COVID-19 Korkusunun Kompulsif Satın Alma Üzerindeki Etkisinde Yaygın Anksiyetenin Aracı Rolü

Year 2022, Volume: 24 Issue: 43, 614 - 633, 30.12.2022

Emre Çolakoğlu İbrahim Halil Seyrek

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı, COVID-19 korkusu, yaygın anksiyete seviyesi ve kompulsif satın alma eğilimi arasındaki ilişkileri inceleyerek, COVID-19 pandemisinin tüketici davranışlarına olan etkisini anlamaya yardımcı olmaktır. Bu kapsamda tesadüfi olmayan yöntemlerden kolayda örnekleme yöntemiyle belirlenen 276 kişiye online anket yapılmıştır. Elde edilen veriler PLS yapısal eşitlik modeli yöntemiyle analiz edilmiştir. Analizler sonucunda, COVID-19 korkusunun yaygın anksiyete düzeyi ve kompulsif satın alma eğilimi üzerinde doğrudan ve pozitif etkisinin olduğu; yaygın anksiyete seviyesinin kompulsif satın alma eğilimi üzerinde doğrudan ve pozitif etkisinin olduğu; COVID-19 korkusunun kompulsif satın alma üzerindeki etkisinde yaygın anksiyete seviyesinin kısmi aracılık rolü olduğu gözlemlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulguların hem akademik hem de uygulamaya dönük katkılarının olduğu düşünülmekle birlikte, araştırmanın birtakım sınırlılıkları da bulunmaktadır. Bunlar; verilerin kolayda örneklem yöntemiyle belirlenen katılımcılardan toplanması; örneklemi oluşturan bireylerin sadece kompulsif satın alma eğilimi olanlardan değil, genel popülasyondan seçilmesi; katılımcılardan geriye dönük olarak durumları hakkında değerlendirme yapmalarının istenmesi ve COVID-19 korkusu ile yaygın anksiyete seviyesi olmak üzere sadece iki değişkenin kompulsif satın alma eğilimi üzerindeki etkinin incelenmesi olarak sıralanabilir. Mevcut çalışma hem psikoloji hem de tüketici davranışları alanlarında incelenen bir konu olan kompulsif satın alma eğilimini, COVID-19 pandemisinin yol açtığı psikolojik faktörler açısından ele alması, özellikle de yaygın anksiyete seviyesinin aracılık rolünü ortaya koyması bakımından özgün bir değere sahip olduğu düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

COVID-19 Korkusu, Yaygın Anksiyete, Kompulsif Satınalma

The Mediating Role of Generalized Anxiety in the Impact of Fear of COVID-19 on Compulsive Buying

Abstract

The aim of this study is to help understand the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on consumer behavior by examining the relationships between fear of COVID-19, generalized anxiety level and compulsive buying tendency. For this purpose, an online survey was conducted with 276 people who were selected by a non-random convenience sampling method. The obtained data were analyzed using the PLS structural equation modeling method. As a result of the analyses, it was found that fear of COVID-19 has a direct and positive effects on the level of generalized anxiety and compulsive buying tendency; that generalized anxiety level has a direct and positive effect on compulsive buying tendency and that the level of generalized anxiety has a partial mediation role in the effect of fear of COVID-19 on compulsive buying. Although it is thought that the findings obtained have both academic and practical contributions, there are also some limitations of the study. These limitations are collecting data from participants determined by a convenience sampling method, the selection of individuals from a general population not from only those with compulsive buying tendencies, asking participants to evaluate their situation retrospectively, and only examining the effect of two variables, namely the fear of COVID-19 and the level of generalized anxiety, on the compulsive buying tendency. The current study is thought to have a unique value in terms of dealing with compulsive buying tendency, which is a subject studied in both psychology and consumer behavior fields, since it studies compulsive buying tendency in relation to psychological factors caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and shows the mediating role of generalized anxiety level in that relationship.

