Research Article
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The Relationship Between Mother’s Parenting Stress, Family Resilience and Child Rearing Practices During Coronavirus Pandemic

Year 2022, Volume: 14 Issue: 26, 279 - 296, 29.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.38155/ksbd.1055194

Abstract

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between parenting stress, family resilience and child rearing practices
of mothers during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study sample consisted of 303 mothers who were parents of normally
developing children aged from 3 to 6 years. Demographic Information Form, The List of Determining Risk Factors,
Parenting Stress Scale, Family Resilience Scale and Parents Attitude Scale were used to collect data. Pearson
Correlational Analysis and one way ANOVA were conducted with the Statistical Package of Social Sciences (SPSS).
Then a series of hierarchical regression analyses were performed to investigate the predictive power of parenting stress
and family resilience on authoritative parenting style. It was concluded that there was a significant negative
relationship between mother’s parenting stress and family resilience levels. Also, a significant positive relationship
between mother’s family resilience levels and authoritative parenting has been obtained. In addition, as a result of the
analysis a negative significant relationship between mother’s parenting stress and authoritative parenting has been
found. Moreover, parenting stress and family resilience were found as significant predictors of authoritative parenting
style. It can be concluded that the negative effect of parenting stress on authoritative parenting, partially decreased
with the effect of family resilience. The findings of the research were discussed in the light of the literature, limitations,
strengths of the research and suggestions for future studies were presented.

