DİJİTAL LİDERLİK ÖLÇEĞİ (DJL) GELİŞTİRME ÇALIŞMASI

Öz

Şirketlerde sürdürülebilirliğin güvence altına alınmasında kritik bir başarı faktörü haline gelmesi sebebiyle dijital liderliğin ölçeklenebilir özelliklerini tanımlamak büyük önem taşımaktadır. Literatürde Dijital liderliğe ilişkin algıları değerlendirmek için yeterli bir ölçüm aracı bulunmamaktadır. Bu çalışma, dijital liderlik özellikleri ile ilgili olup, Türkiye'de özel ve kamu kuruluşlarında farklı sektörlerde çalışan 526 kişi arasında yürütülen ampirik bir çalışmaya dayalı bir “Dijital Liderlik Ölçeği” geliştirerek söz konusu araştırma boşluğunu doldurmayı amaçlamaktadır. Veriler toplandıktan sonra ölçeğin kapsam ve yapı geçerliği SPSS ve AMOS istatistik programları kullanılarak test edilmiştir. Ölçeğin iç tutarlılık katsayısı .90'dır. Açımlayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi sonucunda Dijital Liderlik Ölçeği (DLÖ) 9 madde ve 2 boyutta doğrulanmıştır, dolayısıyla güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu ifade edilebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Dijital Liderlik Ölçeği
• Ölçek Geliştirme
• Dijital Liderlik
• Dijital Liderlik Özellikleri
• Dijital Dönüşüm

A STUDY ON DIGITAL LEADERSHIP SCALE (DLS) DEVELOPMENT

Öz

Since digital leadership has become a critical success factor for securing sustainability in companies, it is of great importance to define scalable characteristics of it. In literature, an adequate measuring instrument is not available for assessing the perceptions regarding digital leadership. This study is about digital leadership characteristics and aims to fill the mentioned research gap by developing a “Digital Leadership Scale” based on an empirical study conducted among 526 people working at different sectors in private and public enterprises in Turkey. After the data were collected, the scope and construct validity of the scale was tested using the statistical programs SPSS and AMOS. The internal consistency coefficient of the scale is .90. As a result of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, the Digital Leadership Scale (DLS) was validated in 9 items and 2 dimensions, so it can be stated that it is a reliable measuring instrument.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Digital Leadership Scale
• Scale Development
• Digital Leadership
• Digital Leadership Characteristics
• Digital Transformation

Kaynakça

1. Abbatiello, A., Knight, M., Philpot, S. & Roy, I. (2017). Rewriting the rules for the digital age: Deloitte Global Human Capital Trends. UK, Deloitte University Press.
2. Afandi, W. (2017). The role of strategic leadership in digital transformation process. Paideuma Journal of Research, 10 (2), 1-4.
3. Akkaya, B. & Tabak, A. (2020). The link between organizational agility and leadership: A research in science parks. Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 19(1), 1-17.
4. Ahlquist, J. (2014). Trending now: Digital leadership education using social media and the social change model. Journal of Leadership Studies, 8(2), 57-60.
5. Albrecht, A. (2017). Leadership 4.0: Virtuelle Organisationsformen. In Jung, H.; Kraft, P. (Eds.) Digital vernetzt. Transformation der Wertschöpfung. München: Carl Hanser Verlag,.
6. Asiltürk, A. (2020). Digital leadership and digital leaders ın the context of digital transformation. E. Karaçar & Ö. Kıran (Ed:) In Current Issues And Research In Social Sciences. 203-226, Konya: Cizgi Publishing.
7. Asri, A.A.S.M.A.N. & Darma, G. S. (2020). Revealing the digital leadership spurs in 4.0 industrial revolution. International Journal of Business, Economics & Management, 3(1), 93-100.
8. Baculard, L.P., Colombani, L., Flam,V., Lancry, O, & Spaulding, E. (2017). Orchestrating a successful digital transformation. Boston: Bain &Company.