Keywords

Fear of COVID-19, Generalized Anxiety, Compulsive Buying

References

• Ahorsu, D. K., Lin, C. Y., Imani, V., Saffari, M., Griffiths, M. D. ve Pakpour, A. H. (2020). The Fear of COVID-19 Scale: Development and Initial Validation. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20, 1537–1545. Doi:10.1007/S11469-020-00270-8
• Akhtar, N., Nadeem Akhtar, M., Usman, M., Ali, M. ve Iqbal Siddiqi, U. (2020). COVID-19 Restrictions and Consumers’ Psychological Reactance toward Offline Shopping Freedom Restoration. The Service Industries Journal, 40(13–14), 891–913. Doi:10.1080/02642069.2020.1790535
• Asıcı, E., Sarı, H. ve Güngör, A. (2021). Koronavirüs Anksiyete Envanteri (KAE): Türkçeye Uyarlama, Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması. Psikoloji Çalışmaları, 41(2), 711–734. Doi:10.26650/Sp2021-860079
• Aslan, R. ve Akçi, Y. (2021). Covid-19 Salgını ile E-Ticaret ve Sosyal Medya Kullanımının İncelemesi. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Management Inquiries, 5(9), 380–399.
• Atalan, A. (2020). Is the Lockdown Important to Prevent the COVID-19 Pandemic? Effects on Psychology, Environment and Economy-Perspective. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 56(June), 38–42. Doi:10.1016/J.Amsu.2020.06.010
• Aydin, D., Selvi, Y., Kandeger, A. ve Boysan, M. (2021). The Relationship of Consumers’ Compulsive Buying Behavior with Biological Rhythm, Impulsivity, and Fear of Missing Out. Biological Rhythm Research, 52(10), 1514-1522. Doi:10.1080/09291016.2019.1654203
• Bagozzi, R. P. ve Yi, Y. (1988). On the Evaluation of Structural Equation Models. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 16(1), 74–94. Doi:10.1007/BF02723327
• Bakioğlu, F., Korkmaz, O. ve Ercan, H. (2021). Fear of COVID-19 and Positivity: Mediating Role of hIntolerance of Uncertainty, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 19, 2369–2382. Doi:10.1007/S11469-020-00331-Y
• Bayın Donar, G. ve Aydan, S. (2021). Association of COVID-19 with Lifestyle Behaviours and Socio-Economic Variables in Turkey: An Analysis of Google Trend. The International Journal of health Planning and Management, 37(1), 281–30.
• Belen, H. (2022). Fear Of COVID-19 and Mental Health: The Role of Mindfulness in During Times of Crisis. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 20, 607–618. Doi: 10.1007/s11469-020-00470-2
• Benke, C., Autenrieth, L. K., Asselmann, E. ve Pané-Farré, C. A. (2020). Lockdown, Quarantine Measures, and Social Distancing: Associations with Depression, Anxiety and Distress at the Beginning of the COVID-19 Pandemic among Adults from Germany. Psychiatry Research, 293(September), 1–9. Doi:10.1016/J.Psychres.2020.113462
• Biçer, İ., Çakmak, C. ve Demir, H. (2020). Coronavirus Anxiety Scale Short form: Turkish Validity and Reliability Study. Anatol Clin, 25(1), 216–225. Doi:10.21673/Anadoluklin.731092
• Billieux, J., Rochat, L., Rebetez, M. M. L. ve Van Der Linden, M. (2008). Are All Facets of Impulsivity Related to Self-Reported Compulsive Buying Behavior? Personality and Individual Differences, 44(6), 1432–1442. Doi:10.1016/J.Paid.2007.12.011
• Black, D. W. (1996). Compulsive Buying: A Review. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 57(8), 50–55.
• Black, D. W. (2001). Compulsive Buying Disorder Definition, Assessment, Epidemiology and Clinical Management. CNS Drugs, 15(1), 17–27. Doi:10.1097/Ppo.0000000000000291
• Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N. ve Rubin, G. J. (2020). The Psychological Impact of Quarantine and How to Reduce It: Rapid Review of the Evidence. The Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920. Doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30460-8
• Brunelle, C. ve Grossman, H. (2022). Predictors of Online Compulsive Buying: The Role of Personality and Mindfulness. Personality and Individual Differences, 185(February), 1–5. Doi:10.1016/J.Paid.2021.111237
