), “Threshold Effects in the U.S. Budget Deficit”, Economic Inquiry, 42(2):214-222.
  • ARGHYROU, Michael G. and LUINTEL, Kul B. (2003), “Government Solvency: Revisiting Some EMU Countries”, Royal Economic Society Annual Conference, 8:23-51.
  • ASLAN, Alper, (2009), “Bütçe Açığı Sürdürülebilirliğinin Dinamik Analizi: Türkiye Örneği”, Maliye Dergisi, 157: 227-234.
  • AZGÜN, Sabri ve TAŞDEMİR, Murat, (2006), “Bütçe Açıklarının Sürdürülebilirliği: Zamanlararası Borçlanma Kısıtının Testi (1980-2004)”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 20 (2): 35-47.
  • BAI, Jushan and NG, Serana, (2004), “A Panic Attack on Unit Roots and Cointegration”, Econometrica, 72(4): 1127-1178.
  • BAYAR, Güzin, GÜLOĞLU, Bülent ve TOKPUNAR, Selman, (2011), Ekonomik Yaklaşım Kongresi: "Türkiye Ekonomisi’nin Dinamikleri: Politika Arayışları", 22-23 Aralık.
  • BEYAERT, Arielle and CAMACHO, Maximo, (2008) TAR panel unit root tests and real convergence: an application to the EU enlargement process, Review of Development Economics, 12(3): 668-681.
  • BLEJER, Mario I. and CHEASTY, Adrienne, (1991), “The Measurament of Fiscal Deficts: Analytical and Methodological Issues”, Journal of Economic Literature, 34:1644.
  • BREUER, Boucher, MCNOWN, Robert and WALLACE, Myles, (2002). “Series-Specific Unit Root Test with Panel Data.” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 64(5): 527-546.
  • BREUSCH, Trevor and PAGAN, Adrian Rodney, (1980). “The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Modelspecification Tests in Econometrics”, Review of Economic Studies, 47: 239-53.
  • BREITUNG, Jorg, (2005), “A Parametric Approach to the Estimation of Cointegrating Vectors in Panel Data”, Econometric Reviews, 24(2): 151‐173.
  • BUITER, Willem H., (1985), "A Fiscal Theory of Hyperdeflations? Some Surprising Monetarist Arithmetic", NBER Technical Working Papers, 52.
  • CHOI, In, (2001), “Unit Roots Tests for Panel Data.” Journal of International Money and Finance 20: 229-2
  • DI IORIO, Francesca and FACHIN, Stefano, (2008), “ A Note on the Estimation of Long-run Relationships in Dependent Cointegrated Panels ”, MPRA Paper , 12053, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  • FOUNTAS, Stilianos and WU, Jyh-Lin, (1999), “Are the U,S, Current Account Deficits Really Sustainable?”, International Economic Journal, 13(3): 51-58.
  • GÖÇER, İsmet ve PEKER, Osman, (2011), “Türkiye’de Bütçe Açığının Sürdürülebilirliği: Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı”, 12th International Symposium on Econometrics Operations Research and Statistics, 26-29 Mayıs, Denizli.
  • GÖKTAŞ, Özlem, (2008), “Türkiye Ekonomisinde Bütçe Açığının Sürdürülebilirliğinin Analizi”, Ekonometri ve İstatistik, 8: 45-64
  • HADRI, Kaddour, (2000) “Testing for Stationarity in Heterogenous Panels”, Econometrics Journal 3: 148-1
  • HAKKIO, Craig S. and RUSH, Mark, (1991), “Is the Budget Defict Too Large?”, Economic Inquiry, pp:429-445.
  • HAMILTON, James, and Majorie FLAVIN, (1986), “On the Limitations of Government Borrowing: A Framework for Empirical Testing”, American Economic Review, 76: 808- 819.
  • HARIS, Jonathan, (2000), “ Basic Principles of Sustainable Development”, Tufts University, Global Development and Environment Institue Working Paper, Seri No:00-04, pp:1-24.
  • HAUG, Alfred A., (1991), “Cointegration and Government Borrowing Constraints: Evidence for the United States”, Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 9:97- 101.
  • HIRAI, Takeyuki and NOMURA, Masuo, (2011), “On the Sustainability of Budget Deficits of Central and Local Governments for Japan”, Nagoya Gakuin Üniversitesi Dergisi, 47(4): 65-71
  • IM, Kyung, PESARAN, Hashem and SHIN, Yongcheol, (1997) “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogenous Panels”, Mimeo Department of Applied Economics University of Cambridge.
  • IM, Kyung, PESARAN, Hashem and SHIN, Yongcheol, (2003) “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogenous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 115(1): 53-74.
  • IMF (2012), World Economic Outlook Database, April.
  • INTERGENERATIONAL REPORT, (2002), Treasurer of CommonWealth of Australia, Budget Paper No:5, http://www.treasury.gov.au/igr/ (18.3.2012).
