Şiddete Uğrama Durumuna Göre Kadınların Ev İçi İş Bölümüne Yönelik Yaklaşımları

Year 2022, Volume: 8 Issue: 2, 337 - 366, 31.12.2022

Merve Reyhan Baygeldi , Atilla Arkan

https://doi.org/10.21798/kadem.2022.121

Abstract

Dünya genelindeki şiddet düzeyi, kümülatif bir karaktere sahiptir. Şiddet, duygusal, ekonomik, fiziksel, cinsel ve siber güç kullanılarak bir insana veya topluluğa farklı boyutlarda zarar vermeyi kapsar. Dolayısıyla şiddet, sayısız faktörün ortaya çıkardığı ve kendi toplumsal bağlamından kodların taşıyıcılığını yapan karmaşık bir davranıştır. Şiddetin motifleri, ortaya çıkış yöntemleri ve büyüklüğü; kültürel ve sosyal bağlamdan beslenen şiddete yönelik tutumlarda ve meşruiyetine ilişkin bakış açılarından bağımsız değildir. Kadına yönelik şiddet, sadece mağdurlara değil ailelere ve sosyal çevrelerine de toplumsal bir yük getirmektedir. Bununla birlikte, kadına yönelik fiziksel, duygusal, ekonomik, cinsel veya siber şiddet gibi türlerin her birinin kendine özgü toplumsal bağlamı vardır. Çalışmamızın amacı, şiddet görme değişkenine göre kadınların ev içi iş bölümlerine yaklaşımlarında farklılaşma olup olmadığını belirlemektir. Çalışmamız, 2020 yılında Kadın ve Demokrasi Derneği (KADEM) tarafından tamamlanan Türkiye Aile Araştırması kapsamındaki anket sorularından elde edilen birincil verilere dayanmaktadır. Bu araştırmaya katılan farklı bölgelerdeki 26 ilden 1512 kadın örneklem grubumuzu oluşturmaktadır. Elde edilen verilere frekans, yüzde ve t-testi analiz teknikleri uygulanmıştır. Çalışmanın bulgularına göre, hayatında en az bir defa dört şiddet türünden birine maruz kalan kişiler, kadınların çalışmasını, para kazanmasını ve erkeklerin ev temizliği ile ilgilenmesini diğer gruba göre daha uygun bulmaktadır. Hiçbir zaman şiddete maruz kalmadığını belirten kadınlar ise ev içi iş bölümünde daha geleneksel bir çerçevede değerlendirilebilir.

Keywords

Toplumsal Cinsiyet Eşitsizliği, Ekonomik Şiddet, Psikolojik Şiddet, Fiziksel Şiddet, Cinsel Şiddet, Ev İçi İş Bölümü

Women's Exposure To Violence And Their Attitudes To Housework Division

Abstract

The global level of violence has a cumulative nature. Violence is defined as the causing of (to varying degrees); emotional, economic, physical, sexual, or cyber harm to a person or community. As a result, it is a complex behavior caused by a variety of factors and carries codes from its own social context. The motivations, methods of emergence, and magnitude of violence are not independent of attitudes toward violence fostered by the cultural and social context, as well as perspectives on its legitimacy. Women are a social dimension of violence and violence against women places a social burden not only on the victims, but also on their families and social circles. Each type of violence against women, be it physical, emotional, economic, sexual, or cyber, has its own distinct social context. The goal of our research is to see if women's attitudes toward social roles differ according to economic, psychological, physical, and sexual violence against women. Our research is based on primary data collected from survey questions as part of the Turkey Family Survey, which was completed by KADEM (The Women and Democracy Association) in 2020. Our sample group consists of 1512 women from 26 provinces across the country who are taking part in this research. The data were analyzed using frequency, percentage, and t-tests. According to the findings, women who have been exposed to one of the four types of violence at least once in their lives believe it is more appropriate for women to work and earn money, and for men to do housework, than the other group. Women who claim they have never been exposed to violence can be evaluated within a more traditional framework in the home division of labor.

Keywords

Gender-based Inequality, Economic Violence, Psychological Violence, Physical Violence, Sexual Violence, Domestic Division of Labor