9. Banger, G. (2018). Endüstri 4.0 Uygulama ve Dönüşüm Rehberi (1st ed.). Ankara, Dorlion.
10. Bawany, S. (2019). Leadership 4.0: How Ready Are You To Be A Digital Leader? Leadership Excellence, 36(2), 28-30.
11. Bauer, W., Hämmerle, M., Schlund, S., & Vocke, C. (2015). Transforming to a hyper-connected society and economy–towards an “Industry 4.0”. Procedia Manufacturing, 3, 417-424.
12. Beeks, J. (2012). A Review of “Community Leadership 4.0: Impacting A World Gone Wiki”. World Futures, 68(6), 456-459.
13. Bolte, S., Dehmer, J. & Niemann, J. (2018). Digital leadership 4.0. Acta Technica Napocensis-Series: Applied Mathematics, Mechanics, And Engineering, 61(4), 637-646.
14. Boneau, J. & Thompson, G. (2013). Leadership 4.0. Leadership Excellence, 30(1), 6.
15. Borah, P. S., Iqbal, S., & Akhtar, S. (2022). Linking social media usage and SME's sustainable performance: The role of digital leadership and innovation capabilities. Technology in Society, 68, 101900.
16. Bosch, U., Hentschel, S., & Kramer, S. (2018). Digital offroad: Erfolgsstrategien für die digitale Transformation. Haufe-Lexware.
17. Chen, Y., Chang, C. A., & Lin, Y. (2014). Green transformational leadership and green performance: the mediation effects of green mindfulness and green self-efficacy. Sustainability, 6/(10), 6604-6621.
18. Cortellazzo, L., Bruni, E. & Zampieri, R. (2019). The role of leadership in a digitalized world: A review. Frontiers in psychology, 10, 1938.
19. Crocker, L. & Algina, J. (1986). Introduction to classical and modern test theory. Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 6277 Sea Harbor Drive, Orlando, FL 32887.
20. Cronbach, L. J. (1984). Essentials of physiological testing. New York: Horner & Row Publisher.
21. Çelen, A. I. (2020, December). A rising value in the digital transformation process: Digital leadership. In H. Karadal, M. N. Efe, A. M. Abubakar, & K. Karadal (Eds.), Proceedings e-book (pp. 449-461). Papers presented at International CEO Communication, Economics, Organization & Social Sciences Congress, Bosnia Herzegovina, Gorajde: Dilkur Akademi.
22. Çelik, H. E. & Yılmaz, V. (2013). Structural equation modeling basic concepts applications programming. Ankara: Ani Publishing.
23. Dasgupta, P. (2011). Literature review: e-Leadership. Emerging Leadership Journeys, 4 (1) pp. 1-36.
24. Davutoğlu, N. A. (2018). Sanayi 4.0’ın Liderlik ve İnsan Kaynakları Yönetimine Algısal Etkileri. Journal of Social and Humanities Research, 5(30), 4041-4048.
25. De Vaus, D. (2002). Surveys in social research. (5 edition). Australia: Routledge.
26. De Waal, B., van Outvorst, F. & Ravesteyn, P. (2016). Digital leadership: The objective-subjective dichotomy technology revisited. 12th European Conference on Management, Leadership and Governance ECMLG 2016.
27. DGFP-Praxispapiere (2016). Leitfaden 03/2016 Führen im digitalisierten Unternehmen. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Personalführung e.V.
28. Dimitrov, A. (2018). The Digital Age Leadership: A Transhumanistic Perspective. Journal of Leadership Studies, 12(3), 79-81.
29. Durmuş, A. (2019). Endüstri 4.0 Eğitim 4.0 Liderlik 4.0 Toplum 5.0 (1st ed.). İstanbul, Efe Akademi Yayınları.
30. Eberl, J. K., & Drews, P. (2021, March). Digital Leadership‒Mountain or Molehill? A Literature Review. In International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (pp. 223-237). Springer, Cham.
31. El Sawy, O. A., Kræmmergaard, P., Amsinck, H. & Vinther, A. L. (2016). How LEGO built the foundations and enterprise capabilities for digital leadership. MIS Quarterly Executive, 15(2), 141- 166.
32. Erhan, T., Uzunbacak, H. H., & Aydin, E. (2022). From conventional to digital leadership: exploring digitalization of leadership and innovative work behavior. Management Research Review. (ahead of print)
33. Estensoro, M., Larrea, M., Müller, J. M., & Sisti, E. (2021). A resource-based view on SMEs regarding the transition to more sophisticated stages of Industry 4.0. European Management Journal, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2021.10.001
34. Field, A. (2013). Discovering statistics using IBM SPSS statistics. (4th Edition). Sage.