  • KOO, Chung Mo, (2002), “Fiscal Sustainability in the Wake of the Economic Crisis in Korea”, Journal of Asian Economics, 3(5):659-669.
  • KREMERS, Jeroen, (1989), "U.S. Federal Indebtedness and the Conduct of Fiscal Policy", Journal of Monetary Economics, 23: 219-238.
  • JHA, Raghbendra and SHARMA, Anurag, (2004), “Structural Breaks and Unit Roots: A Further Test of the Sustainability of the Indian Fiscal Deficit”, Public Finance Review, 2(2):196-219.
  • LEVIN, Andrew, LIN, Chien Fu and CHU, Chia-Shang James, (2002) “Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties”, Journal of Econometrics.
  • MADDALA, G.S. and WU, Shaowen, (1999), “A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and a New Simple Test”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 61: 631-652.
  • MAKRYDAKIS, Stelios, TZAVALIS, Elias and BALFOUSSIAS, Athanassios, (1999), “Policy Regime Changes and the Long – Run Sustainability of Fiscal Policy: An Application to Greece”, Economic Modelling, 6:71-86.
  • MANKIW, Gregory, (2010), “What’s Sustainable About This Budget?”, New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/14/business/economy/14view.html (20.04.2011).
  • ÖZDEMİR, K. A., (2004), “Public Debt in Turkey”, TCMB, Research Department, WP, 11.
  • ÖZMEN, E. and Ç. İ. KOĞAR, (1998), “Sustainability of Budget Deficits in Turkey with Structural Shift”, METU Studies in Development, 25(1): 107-127.
  • PANAGIOTIS, Pantelidis, Trachanas EMMANOUIL, Athanasenas L. ATHANASIOS and Katrakilidis CONSTANTINOS, (2009), “ On the Dynamics of the Greek Twin Deficits: Empirical evidence Over the Period 1960-2007”, International Journal of Economic Sciences and Applied Research, 2(2): 9-32.
  • PAYNE, James, E. (1997), “International Evidence on the Sustainability of Budget Deficits”, Applied Economics Letters, 4(12): 775-779.
  • PAYNE, James E. and MOHAMMADI, Hassan, (2006), “Are Adjustments in the U.S. Budget Deficit Asymmetric? Another Look at Sustainability,” Atlantic Economic Journal, 34(1): 15-22.
  • PAYNE, James E., Mohammadi HASSAN and Murat CAK, (2008), “Turkish Budget Deficit Sustainability and The Revenue-Expenditure Nexus”, Applied Economics , (7): 823-830.
  • PEKER, Osman ve GÖÇER, İsmet, (2012), “Bütçe Açıklarının Ampirik Analizi”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 19(1): 163-178.
  • PESARAN, M. Hashem, (2004) “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 435.
  • PESERAN, Hashem, (2006) “A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross Section Dependecy”, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 0346.
  • QUINTOS, Carmela E. (1995), “Sustainability of the Deficit Process with Structural Shifts”, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 13: 409–417.
  • ROBERDS, William, (1991), “Implications of Expected Present Value Budget Balance: Application to Postwar U.S. Data”, In Rational Expectations Econometrics, Edited by Lars Hansonand Thomas Sargent. Boulder: Westview Press.
  • RUBIO, Oscar Bajo, ROLDÁN, Carmen Díaz and ESTEVE, Vicente, (2006), “Is The Budget Defict Sustainable When Fiscal Policy is Nonlinear? The case of Spain”, Journal of Macroeconomics 28: 596– 60
  • SRIWARDANA, K. M. Mahinda, (1998), “An Analysis of Fiscal Sustainability in Sri Lanka”, Central Bank of Sri Lanka Staff Studies, Volume:27-28, pp:80-111.
  • ŞEN, Hüseyin, SAĞBAŞ, İsa ve KESKİN, Abdullah, (2010), “Türkiye’de Mali Sürdürülebilirliğin Analizi: 1975-2007”, Maliye Dergisi, 158.
  • TAYLOR, Mark and SARNO, Lucio, (1998) “The Behaviour of Real Exchange Rates During the PostBretton Woods Period”, Journal of International Economics, 46: 281-312.
  • TREHAN, Bharat, and WALSH, Carl E. (1988), "Common Trends, the Government Budget Constraint, and Revenue Smoothing", Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 12: 425-44.
  • WESTERLUND, Joakim, (2008), “Panel Cointegration Tests of the Fisher Effect”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23: 193‐233.
  • WILCOX, David W., (1989), "The Sustainability of Government Deficits: Implications of the PresentValue Borrowing Constraint", Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 21: 291-306.