References

• Abrahams, N., Jewkes, R., Hoffman, M., & Laubsher, R. (2004). Sexual violence against intimate partners in Cape Town: Prevalence and risk factors reported by men. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 82(5), 330–337.
• Adams, A. E., Sullivan, C. M., Bybee, D., & Greeson, M. R. (2008). Development of the scale of economic abuse. Violence Against Women, 14(5), 563–588. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801208315529
• Akkaş, İ., & Uyanik, Z. (2016). Kadına yönelik şiddet. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 6(1), 32–42.
• Akkuş, S., & Yildirim, Ş. (2018). Erkeklerin kadına yönelik fiziksel şiddet uygulamasına etki eden faktörlerin incelenmesi. Gaziantep University Journal of Social Sciences, 17(4), 1368–1388.
• Altiparmak, İ. B. (2019). Kadına yönelik aile içi şiddetin boyutları: Ankara örneği. Manisa Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 17(1), 55–76. https://doi.org/10.18026/cbayarsos.544775
• Aydinalp, E. B. (2020). Varoluşçu özgürlük bağlamında kadın: Simone de beauvoir ve ikinci cinsiyet. Litera: Journal of Language, Literature and Culture Studies, 30(2), 465–488. https://doi.org/10.26650/LITERA2020-0066
• Banyard, V. L., & Williams, L. M. (1996). Characteristics of child sexual abuse as correlates of women’s adjustment: A prospective study. Journal of Marriage and Family, 58(4), 853–865. https://doi.org/10.2307/353975
• Banyard, V. L., Williams, L. M., & Siegel, J. A. (2003). The impact of complex trauma and depression on parenting: An exploration of mediating risk and protective factors. Child Maltreatment, 8(4), 334–349. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559503257106
• Başar, F., & Demi̇rci̇, N. (2016). Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği ve şiddet. Kadın Sağlığı Hemşireliği Dergisi, 2(1), 41–52.
• Baxter, J., & Western, M. (1998). Satisfaction with housework: Examining the paradox. Sociology, 32(1), 101–120.
• Bi̇li̇can Gökkaya, V. (2011). Türkiye’de kadına yönelik ekonomik şiddet. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 12(2), 101–112.
• Boezio, G. (2018). Committee on the elimination of discrimination against women and office of the special representative of the secretary-general on sexual violence in conflict join forces to address the root causes of sexual violence. United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General on Sexual Violence in Conflict. https://www.un.org/sexualviolenceinconflict/press-release/committee-on-the-elimination-of-discrimination-against-women-and-office-of-the-special-representative-of-the-secretary-general-on-sexual-violence-in-conflict-join-forces-to-address-the-root-causes-of/
• Bolzendahl, C. I., & Myers, D. J. (2004). Feminist attitudes and support for gender equality: Opinion change in women and men, 1974-1998. Social Forces, 83(2), 759–789.
• Breen, R., & Cooke, L. P. (2005). The persistence of the gendered division of domestic labour. European Sociological Review, 21(1), 43–57.
• Brines, J. (1993). The exchange value of housework. Rationality and Society, 5(3), 302–340. https://doi.org/10.1177/1043463193005003003
• Brines, J. (1994). Economic dependency, gender, and the division of labor at home. American Journal of Sociology, 100(3), 652–688.
• Bromfield, L. (2010). Issues for the safety and wellbeing of children in families with multiple and complex problems. Australian Institute of Family Studies. https://apo.org.au/node/23541
• Butler, J. (1986). Sex and gender in simone de beauvoir’s second sex. Yale French Studies, 72, 35–49. https://doi.org/10.2307/2930225
• Bükeci̇k, E., & Özkan, B. (2018). Kadına yönelik şiddet: Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliğinin kadın sağlığına etkisi. İzmir Katip Çelebi Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Fakültesi Dergisi, 3(2), 33–37.
• Calasanti, T. M., & Bailey, C. A. (1991). Gender inequality and the division of household labor in the United States and Sweden: A socialist-feminist approach. Social Problems, 38(1), 34–53. https://doi.org/10.2307/800637
• CEDAW General Recommendation No. 19: Violence against Women | Global Health & Human Rights Database. (1992). https://www.globalhealthrights.org/instrument/cedaw-general-recommendation-no-19-violence-against-women/
• Cohen, P. N. (2004). The gender division of labor: “Keeping house” and occupational segregation in the united states. Gender and Society, 18(2), 239–252.
• Coltrane, S. (2000). Research on household labor: Modeling and measuring the social embeddedness of routine family work. Journal of Marriage and Family, 62(4), 1208–1233.
• Çalışkan, H., & Çevi̇k, E. İ. (2018). Kadına yönelik şiddetin belirleyicileri: Türkiye örneği. Balkan Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(14), 218–233.
• Çamaş, G. G., & Meşe, G. (2016). Sosyal hiyerarşi: Cinsel şiddet mitlerini anlamak. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 31(78), 62–74.
• Davis, S. N., & Greenstein, T. N. (2004). Cross-national variations in the division of household labor. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66(5), 1260–1271.