References

  • Aydoğan, D. ve Özbay, Y. (2017). Ebeveynlik Stres Ölçeği geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Uluslarası Erken Çocukluk Eğitimi Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 24-38.
  • Baumrind, D. (2005). Patterns of parental authority and adolescent autonomy. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 61-69. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.128
  • Benzies, K. ve Mychusiak, R. (2008). Fostering family resiliency: A review of key protective factors. Child & Family Social Work, 14, 103-114.
  • Black, K.ve Lobo, M. (2008). A conceptual review of family resilience factors. Journal of Family Nursing, 14(1):33-55.
  • Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N. ve Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S01406736(20)30460-8
  • Calvano, C., Engelke, L., Di Bella, J., Kindermann, J., Renneberg, B. ve Winter, S. M. (2021).Families in the COVİD-19 pandemic: Parental stress, parent mental health and the occurrence of adverse childhood experiences-results of a representative survey in Germany. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 1(13). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01739-0
  • Chung, G., Lanier, P. Ve Wong, P. Y. J. (2020). Mediating effects of parental stress on harsh parenting and parent- child relationship during coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in Singapore. Journal of Family Violence. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00200-1
  • Connell, C. M., ve Strambler, M. J. (2021). Experiences with COVİD-19 stressors and parents’ use of neglectful, harsh, and positive parenting practices in the Northeastern United States. Child Maltreatment, 26(3), 255-266. https://doi.org/10.1177/10775595211006465
  • Crnic, K., ve Low, C. (2002). Everyday stresses and parenting. İçinde M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Practical issues in parenting (ss. 243-267). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Crnic, K. A., Gaze, C. ve Hoffman, C. (2005). Cumulative parenting stress across the preschool period: relations to maternal parenting and child behaviour at age 5. Infant and Child Development, 14, 117–132.
  • Deater-Deckard, K. (1998). Parenting stress and child adjustment: Some old hypotheses and new questions. Clinical Psychology – Science and Practice, 5, 314-332.
  • Fegert, J. M., Vitiello, B., Plener, P. L. ve Clemens, V. (2020). Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVİD-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: A narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 14, 1-11.
  • Fernandes, C. S., Magalhães, B., Silva, S. ve Edra, B. (2021). Marital satisfaction of portugese families in times of social lockdown. The Family Journal. https://doi.org/10.1177/10664807211009809
  • Fonseca, A., Moreira, H. ve Canavarro, M. C. (2020). Uncovering the links between parenting stress and parenting styles: The role of psychological flexibility within parenting and global psychological flexibility. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 18, 59-67. Griffith, A.K. (2020). Parental burnout and child maltreatment during the COVİD-19 pandemic. Journal of Family Violence. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020001722
  • Hawley D. R. ve DeHaan, L. (1996). Toward a definition of family resilience: Integrating life span and family perspectives. Family Process, 35(3), 283- 298. 10.1111/j.15455300.1996.00283.
  • Hiraoka, D., ve Tomoda, A. (2020). Relationship between parenting stress and school closures due to the COVID‐19 pandemic. Sychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74(9), 497–498.
  • Kalil, A., Mayer, S. ve Shah, R. (2020). Impact of the COVİD-19 crisis on family dynamics in economically vulnerable households. University of Chicago, Becker Friedman Institute for Economics Working Paper, (2020-139).
  • Kaner, S. ve Bayraklı, H. (2010). Aile Yılmazlık Ölçeği: Geliştirilmesi, geçerliği ve güvenirliği. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 11(2), 47-62.
  • Karasar, N. (2004). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (13. Baskı). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Landau, J. L. (2013). Family and community resilience relative to the experience of mass trauma: Connectedness to family and culture of origin as the core components of healing. Becvar D. (eds) Handbook of Family Resilience içinde (ss. 459-480). Springer. Lee, S. J. ve Ward, K. P., (2020). Stress and parenting during the coronavirus pandemic. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Parenting in Context Research Lab.
  • Loades, M. E., Chatburn, E., Higson-Sweeney, N., Reynolds, S., Shafran, R., Brigden, A., Linney, C., McManus, M. N., Borwick, C., ve Crawley, E. (2020). Rapid systematic review: The impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of children and adolescents in the context of COVİD-19. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 59(11), 1218–1239.
  • Maughan, B. (2017). Family and systemic influences. İçinde D. Skuse, H. Bruce and L. Dowdney (Eds.), Child Psychology and Psychiatry.(ss. 1-7). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119170235.ch1 Mitchell, D. B., Szczerepa, A. ve Hauser-Cram, P. (2016). Spilling over: Partner parenting stress as a predictor of family cohesion in parents of adolescents with developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 49, 258-267.
  • National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2016). Parenting Matters: Supporting Parents of Children Ages 0-8. (ss. 79). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 10.17226/21868.
  • Oh, S. ve Chang, S. (2014). Concept analysis: Family resilience. Open Journal of Nursing, 4, 980-990. 10.4236/ojn.2014.413105.
  • Patterson, J. M. (2002). Understanding family resilience. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(3), 233-246.
  • Polizzi, C., Lynn, S. J. ve Perry, A. (2020). Stress and coping in the time of COVID-19: Pathways to resilience and recovery. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 17(2).
  • Prime, H., Wade, M. ve Browne, D. T. (2020). Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVİD-19 pandemic. The American Psychologist, 75(5),631-643. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000660
  • Silva, I. C. P., Cunha, K. C., Ramos, E. M. L. S., Pontes, F. A. R. ve Silva, S. S. C. (2021). Family resilience and parenting stress in poor families. Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas), 38. https://doi.org/10.1590/19820275202138e190116
  • Simon, J. B., Murphy, J. J. ve Smith, S. M. (2005). Understanding and fostering family resilience. The Family Journal, 13(4), 427-436.
  • Solem, M.-B. (2013). Meaning making and avoidance in parenting. Qualitative Social Work, 12(2), 170–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325011424643 Stormshak, E. A., Bierman, K. L., McMahon, R. J. ve Lengua, L. J. (2000). Parenting practices and child disruptive behavior problems in early elementary school. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29(1), 17-29.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2021). Türkiye’deki Güncel Durum. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/ (Erişim Tarihi: 04 Mayıs 2021).
  • Usher, K., Bhullar, N., Durkin, J., Gyamfi, N. ve Jackson, D. (2020), Family violence and COVID-19:Increased vulnerability and reduced options for support. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29, 549-552. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12735
  • Walsh, F. (2002). A family resilience framework: Innovative practice applications. Family Relations, 51(2), 130-137.
  • Walsh, F. (2020). Loss and resilience in the time of COVID‐19: Meaning making, hope, and transcendence. Family Process, 59(3), 898-911.
  • Wu, Q. ve Xu, Y. (2020). Parenting stress and risk of child maltreatment during the COVİD-19 pandemic: A family stress theory-informed perspective. Developmental Child Welfare, 2(3), 180–196.https://doi.org/10.1177/2516103220967937 Zabcı, N. ve Karadeniz, G. (2021). Koronavirüs pandemisinde annenin ruhsal süreçlerinin çocuklarda görülen belirtilere yansımaları. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar,13 (1), 12-26. 10.18863/pgy.852022
  • Zhang, S., Hong, J. S., Garthe, R. C., Espelage, D. L. ve Schacter, H. L. (2021). Parental stress and adolescent bullying perpetration and victimization: The mediating role of adolescent anxiety and family resilience. Journal of Affective Disorders, 290, 284- 291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.023.