• Çelik, S. ve Güsan Köse, G. (2021). Mediating Effect of Intolerance of Uncertainty in the Relationship between Coping Styles with Stress During Pandemic (COVID-19) Process and Compulsive Buying Behavior. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 110, 1–9. Doi:10.1016/J.Pnpbp.2021.110321
• Chang, K. C., Strong, C., Pakpour, A. H., Griffiths, M. D. ve Lin, C. Y. (2020). Factors Related to Preventive COVID-19 Infection Behaviors among People with Mental Illness. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 119(12), 1772–1780. Doi:10.1016/J.Jfma.2020.07.032
• Chang, S. J., Van Witteloostuijn, A. ve Eden, L. (2010). From the Editors: Common Method Variance in International Business Research. Journal of International Business Studies, 41(2), 178–184. Doi:10.1057/Jibs.2009.88
• Claes, L., Bijttebier, P., Eynde, F. Van Den, Mitchell, J. E., Faber, R., Zwaan, M. De ve Mueller, A. (2010). Emotional Reactivity and Self-Regulation in Relation to Compulsive Buying. Personality And Individual Differences, 49(5), 526–530. Doi:10.1016/J.Paid.2010.05.020
• Coelho, C. M., Suttiwan, P., Arato, N. ve Zsido, A. N. (2020). On the Nature of Fear and Anxiety Triggered by COVID-19. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-8. Doi:10.3389/Fpsyg.2020.581314
• Davenport, K., Houston, J. E. ve Griffiths, M. D. (2012). Excessive Eating and Compulsive Buying Behaviours in Women: An Empirical Pilot Study Examining Reward Sensitivity, Anxiety, Impulsivity, Self-Esteem and Social Desirability. International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 10(4), 474–489. Doi:10.1007/S11469-011-9332-7
• Demir, B., Demir, S. ve Cantürk Doğrul, A. (2021). COVID-19 Salgını Sürecinde Türkiye’de Endişe, Stres, Öfke ve Korkudaki Değişim: Seri-Kesitsel Takip Bulguları. Klinik Psikiyatri Dergisi, 24(4), 523–536. Doi:10.5505/KPD.2021.43760
• Faber, R. J. ve Christenson, G. A. (1996). In the Mood to Buy: Differences in the Mood States Experienced by Compulsive Buyers and Other Consumers. Psychology and Marketing, 13(8), 803–819. Doi:10.1002/(Sici)1520-6793(199612)13:8<803::Aid-Mar6>3.0.Co;2-J
• Faber, R. J. ve O’Guinn, T. C. (1992). A Clinical Screener for Compulsive Buying. Journal of Consumer Research, 19(3), 459-469. Doi:10.1086/209315
• Faber, R. J., O’Guinn, T. C. ve Krych, R. (1987). Compulsive Consumption. Advances in Consumer Research, 14, 132–135.
• Filomensky, T. Z., Almeida, K. M., Castro Nogueira, M. C., Diniz, J. B., Lafer, B., Borcato, S. ve Tavares, H. (2012). Neither Bipolar Nor Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: Compulsive Buyers Are Impulsive Acquirers. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53(5), 554–561. Doi:10.1016/J.Comppsych.2011.09.005
• Fitzpatrick, K. M., Harris, C. ve Drawve, G. (2020). Fear of COVID-19 and the Mental Health Consequences in America. Psyhologial Trauma: Theory, Research, Pratice and Policy, 12(S1), 17–21.
• Fornell, C. ve Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating Structural Equation Models with Unobservable Variables and Measurement Error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. Doi: 10.1177/002224378101800104
• Gallagher, C. E., Watt, M. C., Weaver, A. D. ve Murphy, K. A. (2017). “I Fear, Therefore, I Shop!” Exploring Anxiety Sensitivity in Relation to Compulsive Buying. Personality and Individual Differences, 104, 37–42. Doi:10.1016/J.Paid.2016.07.023
• Gupta, R., Nair, K. ve Radhakrishnan, L. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 Crisis on Stocking and Impulse Buying Behaviour of Consumers. International Journal of Social Economics, 48(12), 1794–1809. Doi:10.1108/IJSE-03-2021-0163
• Hair, Joe F., Ringle, C. M. ve Sarstedt, M. (2011). PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet. The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 19(2), 139–152. Doi:10.2753/MTP1069-6679190202
• Hair, Joe F, Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M. ve Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to Use and How to Report the Results of PLS-SEM Article Information. European Business Review, 31(1), 2–24. Doi:10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