• Deitz, M. F., Williams, S. L., Rife, S. C., & Cantrell, P. (2015). Examining cultural, social, and self-related aspects of stigma in relation to sexual assault and trauma symptoms. Violence Against Women, 21(5), 598–615. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077801215573330
• DiLillo, D., & Damashek, A. (2003). Parenting characteristics of women reporting a history of childhood sexual abuse. Child Maltreatment, 8(4), 319–333. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559503257104
• Dilillo, D., Gıuffre, D., Tremblay, G. C., & Peterson, L. (2001). A closer look at the nature of intimate partner violence reported by women with a history of child sexual abuse. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 16(2), 116–132. https://doi.org/10.1177/088626001016002002
• Ecevit, Y. (2021). Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğinin temel kavramları. CEİD.
• Ellsberg, M., Peña, R., Herrera, A., Liljestrand, J., & Winkvist, A. (2000). Candies in hell: Women’s experiences of violence in Nicaragua. Social Science & Medicine (1982), 51(11), 1595–1610. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0277-9536(00)00056-3
• Fawole, O. I. (2008). Economic violence to women and girls: Is it receiving the necessary attention? Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 9(3), 167–177. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838008319255
• Feinstein, S., Feinstein, R., Sabrow, S., & Feinstein, S. (2010). Gender inequality in the division of household labour in Tanzania. African Sociological Review / Revue Africaine de Sociologie, 14(2), 98–109.
• Ferree, M. M. (1990). Beyond separate spheres: Feminism and family research. Journal of Marriage and Family, 52(4), 866-884. https://doi.org/10.2307/353307
• Forste, R., & Fox, K. (2012). Household labor, gender roles, and family satisfaction: A cross-national comparison. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 43(5), 613–631.
• Frank, K., & Frenette, M. (2021). Couples’ perceptions of the division of household and child care tasks: Are there differences between sociodemographic groups? Analytical Studies Branch Research Paper Series, 460, 1–35.
• Fried, S. T. (2003). Violence against women. Health and Human Rights, 6(2), 88–111. https://doi.org/10.2307/4065431
• Fuwa, M. (2004). Macro-level gender inequality and the division of household labor in 22 countries. American Sociological Review, 69(6), 751–767.
• Hochschild, A., & Machung, A. (2003). The second shift: Working families and the revolution at home. Penguin Books.
• İki̇nci̇, S. S. (2014). Toplumun kanayan yarası: Kadına yönelik aile içi şiddet kavramı ve yansımaları. Ankara Sağlık Hizmetleri Dergisi, 13(2). https://doi.org/10.1501/Ashd_0000000101
• İnci̇, R. (2020). Çalışan kadınlarda şiddet algısı ve bu algıda ekonomik şiddetin yeri. Uluslararası Yönetim Akademisi Dergisi, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.33712/mana.594761
• Kalra, G., & Bhugra, D. (2013). Sexual violence against women: Understanding cross-cultural intersections. Indian Journal of Psychiatry, 55(3), 244–249. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5545.117139
• Kanougiya, S., Daruwalla, N., Gram, L., Gupta, A. D., Sivakami, M., & Osrin, D. (2021). Economic abuse and its associations with symptoms of common mental disorders among women in a cross-sectional survey in informal settlements in Mumbai, India. BMC Public Health, 21(1), 842. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-10904-8
• Karakurt, G., & Silver, K. E. (2013). Emotional abuse in intimate relationships: The role of gender and age. Violence and victims, 28(5), 804–821.
• Kılıç, G. (2017). Kadın akademisyenlerin kadına yönelik ekonomik şiddet algısı: Düzce üniversitesi örneği [Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi]. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
• Köseoğlu, M. (2018). Kadına yönelik şiddette sosyalleşme süreci ve toplumsal cinsiyet rollerinin etkisinin değerlendirilmesi. Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi, Kadın Çalışmaları Özel Sayısı, 19(42), 77–96.
• Krantz, G., & Garcia-Moreno, C. (2005). Violence against women. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health (1979-), 59(10), 818–821.
• Kuijpers, K. F., van der Knaap, L. M., & Winkel, F. W. (2012). Risk of revictimization of ıntimate partner violence: The role of attachment, anger and violent behavior of the victim. Journal of Family Violence, 27(1), 33–44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-011-9399-8
• Leopold, T. (2019). Diverging trends in satisfaction with housework: Declines in women, increases in men. Journal of Marriage and Family, 81(1), 133–144. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12520
• Mason, F., & Lodrick, Z. (2013). Psychological consequences of sexual assault. Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 27(1), 27–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2012.08.015
• Meyerowitz, J. (2008). A history of “Gender”. The American Historical Review, 113(5), 1346–1356.