SEÇİLMİŞ OECD ÜLKELERİNDE BÜTÇE AÇIKLARININ SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİĞİ: YATAY KESİT BAĞIMLILIĞI ALTINDA PANEL EŞ – BÜTÜNLEŞME ANALİZİ

Year 2013, Volume: 8 Issue: 30, 5086 - 1, 01.06.2013

İsmet Göçer

Abstract

Bütçe açıklarının sürdürülebilirliği, birçok ülke için, en önemli makroekonomik sorunlardan biridir. Yunanistan, İtalya, İspanya, Portekiz ve İrlanda ekonomilerinin sarsılmasının temel nedeni, kamu harcamalarının yüksekliği ve kamu gelirlerinin, giderlerini karşılamada yetersiz kalmasıdır. Bu nedenle, bütçe dengesinin korunması ve bütçe açıklarının sürdürülebilirliği büyük önem taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada; 25 OECD ülkesinde bütçe açıklarının sürdürülebilirliği, 2000-2011 dönemi verileri kullanılarak, yatay kesit bağımlılığı altında panel eş-bütünleşme yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda; bu ülkeler arasında yatay kesit bağımlılığının olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Dolayısıyla bu ülkelerden birine gelen bir ekonomik şok, diğerlerini de etkilemektedir. Seriler arasında eşbütünleşme ilişkisi tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, söz konusu ülkelerde, bütçe açıklarının, uzun dönemde zayıf formda sürdürülebilir olduğu görülmüştür.

Keywords

Bütçe Açıkları Sürdürülebilirlik Yatay Kesit Bağımlılığı Panel Eş-Bütünleşme Analizi.