Koronavirüs Pandemisinde Annelerin Ebeveynlik Stresleri, Aile Dayanıklılıkları ve Çocuk Yetiştirme Tutumları Arasındaki İlişkiler

Year 2022, Volume: 14 Issue: 26, 279 - 296, 29.03.2022
https://doi.org/10.38155/ksbd.1055194

Abstract

Araştırma kapsamında COVID-19 pandemisi sürecinde annelerin ebeveynlik stresleri, aile dayanıklılıkları ve çocuk
yetiştirme tutumları arasındaki ilişkiler incelenmiştir. Araştırmanın örneklemini normal gelişim gösteren 3-6 yaş arası
çocuğu olan yaş aralığı 22-48 (Ort= 35,36) arasında değişen 303 anne oluşturmaktadır. Bu amaçla Demografik Bilgi
Formu, Aile Yılmazlık Ölçeği, Ebeveynlik Stres Ölçeği, Ebeveyn Tutum Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. Değişkenler arasındaki
ilişkileri saptamak amacıyla Pearson Korelasyon Katsayısı; ebeveynlik stresi ve aile dayanıklılığı değişkenlerinin,
annenin demokratik ebeveyn tutumunu yordayıcı gücünü araştırmak amacıyla hiyerarşik regresyon analizi
kullanılmıştır. Araştırmada elde edilen bulgulara göre, annelerin ebeveynlik stresleri ile aile dayanıklılıkları arasında
negatif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki vardır. Annelerin algıladıkları aile dayanıklılıkları ile demokratik ebeveynlik tutumları
arasında pozitif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki saptanmıştır. Annelerin ebeveynlik stresleri ile demokratik ebeveynlik
tutumları arasında negatif yönde anlamlı bir ilişki vardır. Ebeveynlik stresi ve aile dayanıklılığı değişkenleri,
demokratik ebeveynlik tutumu üzerinde yordayıcı olarak bulunmuştur. Bu doğrultuda annelerin ebeveynlik
streslerinin, demokratik tutumları üzerindeki olumsuz etkisininin aile dayanıklılığı ile kısmen azaldığı saptanmıştır.
Araştırmanın bulguları ilgili literatür ile değerlendirilmiş, sınırlılıklar, güçlü yönler ve gelecek araştırmalar için
öneriler sunulmuştur. 