• Hair, Joseph F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M. ve Sarstedt, M. (2017). A Primer on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). International Journal of Research & Method in Education (Second., C. 38). Los Angeles: SAGE Publications. Doi:10.1080/1743727x.2015.1005806
• Haktanir, A., Seki, T. ve Dilmaç, B. (2022). Adaptation and Evaluation of Turkish Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale. Death Studies, 46(3), 719–727. Doi:10.1080/07481187.2020.1773026
• Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M. ve Sarstedt, M. (2014). A New Criterion for Assessing Discriminant Validity in Variance-Based Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. Doi:10.1007/S11747-014-0403-8
• Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M. ve Sinkovics, R. R. (2009). The Use of Partial Least Squares Path Modeling in International Marketing. R. R. Sinkovics ve P. N. Ghauri (Ed.), Advances in International Marketing İçinde (C. 20, Ss. 277–319). Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Doi:10.1108/S1474-7979(2009)0000020014
• Hollander, E. ve Allen, A. (2006). Is Compulsive Buying a Real Disorder, and Is It Really Compulsive? American Journal of Psychiatry, 163(10), 1670–1672. Doi:10.1176/Ajp.2006.163.10.1670
• Hollander, E. ve Dell’Osso, B. (2005). New Developments in an Evolving Field. Psychiatric Times, 22(8), 17.
• Holmes, E. A., O’Connor, R. C., Perry, V. H., Tracey, I., Wessely, S., Arseneault, L., … Bullmore, E. (2020). Multidisciplinary Research Priorities for the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Call for Action for Mental Health Science. The Lancet Psychiatry, 7(6), 547–560. Doi:10.1016/S2215-0366(20)30168-1
• Horváth, C. ve Van Birgelen, M. (2015). The Role of Brands in the Behavior and Purchase Decisions of Compulsive Versus Noncompulsive Buyers. European Journal of Marketing, 49, 2–21. Doi:10.1108/EJM-10-2012-0627
• Hulland, J. S. (1999). Use of Partial Least Squares (PLS) in Strategic Management Research: A Review of Four Recent Studies. Strategic Management Journal, 20(4), 195–204.
• Islam, T., Pitafi, A. H., Arya, V., Wang, Y., Akhtar, N., Mubarik, S. ve Xiaobei, L. (2021). Panic Buying in the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Multi-Country Examination. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 59(October), 1–13. Doi:10.1016/J.Jretconser.2020.102357
• Jakobsen, M. ve Jensen, R. (2015). Common Method Bias in Public Management Studies. International Public Management Journal, 18(1), 3–30. Doi:10.1080/10967494.2014.997906
• Jaspal, R., Lopes, B. ve Lopes, P. (2020). Predicting Social Distancing and Compulsive Buying Behaviours in Response to COVID-19 in a United Kingdom Sample. Cogent Psychology, 7(1), 1–14. Doi:10.1080/23311908.2020.1800924
• Kılıç, Y. (2020). Borsa İstanbul’da COVID-19 (Koronavirüs) Etkisi. Journal of Emerging Economies and Policy, 5(1), 66–77. Http://Dergipark.Org.Tr/Joeep Adresinden Erişildi.
• Kock, N. ve Hadaya, P. (2018). Minimum Sample Size Estimation in PLS-SEM: The Inverse Square Root and Gamma-Exponential Methods. Information Systems Journal, 28(1), 227–261. Doi:10.1111/İsj.12131
• Konkan, R., Şenormanci, Ö., Güçlü, O., Aydin, E. ve Sungur, M. Z. (2013). Yaygın Anksiyete Bozukluğu-7 (YAB-7) Testi Türkçe Uyarlaması, Geçerlik ve Güvenirliği. Noropsikiyatri Arsivi, 50(1), 53–58. Doi:10.4274/Npa.Y6308
• Korkman, H. ve Çolak, T. S. (2021). Investigation of the Relationship between Covid-19 Fear and Intolerance of Uncertainty and Generalized Anxiety Disorder. International Online Journal of Education & Teaching, 8(1), 418–431.
• Kyrios, M., Frost, R. O. ve Steketee, G. (2004). Cognitions in Compulsive Buying and Acquisition. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 28(2), 241–258. Doi:10.1023/B:COTR.0000021543.62799.32