References

  • AKÇAY, O. Cevdet, ALPER, C. Emre ve ÖZMUCUR, Süleyman, (2001), “Budget Deficit, Inflation and Debt Sustainability: Evidence From Turkey (1970-2000)”, Boğaziçi University Department of Economics, WP, 12, İstanbul.
  • ANAND, Ritu and WIJNBERGEN, Van S. (1989), “Inflation and Financing of Government Expenditure: An Introductory Analysis with An Application to Turkey”, World Bank Economic Review, 3(1):17-38.
  • ARESTIS, Philip, CIPOLLINI, Andrea and FATTOUH, Bassam, (2004), “Threshold Effects in the U.S. Budget Deficit”, Economic Inquiry, 42(2):214-222.
  • ARGHYROU, Michael G. and LUINTEL, Kul B. (2003), “Government Solvency: Revisiting Some EMU Countries”, Royal Economic Society Annual Conference, 8:23-51.
  • ASLAN, Alper, (2009), “Bütçe Açığı Sürdürülebilirliğinin Dinamik Analizi: Türkiye Örneği”, Maliye Dergisi, 157: 227-234.
  • AZGÜN, Sabri ve TAŞDEMİR, Murat, (2006), “Bütçe Açıklarının Sürdürülebilirliği: Zamanlararası Borçlanma Kısıtının Testi (1980-2004)”, Atatürk Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 20 (2): 35-47.
  • BAI, Jushan and NG, Serana, (2004), “A Panic Attack on Unit Roots and Cointegration”, Econometrica, 72(4): 1127-1178.
  • BAYAR, Güzin, GÜLOĞLU, Bülent ve TOKPUNAR, Selman, (2011), Ekonomik Yaklaşım Kongresi: "Türkiye Ekonomisi’nin Dinamikleri: Politika Arayışları", 22-23 Aralık.
  • BEYAERT, Arielle and CAMACHO, Maximo, (2008) TAR panel unit root tests and real convergence: an application to the EU enlargement process, Review of Development Economics, 12(3): 668-681.
  • BLEJER, Mario I. and CHEASTY, Adrienne, (1991), “The Measurament of Fiscal Deficts: Analytical and Methodological Issues”, Journal of Economic Literature, 34:1644.
  • BREUER, Boucher, MCNOWN, Robert and WALLACE, Myles, (2002). “Series-Specific Unit Root Test with Panel Data.” Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 64(5): 527-546.
  • BREUSCH, Trevor and PAGAN, Adrian Rodney, (1980). “The Lagrange Multiplier Test and Its Applications to Modelspecification Tests in Econometrics”, Review of Economic Studies, 47: 239-53.
  • BREITUNG, Jorg, (2005), “A Parametric Approach to the Estimation of Cointegrating Vectors in Panel Data”, Econometric Reviews, 24(2): 151‐173.
  • BUITER, Willem H., (1985), "A Fiscal Theory of Hyperdeflations? Some Surprising Monetarist Arithmetic", NBER Technical Working Papers, 52.
  • CHOI, In, (2001), “Unit Roots Tests for Panel Data.” Journal of International Money and Finance 20: 229-2
  • DI IORIO, Francesca and FACHIN, Stefano, (2008), “ A Note on the Estimation of Long-run Relationships in Dependent Cointegrated Panels ”, MPRA Paper , 12053, University Library of Munich, Germany.
  • FOUNTAS, Stilianos and WU, Jyh-Lin, (1999), “Are the U,S, Current Account Deficits Really Sustainable?”, International Economic Journal, 13(3): 51-58.
  • GÖÇER, İsmet ve PEKER, Osman, (2011), “Türkiye’de Bütçe Açığının Sürdürülebilirliği: Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı”, 12th International Symposium on Econometrics Operations Research and Statistics, 26-29 Mayıs, Denizli.
  • GÖKTAŞ, Özlem, (2008), “Türkiye Ekonomisinde Bütçe Açığının Sürdürülebilirliğinin Analizi”, Ekonometri ve İstatistik, 8: 45-64
  • HADRI, Kaddour, (2000) “Testing for Stationarity in Heterogenous Panels”, Econometrics Journal 3: 148-1
  • HAKKIO, Craig S. and RUSH, Mark, (1991), “Is the Budget Defict Too Large?”, Economic Inquiry, pp:429-445.
  • HAMILTON, James, and Majorie FLAVIN, (1986), “On the Limitations of Government Borrowing: A Framework for Empirical Testing”, American Economic Review, 76: 808- 819.
  • HARIS, Jonathan, (2000), “ Basic Principles of Sustainable Development”, Tufts University, Global Development and Environment Institue Working Paper, Seri No:00-04, pp:1-24.
  • HAUG, Alfred A., (1991), “Cointegration and Government Borrowing Constraints: Evidence for the United States”, Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, 9:97- 101.
  • HIRAI, Takeyuki and NOMURA, Masuo, (2011), “On the Sustainability of Budget Deficits of Central and Local Governments for Japan”, Nagoya Gakuin Üniversitesi Dergisi, 47(4): 65-71
  • IM, Kyung, PESARAN, Hashem and SHIN, Yongcheol, (1997) “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogenous Panels”, Mimeo Department of Applied Economics University of Cambridge.
  • IM, Kyung, PESARAN, Hashem and SHIN, Yongcheol, (2003) “Testing for Unit Roots in Heterogenous Panels”, Journal of Econometrics, 115(1): 53-74.