References

  • Aydoğan, D. ve Özbay, Y. (2017). Ebeveynlik Stres Ölçeği geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışması. Uluslarası Erken Çocukluk Eğitimi Çalışmaları Dergisi, 2(2), 24-38.
  • Baumrind, D. (2005). Patterns of parental authority and adolescent autonomy. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 61-69. https://doi.org/10.1002/cd.128
  • Benzies, K. ve Mychusiak, R. (2008). Fostering family resiliency: A review of key protective factors. Child & Family Social Work, 14, 103-114.
  • Black, K.ve Lobo, M. (2008). A conceptual review of family resilience factors. Journal of Family Nursing, 14(1):33-55.
  • Brooks, S. K., Webster, R. K., Smith, L. E., Woodland, L., Wessely, S., Greenberg, N. ve Rubin, G. J. (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: Rapid review of the evidence. Lancet, 395(10227), 912–920. https://doi.org/10.1016/S01406736(20)30460-8
  • Calvano, C., Engelke, L., Di Bella, J., Kindermann, J., Renneberg, B. ve Winter, S. M. (2021).Families in the COVİD-19 pandemic: Parental stress, parent mental health and the occurrence of adverse childhood experiences-results of a representative survey in Germany. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 1(13). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-021-01739-0
  • Chung, G., Lanier, P. Ve Wong, P. Y. J. (2020). Mediating effects of parental stress on harsh parenting and parent- child relationship during coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic in Singapore. Journal of Family Violence. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020-00200-1
  • Connell, C. M., ve Strambler, M. J. (2021). Experiences with COVİD-19 stressors and parents’ use of neglectful, harsh, and positive parenting practices in the Northeastern United States. Child Maltreatment, 26(3), 255-266. https://doi.org/10.1177/10775595211006465
  • Crnic, K., ve Low, C. (2002). Everyday stresses and parenting. İçinde M. H. Bornstein (Ed.), Handbook of parenting: Practical issues in parenting (ss. 243-267). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
  • Crnic, K. A., Gaze, C. ve Hoffman, C. (2005). Cumulative parenting stress across the preschool period: relations to maternal parenting and child behaviour at age 5. Infant and Child Development, 14, 117–132.
  • Deater-Deckard, K. (1998). Parenting stress and child adjustment: Some old hypotheses and new questions. Clinical Psychology – Science and Practice, 5, 314-332.
  • Fegert, J. M., Vitiello, B., Plener, P. L. ve Clemens, V. (2020). Challenges and burden of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVİD-19) pandemic for child and adolescent mental health: A narrative review to highlight clinical and research needs in the acute phase and the long return to normality. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 14, 1-11.
  • Fernandes, C. S., Magalhães, B., Silva, S. ve Edra, B. (2021). Marital satisfaction of portugese families in times of social lockdown. The Family Journal. https://doi.org/10.1177/10664807211009809
  • Fonseca, A., Moreira, H. ve Canavarro, M. C. (2020). Uncovering the links between parenting stress and parenting styles: The role of psychological flexibility within parenting and global psychological flexibility. Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science, 18, 59-67. Griffith, A.K. (2020). Parental burnout and child maltreatment during the COVİD-19 pandemic. Journal of Family Violence. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10896-020001722
  • Hawley D. R. ve DeHaan, L. (1996). Toward a definition of family resilience: Integrating life span and family perspectives. Family Process, 35(3), 283- 298. 10.1111/j.15455300.1996.00283.
  • Hiraoka, D., ve Tomoda, A. (2020). Relationship between parenting stress and school closures due to the COVID‐19 pandemic. Sychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 74(9), 497–498.
  • Kalil, A., Mayer, S. ve Shah, R. (2020). Impact of the COVİD-19 crisis on family dynamics in economically vulnerable households. University of Chicago, Becker Friedman Institute for Economics Working Paper, (2020-139).
  • Kaner, S. ve Bayraklı, H. (2010). Aile Yılmazlık Ölçeği: Geliştirilmesi, geçerliği ve güvenirliği. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 11(2), 47-62.
  • Karasar, N. (2004). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemleri (13. Baskı). Ankara: Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık.
  • Landau, J. L. (2013). Family and community resilience relative to the experience of mass trauma: Connectedness to family and culture of origin as the core components of healing. Becvar D. (eds) Handbook of Family Resilience içinde (ss. 459-480). Springer. Lee, S. J. ve Ward, K. P., (2020). Stress and parenting during the coronavirus pandemic. Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Parenting in Context Research Lab.