• Laato, S., Islam, A. K. M. N., Farooq, A. ve Dhir, A. (2020). Unusual Purchasing Behavior during the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Stimulus-Organism-Response Approach. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 57(July), 1–12. Doi:10.1016/J.Jretconser.2020.102224
• Lee, S. A., Jobe, M. C., Mathis, A. A. ve Gibbons, J. A. (2020). Incremental Validity of Coronaphobia: Coronavirus Anxiety Explains Depression, Generalized Anxiety, and Death Anxiety. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 74, 1-4. Doi:10.1016/J.Janxdis.2020.102268
• Lee, Y. J. ve Park, J. K. (2008). The Mediating Role of Consumer Conformity in E-Compulsive Buying. Advances in Consumer Research, 35, 387–392.
• Lejoyeux, M. ve Weinstein, A. (2010). Compulsive Buying. American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 36(5), 248–253. Doi:10.3109/00952990.2010.493590
• Lopes, B., Bortolon, C. ve Jaspal, R. (2020). Paranoia, Hallucinations and Compulsive Buying during the Early Phase of the COVID-19 Outbreak in the United Kingdom: A Preliminary Experimental Study. Psychiatry Research, 293, 1-10. Doi:10.1016/J.Psychres.2020.113455
• Maraz, A., Griffiths, M. D. ve Demetrovics, Z. (2016). The Prevalence of Compulsive Buying: A Meta-Analysis. Addiction, 111(3), 408–419. Doi:10.1111/Add.13223
• Maraz, A. ve Yi, S. (2022). Compulsive Buying Gradually Increased during the First Six Months of the Covid-19 Outbreak. Research Square, 11(1), 88–101. Doi: 10.1556/2006.2022.00002
• Mcelroy, S., Phillips, K. ve Keck, P. (1994). Obsessive Compulsive Spectrum Disorder. Ournal of Clinical Psychiatry, 5(10), 33–53.
• Miltenberger, R. G., Redlin, J., Crosby, R., Stickney, M., Mitchell, J., Wonderlich, S., … Smyth, J. (2003). Direct and Retrospective Assessment of Factors Contributing to Compulsive Buying. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 34(1), 1–9. Doi:10.1016/S0005-7916(03)00002-8
• Neuner, M., Raab, G. ve Reisch, L. A. (2005). Compulsive Buying in Maturing Consumer Societies: An Empirical Re-Inquiry. Journal of Economic Psychology, 26(4), 509–522. Doi:10.1016/J.Joep.2004.08.002
• O’Guinn, T. C. ve Faber, R. J. (1989). Compulsive Buying: A Phenomenological Exploration. Journal of Consumer Research, 16(2), 147-157. Doi:10.1086/209204
• Otero-López, J. M. ve Villardefrancos, E. (2014). Prevalence, Sociodemographic Factors, Psychological Distress, and Coping Strategies Related to Compulsive Buying: A Cross Sectional Study in Galicia, Spain. BMC Psychiatry, 14(1), 1–12. Doi:10.1186/1471-244X-14-101
• Phang, I. G., K.P.D. Balakrishnan, B. ve Ting, H. (2021). Does Sustainable Consumption Matter? Consumer Grocery Shopping Behaviour and the Pandemic. Journal of Social Marketing, 11(4), 507–522. Doi:10.1108/JSOCM-12-2020-0245
• Podsakoff, P. M., Mackenzie, S. B., Lee, J. Y. ve Podsakoff, N. P. (2003). Common Method Biases in Behavioral Research: A Critical Review of The Literature and Recommended Remedies. Journal Of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. Doi:10.1037/0021-9010.88.5.879
• Ridgway, N. M., Kukar-Kinney, M. ve Monroe, K. B. (2008). An Expanded Conceptualization and a New Measure of Compulsive Buying. Journal of Consumer Research, 35(4), 622–639. Doi:10.1086/591108
• Rindfleisch, A., Burroughs, J. E. ve Denton, F. (1997). Family Structure, Materialism, and Compulsive Consumption. Journal of Consumer Research, 23(4), 312–325. Doi:10.1086/209486
• Roberts, J. A., Manolis, C. ve Tanner, J. F. (2006). Adolescent Autonomy and the Impact of Family Structure on Materialism and Compulsive Buying. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 14(4), 301–314. Doi:10.2753/MTP1069-6679140404
• Rodríguez-Hidalgo, A. J., Pantaleón, Y., Dios, I. ve Falla, D. (2020). Fear of COVID-19, Stress, and Anxiety in University Undergraduate Students: A Predictive Model for Depression. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-9. Doi:10.3389/Fpsyg.2020.591797
