Kalām Studies in the Indian Subcontinent (A Bibliographical Study)

Year 2019, , 94 - 123, 30.06.2019

Harun Işık

https://doi.org/10.18317/kaderdergi.513721

Abstract

Though, the tradition of Muslim religious-scientific work in the Indian Subcontinent can be traced back to 12th century, especially Shaykh Ahmad Sirhindī, Shaykh Abd al-Haqq Muhaddith Dihlawī, Shaykh Abdur Rahim and Shah Waliullah are the most important figures of 18th century and later. Examined carefully the works on aqaid and ‘ilm al-kalām written by these scholars of Sunni tradition, in the light of the method adopted by them, it is seen that they are either regarded as traditionalist, modernist or rationalist. Meanwhile, Shiism, which was already present in the Subcontinent since the rise of the Safavid Dynasty with scholars from Ithnā ‘Ashariyah (Twelver Shiites) and Ismā‘ilīyah, is also influential in the region with their thoughts and works. Similarly, considering the works of later Shiite scholars, it can be said that some are considered to have a traditionalist perspective while others to have modernist. Apart from all these, Qādiyānīs, except Lahor branch, took also place in the history of Indian Subcontinent thought as a heretic formation within the Islamic tradition. The aim of this study which was prepared via the data obtained by the support of Erciyes University Scientific Research Projects Coordination Unit under grant number 8217 is to present a bibliographical survey of the works on aqâid and ‘ilm al-kalām focusing on the development of Islamic thought in the Indian Subcontinent, especially after Shah Waliullah.

Keywords

Indian Subcontinent, Sunni, Shia, Traditionalism, Rationalism, Modernism, Heresy

Hint Alt Kıtası’nda İlm-i Kelâm Çalışmaları (Bibliyografik Bir Deneme)

Abstract

Hint alt kıtasında Müslümanlara ait dinî-ilmî eser geleneği, milâdî XII. yüzyıldan itibaren başlamış ve günümüze kadar gelmiştir. Özellikle Şeyh Ahmed Sirhindî, Şeyh Abdülhak Muhaddis Dihlevî, Şeyh Abdürrahim ve Şah Veliyyullah 18. yüzyıl ve sonrasına kaynaklık teşkil eden önemli şahsiyetlerdir. Sünnî geleneğe mensup İslâm düşünürlerinin kaleme aldığı Akâidve Kelam’a dair eserlerde benimsedikleri yöntem incelendiğinde, gelenekçiler, modernistler ve rasyonalistler olarak üç gruba ayrıldıkları görülmektedir. Şîa da Safevî Hânedanlığının yükselişinin ardından bölgedekendisini göstermeye başlamış, İsnâ Aşeriyye’ye ve İsmailî âlimler düşünce ve eserleriyle bölgede etkili olmuşlardır. Şiî âlimlerin bazısının gelenekçi bazısının da modernist olduğunu söyleyebiliriz.  Kādiyânilik de Lahor kolu hariç, İslâmî gelenek içerisindeki heretik bir yapı olarak alt kıtanındüşünce tarihindeki yerini almıştır. Erciyes Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinasyon Birimi tarafından 8217 nolu proje kapsamında elde edilen veriler ışığında hazırlanan bu çalışmanın amacı, İslâm düşüncesinin Hint alt kıtasındaki gelişimi bağlamında özellikle Şah Veliyullah sonrasına ait Akâid ve Kelam ilmi alanındaki çalışmaların bibliyografik açıdan tespit edilmesidir. 

Keywords

Hindistan, Gelenekçiler, Modernistler, Rasyonalistler, Sünnîlik, Şîa, Kādiyânîlik, Rasyonalistler