  • Loades, M. E., Chatburn, E., Higson-Sweeney, N., Reynolds, S., Shafran, R., Brigden, A., Linney, C., McManus, M. N., Borwick, C., ve Crawley, E. (2020). Rapid systematic review: The impact of social isolation and loneliness on the mental health of children and adolescents in the context of COVİD-19. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 59(11), 1218–1239.
  • Maughan, B. (2017). Family and systemic influences. İçinde D. Skuse, H. Bruce and L. Dowdney (Eds.), Child Psychology and Psychiatry.(ss. 1-7). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119170235.ch1 Mitchell, D. B., Szczerepa, A. ve Hauser-Cram, P. (2016). Spilling over: Partner parenting stress as a predictor of family cohesion in parents of adolescents with developmental disabilities. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 49, 258-267.
  • National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2016). Parenting Matters: Supporting Parents of Children Ages 0-8. (ss. 79). Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. 10.17226/21868.
  • Oh, S. ve Chang, S. (2014). Concept analysis: Family resilience. Open Journal of Nursing, 4, 980-990. 10.4236/ojn.2014.413105.
  • Patterson, J. M. (2002). Understanding family resilience. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 58(3), 233-246.
  • Polizzi, C., Lynn, S. J. ve Perry, A. (2020). Stress and coping in the time of COVID-19: Pathways to resilience and recovery. Clinical Neuropsychiatry, 17(2).
  • Prime, H., Wade, M. ve Browne, D. T. (2020). Risk and resilience in family well-being during the COVİD-19 pandemic. The American Psychologist, 75(5),631-643. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000660
  • Silva, I. C. P., Cunha, K. C., Ramos, E. M. L. S., Pontes, F. A. R. ve Silva, S. S. C. (2021). Family resilience and parenting stress in poor families. Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas), 38. https://doi.org/10.1590/19820275202138e190116
  • Simon, J. B., Murphy, J. J. ve Smith, S. M. (2005). Understanding and fostering family resilience. The Family Journal, 13(4), 427-436.
  • Solem, M.-B. (2013). Meaning making and avoidance in parenting. Qualitative Social Work, 12(2), 170–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/1473325011424643 Stormshak, E. A., Bierman, K. L., McMahon, R. J. ve Lengua, L. J. (2000). Parenting practices and child disruptive behavior problems in early elementary school. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29(1), 17-29.
  • T.C. Sağlık Bakanlığı. (2021). Türkiye’deki Güncel Durum. https://covid19.saglik.gov.tr/ (Erişim Tarihi: 04 Mayıs 2021).
  • Usher, K., Bhullar, N., Durkin, J., Gyamfi, N. ve Jackson, D. (2020), Family violence and COVID-19:Increased vulnerability and reduced options for support. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 29, 549-552. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12735
  • Walsh, F. (2002). A family resilience framework: Innovative practice applications. Family Relations, 51(2), 130-137.
  • Walsh, F. (2020). Loss and resilience in the time of COVID‐19: Meaning making, hope, and transcendence. Family Process, 59(3), 898-911.
  • Wu, Q. ve Xu, Y. (2020). Parenting stress and risk of child maltreatment during the COVİD-19 pandemic: A family stress theory-informed perspective. Developmental Child Welfare, 2(3), 180–196.https://doi.org/10.1177/2516103220967937 Zabcı, N. ve Karadeniz, G. (2021). Koronavirüs pandemisinde annenin ruhsal süreçlerinin çocuklarda görülen belirtilere yansımaları. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar,13 (1), 12-26. 10.18863/pgy.852022
  • Zhang, S., Hong, J. S., Garthe, R. C., Espelage, D. L. ve Schacter, H. L. (2021). Parental stress and adolescent bullying perpetration and victimization: The mediating role of adolescent anxiety and family resilience. Journal of Affective Disorders, 290, 284- 291. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.04.023.
There are 36 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Berfin Sude İldeniz 0000-0002-4192-4432

Gülçin Karadeniz 0000-0002-3315-8635

Early Pub Date June 29, 2022
Publication Date March 29, 2022
Submission Date January 8, 2022
Published in Issue Year 2022 Volume: 14 Issue: 26

Cite

APA İldeniz, B. S., & Karadeniz, G. (2022). Koronavirüs Pandemisinde Annelerin Ebeveynlik Stresleri, Aile Dayanıklılıkları ve Çocuk Yetiştirme Tutumları Arasındaki İlişkiler. Karadeniz Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 14(26), 279-296. https://doi.org/10.38155/ksbd.1055194