  • IMF (2012), World Economic Outlook Database, April.
  • INTERGENERATIONAL REPORT, (2002), Treasurer of CommonWealth of Australia, Budget Paper No:5, http://www.treasury.gov.au/igr/ (18.3.2012).
  • KOO, Chung Mo, (2002), “Fiscal Sustainability in the Wake of the Economic Crisis in Korea”, Journal of Asian Economics, 3(5):659-669.
  • KREMERS, Jeroen, (1989), "U.S. Federal Indebtedness and the Conduct of Fiscal Policy", Journal of Monetary Economics, 23: 219-238.
  • JHA, Raghbendra and SHARMA, Anurag, (2004), “Structural Breaks and Unit Roots: A Further Test of the Sustainability of the Indian Fiscal Deficit”, Public Finance Review, 2(2):196-219.
  • LEVIN, Andrew, LIN, Chien Fu and CHU, Chia-Shang James, (2002) “Unit Root Tests in Panel Data: Asymptotic and Finite Sample Properties”, Journal of Econometrics.
  • MADDALA, G.S. and WU, Shaowen, (1999), “A Comparative Study of Unit Root Tests with Panel Data and a New Simple Test”, Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics 61: 631-652.
  • MAKRYDAKIS, Stelios, TZAVALIS, Elias and BALFOUSSIAS, Athanassios, (1999), “Policy Regime Changes and the Long – Run Sustainability of Fiscal Policy: An Application to Greece”, Economic Modelling, 6:71-86.
  • MANKIW, Gregory, (2010), “What’s Sustainable About This Budget?”, New York Times, http://www.nytimes.com/2010/02/14/business/economy/14view.html (20.04.2011).
  • ÖZDEMİR, K. A., (2004), “Public Debt in Turkey”, TCMB, Research Department, WP, 11.
  • ÖZMEN, E. and Ç. İ. KOĞAR, (1998), “Sustainability of Budget Deficits in Turkey with Structural Shift”, METU Studies in Development, 25(1): 107-127.
  • PANAGIOTIS, Pantelidis, Trachanas EMMANOUIL, Athanasenas L. ATHANASIOS and Katrakilidis CONSTANTINOS, (2009), “ On the Dynamics of the Greek Twin Deficits: Empirical evidence Over the Period 1960-2007”, International Journal of Economic Sciences and Applied Research, 2(2): 9-32.
  • PAYNE, James, E. (1997), “International Evidence on the Sustainability of Budget Deficits”, Applied Economics Letters, 4(12): 775-779.
  • PAYNE, James E. and MOHAMMADI, Hassan, (2006), “Are Adjustments in the U.S. Budget Deficit Asymmetric? Another Look at Sustainability,” Atlantic Economic Journal, 34(1): 15-22.
  • PAYNE, James E., Mohammadi HASSAN and Murat CAK, (2008), “Turkish Budget Deficit Sustainability and The Revenue-Expenditure Nexus”, Applied Economics , (7): 823-830.
  • PEKER, Osman ve GÖÇER, İsmet, (2012), “Bütçe Açıklarının Ampirik Analizi”, Yönetim ve Ekonomi, 19(1): 163-178.
  • PESARAN, M. Hashem, (2004) “General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels”, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 435.
  • PESERAN, Hashem, (2006) “A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross Section Dependecy”, Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 0346.
  • QUINTOS, Carmela E. (1995), “Sustainability of the Deficit Process with Structural Shifts”, Journal of Business and Economic Statistics, 13: 409–417.
  • ROBERDS, William, (1991), “Implications of Expected Present Value Budget Balance: Application to Postwar U.S. Data”, In Rational Expectations Econometrics, Edited by Lars Hansonand Thomas Sargent. Boulder: Westview Press.
  • RUBIO, Oscar Bajo, ROLDÁN, Carmen Díaz and ESTEVE, Vicente, (2006), “Is The Budget Defict Sustainable When Fiscal Policy is Nonlinear? The case of Spain”, Journal of Macroeconomics 28: 596– 60
  • SRIWARDANA, K. M. Mahinda, (1998), “An Analysis of Fiscal Sustainability in Sri Lanka”, Central Bank of Sri Lanka Staff Studies, Volume:27-28, pp:80-111.
  • ŞEN, Hüseyin, SAĞBAŞ, İsa ve KESKİN, Abdullah, (2010), “Türkiye’de Mali Sürdürülebilirliğin Analizi: 1975-2007”, Maliye Dergisi, 158.
  • TAYLOR, Mark and SARNO, Lucio, (1998) “The Behaviour of Real Exchange Rates During the PostBretton Woods Period”, Journal of International Economics, 46: 281-312.
  • TREHAN, Bharat, and WALSH, Carl E. (1988), "Common Trends, the Government Budget Constraint, and Revenue Smoothing", Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control 12: 425-44.
  • WESTERLUND, Joakim, (2008), “Panel Cointegration Tests of the Fisher Effect”, Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23: 193‐233.
  • WILCOX, David W., (1989), "The Sustainability of Government Deficits: Implications of the PresentValue Borrowing Constraint", Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking, 21: 291-306.
There are 54 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