References

• Abadî, M. S. A. Islamic History: The Rise and Fall of Muslims: From The Pious Caliphs to
• Abbasids, Spain and Mughal Dynasties. 1st Edition. New Delhi: Adam Publishers & Distributors, 2002.
• Abbot, F. Islam and Pakistan. New York: Cornell, 1968.
• Ahmad, A. An Intellectual History of Islam in India. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1969.
• Ahmad, A. “Mevdûdî”. TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi. 29: 432-437. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2004.
• Ahmad, A. - Özervarlı, M. S. “Şiblî Nu’manî”. TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi. 39: 126-129. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2010.
• Ahmad, K. J. Hundred Great Muslims. 1st Edition. Chicago: Library of Islam, 1987.
• Ahmed, A. Q. - R. Pourjavady. “Theology in The Indian Subcontinent”. The Oxford Handbook of Islamic Theology. ed. Sabine Schmidtke. 606-624. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016.
• Ahmed, A. Political History and Institutions of The Early Turkish Empire of Delhi 1206-1290 AD. 1st Edition. Lahore: Muhammad Ashraf, 1949.
• Ahsan, A. Late Nineteenth Century Muslim Response to The Western Criticsm of Islam: An Analysis of Amir Ali’s Life and Works. PhD Thesis, McGill University, 1981.
• Ahsan, A. “Emîr Ali, Seyyid”. Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı İslam Ansiklopedisi. 11: 123-124. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 1995.
• Ahsanullah, K. B. History of The Muslim World. Calcutta: The Empire Book House, n.d.
• Alam, M. M. – Z. M. Khan. 100 Great Muslim Leaders of The 20th Century. 1st Edition. New Delhi: Institute of Objective Studies, 2005.
• Ali, K. A Study of Muslim Rule in Indo-Pakistan. Dacca: Ahmad Publishing House, 1958.
• Ali, M. The Ulemas, Sufis and Intellectuals. Lahore: Fiction House, 1996.
• Ashraf, M. Muslim Attitudes Towards British Rule and Western Culture in India. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delhi, 1982.
• Aydın, M. S. “İkbal, Muhammed”. TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi. 22: 17-23. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2000.
• Baljon, J. M. S. Religion and Thought of Shah Waliullah Dehlavi. Revised ebook edition by Krijn Peter Hesselink and Katinka Hesselink. Leiden: Brill Academic Pub, 1986.
• Bhajiwalla, R. P. Maulana Shibli and Umar Khayyam: A Faith Full of His Review of Omar Khayyam’s Poems and Philosophy From Sheret Ajam. Surat: The I. P. Mission Press, 1932.
• Birışık, A. Hind Altkıtası Düşünce ve Tefsir Ekolleri. Ankara: İnsan Yayınları, 2001.
• Birışık, A. “Islâhî, Emin Ahsen”. TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi. 19: 191-193. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 1999.
• Birışık, A. “Kandehlevi, Muhammed İdris”. TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi. , 24: 294-295. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2001.
• Birışık, A. “Senâullah Amritsârî”. TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi. 36: 503-506. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2009.
• Buharî, M. S. Ekâbir-i Ulemâ-i Diyobend. Lahor: İdâre-i islâmiyât, n.d.
• Burney, M. E. Qadiani Movement: An Exposition of So-Called Ahmadiyyat. 2nd ed. Durban: Makki Publications, 1955.
• Cole, J. R. I. Roots of North Indian Shi’ism in Iran and Iraq: Religion nd State in Awadh 1722-1859. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1988.
• Düzgün, Ş. A. Seyyid Ahmed Han ve Entelektüel Modernizmi. 1. Baskı. Ankara: Akçağ Yayınları, 1997.
• Edwards, S. M. – H. L. O. Garret. Mughal Rule in India. Delhi: S. Chand, 1962.
• Erdoğan, M. “Şah Veliyullah”. TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi. 38: 260-262. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2010.
• Fığlalı, E. R. “Kadiyânilik”. TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi. 24: 137-139. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2001.
• Ghazi, M. A. Islamic Renaissance in South Asia 1707-1867. Islamabad: Islamic Research Institute, 2002.
• Gleave, R. Scriptualist Islam, The History and Doctrines of The Akhbâri Shi’i School. Leiden: Brill, 2007.