• Şahin, M. (2019). Korku, Kaygı ve Kaygı (Anksiyete) Bozuklukları. Avrasya Sosyal ve Ekonomi Araştırmaları Dergisi, 6(10), 117–135.
• Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W. ve Löwe, B. (2006). A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The GAD-7. Arch Intern Med., 166(10), 1092–1097. Doi:10.1001/Archinte.166.10.1092
• Srivastava, A., Bala, R., Srivastava, A. K., Mishra, A., Shamim, R. ve Sinha, P. (2020). Anxiety, Obsession and Fear from Coronavirus in Indian Population: A Web-Based Study Using COVID-19 Specific Scales. International Journal of Community Medicine And Public Health, 7(11), 4570-4577. Doi:10.18203/2394-6040.İjcmph20204763
• T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı, . (2020). COVID-19 (SARS-Cov-2 Enfeksiyonu) Genel Bilgiler, Epidemiyoloji ve Tanı. Bilimsel Danışma Kurulu Çalışması. Ankara.
• Tran, L. T. T. (2021). Managing the Effectiveness of E-Commerce Platforms in a Pandemic. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 58(September), 1–9. Doi:10.1016/J.Jretconser.2020.102287
• Türkyılmaz, Ceyda A., Kocamaz, İ. ve Uslu, A. (2016). Çevrimiçi Kompulsif Satın Alma Davranışının Yönlendirici Unsurları Olarak Materyalizm ve Marka Rezonansı. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 2(43), 91–91. Doi:10.9761/Jasss3303
• Villardefrancos, E. ve Otero-López, J. M. (2016). Compulsive Buying in University Students: Its Prevalence and Relationships with Materialism, Psychological Distress Symptoms, and Subjective Well-Being. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 65, 128–135. Doi:10.1016/J.Comppsych.2015.11.007
• Warren, A. M., Zolfaghari, K., Fresnedo, M., Bennett, M., Pogue, J., Waddimba, A., … Powers, M. B. (2021). Anxiety Sensitivity, COVID-19 Fear, and Mental Health: Results from a United States Population Sample. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 50(3), 204–216. Doi:10.1080/16506073.2021.1874505
• Weinstein, A., Mezig, H., Mizrachi, S. ve Lejoyeux, M. (2015). A Study Investigating the Association between Compulsive Buying with Measures of Anxiety and Obsessive-Compulsive Behavior among Internet Shoppers. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 57, 46–50. Doi:10.1016/J.Comppsych.2014.11.003
• Weinstein, Aviv, Maraz, A., Griffiths, M. D., Lejoyeux, M. ve Demetrovics, Z. (2016). Compulsive Buying-Features and Characteristics of Addiction. Neuropathology of Drug Addictions and Substance Misuse (C. 3). Elsevier Inc. Doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-800634-4.00098-6
• Williams, A. D. ve Grisham, J. R. (2012). Impulsivity, Emotion Regulation, and Mindful Attentional Focus in Compulsive Buying. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 36(5), 451–457. Doi:10.1007/S10608-011-9384-9
• Wong, K. K.-K. (2016). Mediation Analysis, Categorical Moderation Analysis, and Higher-Order Constructs Modeling in Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM): A B2B Example Using Smartpls. The Marketing Bulletin, 26, 1–22. Doi:10.3980/J.İssn.1672-5123.2013.07.65
• Wong, K. K. K.-K. (2013). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) Techniques Using Smartpls. Marketing Bulletin, 24(1), 1–32.
• Workman, L. ve Paper, D. (2010). Compulsive Buying : A Theoretical Framework. The Journal of Business Inquiry, 9(1), 89–126.
• Yalçın, İ., Can, N., Mençe Çalışır Ö., Yalçın, S. ve Çolak, B. (2022). Latenet Profile Analysis of COVID-19 Fear, Depression, Anxiety, Stress, Mindfulness, and Resilience. Current Psychology, 41, 459–469. Doi: 10.1007/s12144-021-01667-x
• Zhao, X., Lynch, J. G. J. ve Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and Truths About Mediation Analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197–206. Doi:10.1086/651257
• Zsido, A. N., Csokasi, K., Vincze, O. ve Coelho, C. M. (2020). The Emergency Reaction Questionnaire – First Steps Towards a New Method. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 49, 1-9. Doi:10.1016/j.ijdrr.2020.101684