• Money, J. (1985). Gender: History, theory and usage of the term in sexology and its relationship to nature/nurture. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 11(2), 71–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/00926238508406072
• Nayak, M. B., Byrne, C. A., Martin, M. K., & Abraham, A. G. (2003). Attitudes toward violence against women: A cross-nation study. Sex Roles, 49(7), 333-342. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1025108103617
• OECD. (2021). Development co-operation report 2021: Shaping a just digital transformation. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/development/development-co-operation-report-2021_ce08832f-en
• Okur Gümrükçüoğlu, S., Terzi, M., Balat, S., & Azaklı, H. (2020). Türkiye aile araştırması. KADEM.
• Özen, S. (2007). İşyerinde psikolojik şiddet ve nedenleri. ISGUC The Journal of Industrial Relations and Human Resources, 9(3), 1–24.
• Pastwa-Wojciechowska, B., Błażek, M., Kaźmierczak, M., & Nakielska, A. (2014). Psychological effects of abuse in female victims of domestic violence – a short report on Polish studies. Current Issues in Personality Psychology, 1(1), 39–42. https://doi.org/10.5114/cipp.2013.40635
• Perry, E. C., & Jaggernath, J. (2012). Violence against women, vulnerabilities and disempowerment: Multiple and interrelated impacts on achieving the Millennium Development Goals in South Africa. Agenda: Empowering Women for Gender Equity, 26(1 (91)), 20–32.
• Postmus, J. L., Hoge, G. L., Breckenridge, J., Sharp-Jeffs, N., & Chung, D. (2020). Economic abuse as an invisible form of domestic violence: A multicountry review. Trauma, Violence & Abuse, 21(2), 261–283. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838018764160
• Saeed Ali, T., Karmaliani, R., Mcfarlane, J., Khuwaja, H. M. A., Somani, Y., Chirwa, E. D., & Jewkes, R. (2017). Attitude towards gender roles and violence against women and girls (VAWG): Baseline findings from an RCT of 1752 youths in Pakistan. Global Health Action, 10(1), 1342454. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2017.1342454
• Steen, K., & Hunskaar, S. (2004). Gender and physical violence. Social Science & Medicine, 59(3), 567–571. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.11.024
• Şahi̇n, S., & Türk, M. (2010). Çalışanlarda psikolojik şiddet algılaması ve kadın çalışanlar üzerine bir araştırma. Çukurova Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 14(2), 1–9.
• Şen, A. A. (2018). Türkiye’de kadına yönelik şiddetle mücadelede kurumlar arası işbirliği süreci ve 6284 sayılı yasanın uygulanabilirliği. Motif Akademi Halkbilimi Dergisi, 11(22), 141–161. https://doi.org/10.12981/motif.452
• Taştan, C., & Küçüker Yıldız, A. (2019). Kadına yönelik ölümcül şiddet: Vakalar, maktuller ve failler. Polis Akademisi Başkanlığı.
• Thompson, L. (1991). Family work: Women’s sense of fairness. Journal of Family Issues, 12(2), 181–196. https://doi.org/10.1177/019251391012002003
• Ullman, S. E. (2010). Talking about sexual assault: Society’s response to survivors. American Psychological Association. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv1chs3p2
• Usta, U. (2021). Kadınlara yönelik yasal düzenlemeler. KADEM. https://kadem.org.tr/kadinlara-yonelik-yasal-duzenlemeler/
• Uygur, G. (2016). Kadına yönelik şiddeti önlemede toplumsal cinsiyet eşitliğinin önemi. Dini Araştırmalar, 19(49), 209–227. https://doi.org/10.15745/da.267273
• Vintges, K. (1999). Simone de Beauvoir: A feminist thinker for our times. Hypatia, 14(4), 133–144.
• Visaria, L. (2000). Violence gainst women: A field study. Economic and Political Weekly, 35(20), 1742–1751.
• Wall, L. (2014). Gender equality and violence against women: What’s the connection? Australian Centre for the Study of Sexual Assault, Australian Institute of Family Studies. https://apo.org.au/node/40036
• Yanık, A., Hanbaba, Z., Soygür, S., Ayalti, B., & Doğan, M. (2014). Kadına yönelik şiddet davranışlarının değerlendirilmesi: Türkiye’den kanıt. Ejovoc (Electronic Journal of Vocational Colleges), 4(4), 104–111. https://doi.org/10.17339/ejovoc.49520
• Yavuz, R. A. (2016). Toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği ekseninde kadın istihdamı ve ekonomik şiddet. Journal of Life Economics, 3(3), 77–100. https://doi.org/10.15637/jlecon.132
• Yildirim, S. (2019). Feminist çalışmalarda kadın deneyimlerinin önemi: Simone de beauvoir örneği. Anemon Muş Alparslan Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1), 145–150. https://doi.org/10.18506/anemon.419530
• Yodanis, C. L. (2004). Gender ınequality, violence against women, and fear: A cross-national test of the feminist theory of violence against women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 19(6), 655–675. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260504263868
• Yoshihama, M., & Sorenson, S. B. (1994). Physical, sexual, and emotional abuse by male intimates: Experiences of women in Japan. Violence and Victims, 9(1), 63–77.
• 6284 sayılı ailenin korunması ve kadına karşı şiddetin önlenmesine dair kanun. https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/1.5.6284.pdf