• Haq, S. M. An Introduction to The History of Muslim Rule in Hind-Pakistan. Karachi: Salman Academy, 1959.
• Hashmi, S. M. A. Muslim Response to Western Education: A Study of Four Pioneer Institutions. New Delhi: South Asia Books, 1989.
• Haywood, J. A.“Shibli Nu’manî” Encylopedia of Islam, New Ed. (1997): 9: 433-434.
• Hunter, W. W. The Indian Musalmans. Delhi: Indological Book House, 1969.
• Hussain, S. A. The Destiny of Indian Muslims. Bombay: Asia Publishing House, 1965
• Ikram, M. History of Muslim Civilazation in India and Pakistan. Lahore: Ferozsons Ltd, 1993.
• Imteyaz, M. Indo-Muslim Religious Thought in 19th Century: Sir Syed Ahmad Khan and His Critics. Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, 2008.
• Ivanow, W. “A Forgotten Branch of The Ismailis”. The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland. n. 1 (Jan., 1938): 57-79.
• İmâm-ı Rabbânî, Ebu’l-Berekât Ahmed Sirhindî. İmâm-ı Rabbânî Risaleleri, Mebde’ ve Me’âd-Ma’ârif-i Ledüniyye-Mükâşefât-ı Gaybiyye. çev. Necdet Tosun. Ankara: Sûfî Kitap, 2013.
• Jafar, S. M. Some Cultural Aspects of Muslim Rule in India. Delhi: Idarah-i Adabiyāt-i Delhi, 1972.
• Jalbani, G. N. Teachings of Hazrat Shah Waliullah Muhaddith Dehlavi. Delhi: Kitab Bhavan, 1980.
• Jalbani, G. N. Life of Shah Waliullah. Delhi: Kitab Bhavan, 1980.
• Jones, J. Shi’a Islam in Colonial India: Religion, Community and Sectarianism. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2012.
• Khalife Abdul Hakim. “Dr. Khalifa Abdul Hakim Citizen of The World”. Erişim: 16 Ağustos 2018. http://khalifaabdulhakim.com.
• Khan, G. A. Nadvat-al-’Ulamâ’ ACentre of Islamic Learning. Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, 2001.
• Khan, J. A. Muhammad Shibli Nomani Life and Contributions. 1st Edition. Azamgarh: Darul Musannefin Shibli Academy, 2004.
• Konukçu, E. “Hümâyun”. TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi. 18: 481-483. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 1998.
• Konukçu, E. “Cihangir”. TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi. 7: 538-539. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 1993.
• Mahmood, S. A History of English Education in India 1781-1893. Aligarh: M. A. O. College, 1895.
• Maududi, S. A. A Short History on The Revivalist Movements in Islam. Islamabad: Islamic Publications, 1963.
• Mehta, J. L. Advanced Study in The History of Medieval India. New Delhi: Sterling Publishers, 1980.
• MEMRI. “Jewish and Wahhabi Mentality Responsible for Terrorism”. Erişim: 3 Ağustos 2018. https://www.memri.org/tv/shiite-indian-cleric-kalbe-jawad-jewish-and-wahhabi-mentality-responsible-terrorism.
• Murad, M. A. Intellectual Modernism of Shibli Nu’mani: An Exposition of His Religious and Political Ideas. Lahore: Institute of Islamic Culture, 1976.
• Muztar, A. D. Shah Waliullah, A Saint Scholar of Muslim India. Islamabad: National Commission on Historical and Cultural Research, 1979.
• Nadwi, A. H. A. Saviours of Islamic Spirit, Shah Waliullah. trns. S. M. Ahmad. 1st ed. vol. IV. Lucknow: Academy of Islamic Research and Publications, 1993.
• Naeem, F. S. Interreligious Debates, Rational Theology and The ‘Ulama’ in The Public Sphere: Muhammad Qâsım Nânautbî and The Making of Modern Islam in South Asia. USA: Georgetown University, n.d.
• Nasr, V. R. The Vanguard of The Islamic Revolution: The Jama’at-i Islami of Pakistan. Berkeley: Unviersity of California Press, 1994.
• Nizami, K. A. “Evrengzib”. TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi. 11: 537. Ankara, TDV, 1995.
• Nizami, K. A. State and Culture in Medieval India. New Delhi: Adam Publishers & Distributors: 1985.
• Omar, I. A. “Islam and The Other: The Ideal Vision of Mawlana Wahiduddin Khan” Journal of Ecumenical Studies 36: 3/4 (Summer-Fall 1999): 423-438.
• Öz, M. “Ahmed Han, Seyyid”. TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi. 2: 73-75. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 1989.
• Öz, M. “Dihlevi, Abdülhak b. Seyfeddin”. TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi. 9: 291-293. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 1994.