İsmet Göçer This is me

Publication Date June 1, 2013
Published in Issue Year 2013 Volume: 8 Issue: 30

Cite

APA Göçer, İ. (2013). SEÇİLMİŞ OECD ÜLKELERİNDE BÜTÇE AÇIKLARININ SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİĞİ: YATAY KESİT BAĞIMLILIĞI ALTINDA PANEL EŞ – BÜTÜNLEŞME ANALİZİ. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, 8(30), 5086-1. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyu.19271
AMA Göçer İ. SEÇİLMİŞ OECD ÜLKELERİNDE BÜTÇE AÇIKLARININ SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİĞİ: YATAY KESİT BAĞIMLILIĞI ALTINDA PANEL EŞ – BÜTÜNLEŞME ANALİZİ. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. June 2013;8(30):5086-1. doi:10.19168/jyu.19271
Chicago Göçer, İsmet. “SEÇİLMİŞ OECD ÜLKELERİNDE BÜTÇE AÇIKLARININ SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİĞİ: YATAY KESİT BAĞIMLILIĞI ALTINDA PANEL EŞ – BÜTÜNLEŞME ANALİZİ”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 8, no. 30 (June 2013): 5086-1. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyu.19271.
EndNote Göçer İ (June 1, 2013) SEÇİLMİŞ OECD ÜLKELERİNDE BÜTÇE AÇIKLARININ SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİĞİ: YATAY KESİT BAĞIMLILIĞI ALTINDA PANEL EŞ – BÜTÜNLEŞME ANALİZİ. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 8 30 5086–1.
IEEE İ. Göçer, “SEÇİLMİŞ OECD ÜLKELERİNDE BÜTÇE AÇIKLARININ SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİĞİ: YATAY KESİT BAĞIMLILIĞI ALTINDA PANEL EŞ – BÜTÜNLEŞME ANALİZİ”, Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 30, pp. 5086–1, 2013, doi: 10.19168/jyu.19271.
ISNAD Göçer, İsmet. “SEÇİLMİŞ OECD ÜLKELERİNDE BÜTÇE AÇIKLARININ SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİĞİ: YATAY KESİT BAĞIMLILIĞI ALTINDA PANEL EŞ – BÜTÜNLEŞME ANALİZİ”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi 8/30 (June 2013), 5086-1. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyu.19271.
JAMA Göçer İ. SEÇİLMİŞ OECD ÜLKELERİNDE BÜTÇE AÇIKLARININ SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİĞİ: YATAY KESİT BAĞIMLILIĞI ALTINDA PANEL EŞ – BÜTÜNLEŞME ANALİZİ. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. 2013;8:5086–1.
MLA Göçer, İsmet. “SEÇİLMİŞ OECD ÜLKELERİNDE BÜTÇE AÇIKLARININ SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİĞİ: YATAY KESİT BAĞIMLILIĞI ALTINDA PANEL EŞ – BÜTÜNLEŞME ANALİZİ”. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi, vol. 8, no. 30, 2013, pp. 5086-1, doi:10.19168/jyu.19271.
Vancouver Göçer İ. SEÇİLMİŞ OECD ÜLKELERİNDE BÜTÇE AÇIKLARININ SÜRDÜRÜLEBİLİRLİĞİ: YATAY KESİT BAĞIMLILIĞI ALTINDA PANEL EŞ – BÜTÜNLEŞME ANALİZİ. Yaşar Üniversitesi E-Dergisi. 2013;8(30):5086-1.
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