• Özcan, A. “Şah Cihan”. TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi. 38: 251-252. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2010.
• Özervarlı, M. S. “Şah Veliyullah”. TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi. 38: 262-267. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2010.
• Özervarlı, M. S. Kelâmda Yenilik Arayışları (XIX. Yüzyıl Sonu XX. Yüzyıl Başı). Ankara: İSAM Yayınları, 1998.
• Poole, S. L. The History of The Moghul Emperor of Hindustan, Illustrated by Their Coins. Westminster: Constable, 1892.
• Poonawala, I. K. Biobibliography of Ismâilî Literature. Malibu: Undena Publications, 1977.
• Qamaruddin, M. Society and Culture in Medieval India (712-1526). New Delhi: Adam Publishers, 1985.
• Qasem, M. Muslim Rule in India from The Invasion of Muhameed b. Qasim to The Battle of Plassey. 2nd ed. Khulna: Bagerhat, 1958.
• Qasmi, M. A. Molana Moh. Qasim Contribution to Islamic Thought With Special Reference to Al-Kalam. Aligarh: Aligarh muslim University, 1988.
• Qureshi, M. N. “Hindistan Hilâfet Hareketi”. TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi. 18: 109-111. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 1998.
• Rasheed, N. Muslim Reformist Trends in 19th Century India. Aligarh: Alisha Publications Pvt. Ltd, 2014.
• Rauf, A. “Life and Works of Mawlana Amin Ahsan Islahi (1904-1997). Pakistan Journal of History and Culture. Vol.XXX. No.1 (2009): 183-219.
• Rees, J. D. The Muslim Epoch. Delhi: Asian Publication Services, 1894.
• Rizvi, S. A. A. Muslim Revivalist Movement in Northern India in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century. Lucknow: Balkrishna Book Co, 1965.
• Rizvi, S. A. A. Religious and Intellectual History of Muslims in Akbar’s Reing with Special Reference to Abu’l-Fazl (1556-1605). New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers, 1975.
• Rizvi, S. A. A. A Socio-Intellectual History of Isnâ ‘Asharî Shi’is in India. Canberra: Ma’rifat Publishing House, 1986.
• Rizvi, S. M. History of Daaru’l-Ulûm Deoband. trns. M. Husain – F. Qureshi. Deoband, 1980.
• Robinson, F. “Ottoman-Safavids-Mughals: Shared Knowledge and Connective Systems”. Journal of Islamic Studies 8:2 (1997): 151-184.
• Schimmel, A. Islam in The Indian Subcontinent. Leiden: Sang-e-Meel Publications, 1980.
• Shahabuddin, S. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Selected Speeches and Writings. Delhi: Hope India Publications, 2007.
• Siddiqui, A. H. “Renaissance in Indo-Pakistan Shah Waliullah Dehlavi”. A History of Muslim Philosophy. ed. M. M. Sharif. 2: 1557-1579, Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 1966.
• Siddiqui, I. H. Islam and Muslims in South Asia: Historical Perspective. New Delhi: Adam Publishers & Distributors, 1987.
• Siddiqui, M. Y. M. Shah Waliullah Dehlavi An Introduction to His Illustrious Personality and Achievement. Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, 2001.
• Srivastava, M. P. Social and Cultural Trends in Islamic India (1206-1719). Allahabad: Vohra Publishers, 1989.
• Tayyib, M. – S. M. Rizvi. History of The Dar al-Ulum Deoband. trns. M. H. F. Quraishi. Deoband: İdara-i Ihtemam, 1981.
• Tirmizi, S. A. I. Maulan Azad A Pragmatic Statesman (A Documentary Study 1923-1942). New Delhi: Commonwealth Publishers, 1991.
• Tosun, N. “Senâullah Pânîpetî”. TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi. 36: 506. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 2009.
• Troll, C. W. Syed Ahmad Khan: Reinterpratation of Muslim Theology. New Delhi: Vikas Publishing House, 1978.
• Umar, M. Islam in Northern India During The Eighteenth Century. Aligarh: Aligarh Muslim University, 1993.
• Yasin, M. A Social History of Islamic India. Lucknow: The Upper India Publishing House, 1958.
• Zamir, S. R. Rethinking, Reconfiguring and Popularizing Islamic Tradition: Religious Thought of A Contemporary Indian Shi’ite Scholar. PhD Thesis, University of Virginia, 2011.
• Ziauddin, M. Role of Persian at The Mughal Court: A Historical Study During 1526 A. D. to 1707. Quetta: University of Balochistan, 2005.
• Zilli, I. A. “Hamîdüddin Ferâhî”. TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi. 15: 477-478. Ankara: TDV Yayınları, 1997.