35. Fisk, P. (2002). The Making of a Digital Leader. Business Strategy Review, 13(1), 43-50.
36. Goran, J., LaBerge, L. & Srinivasan, R. (2017). Culture for a digital age. McKinsey Quarterly, 3, 56-67.
37. Haack, C. (2018). Building Digital Leaders. Unternehmenswertsteigerung durch Digitalisierung. Norderstedt: Books on Demand.
38. Hammermann, A., & Stettes, O. (2017). Stellt die Digitalisierung neue Anforderungen an Führung und Leistungsmanagement? IW-Trends, 44(4), 93-111.
39. Hanschke, I. (2018). Digitalisierung und Industrie 4.0-einfach und effektiv: Systematisch und lean die Digitale Transformation meistern. Carl Hanser Verlag.
40. Hansen, A. M., Kraemmergaard, P. & Mathiassen, L. (2011). Rapid Adaptation in Digital Transformation: A Participatory Process for Engaging IS and Business Leaders. MIS Quarterly Executive, 10(4).
41. Hearsum, S. (2015). How to develop digital leadership capability? Strategic HR Review (October).
42. Henderikx, M., & Stoffers, J. (2022). An Exploratory Literature Study into Digital Transformation and Leadership: Toward Future-Proof Middle Managers. Sustainability, 14(2), 687.
43. Herder-Wynne, F., Amato, R. & Uit de Weerd, F. (2017). Leadership 4.0 A review of the thinking. Oxford Leadership, Oxford.
44. Herold, G. (2016). Leadership in the fourth industrial revolution. Stanton Chase Business Journals, 22(12), 15.
45. Hesse, A. (2018). Digitalization and Leadership-How experienced leaders interpret daily realities in a digital world. In Proceedings of the 51st Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences.
46. Horner-Long, P., & Schoenberg, R. (2002). Does e-business require different leadership characteristics?: An empirical investigation. European Management Journal, 20(6), 611-619.
47. Huang, R., Kahai, S., & Jestice, R. (2010). The contingent effects of leadership on team collaboration in virtual teams. Computers in Human Behavior, 26(5), 1098-1110.
48. Irge, N. T. (2018). Digital leadership. In G. Telli, & I. Shelenkova (Eds.), Proceedıngs (pp. 21-27). Papers presented at The International Congress on Business and Marketing, İstanbul, Turkey: Maltepe University.
49. Ismail, M.H., Khater, M. & Zaki M. (2018). Digital business transformation and strategy: What do we know so far? Unıversity Of Cambridge Publication, Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322340970
50. Jakubik, M. & Berazhny, I. (2017). Rethinking Leadership and It´ s Practices in the Digital Era. In Managing the Global Economy. Proceedings of the Management International Conference, Monastier di Treviso, Italy, 24–27 May, 2017.University of Primorska Press.
51. Judge, T. A. & Bono, J. E. (2000). Five-factor model of personality and transformational leadership. Journal of Applied Psychology, 85, 751–765.
52. Junita, I. (2019). Transformational Leadership in Digital Era: Analysis of Nadiem Makarim (Founder of GO-JEK Indonesia) Leadership Figure. MPRA Paper No. 91575. Retrieved (February 2022) from https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/91575/
53. Kahre, G. C., Hoffman, D. & Ahlemann, F. (2017). Beyond business-IT alignment - digital business strategies as a paradigmatic shift: a review and research agenda. Proceedings of the 50th Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, Hawaii.
54. Kazım, F.A., 2019. Digital transformation and leadership style: a multiple case study. The ISM Journal of International Business, 3 (1), 24–33.
55. Kieser, H. (2017). The influence of digital leadership, innovation and organisational learning on the digital maturity of an organisation. University of Pretoria, Pretoria.
56. Kindermann, B., Beutel, S., de Lomana, G. G., Strese, S., Bendig, D., & Brettel, M. (2021). Digital orientation: Conceptualization and operationalization of a new strategic orientation. European Management Journal, 39(5), 645-657.
57. Klein, M. (2020a). İşletmelerin Dijital Dönüşüm Senaryoları - Kavramsal Bir Model Önerisi. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 19(74), 997-1019.
58. Klein, M. (2020b). Leadership characteristics ın the era of digital transformation. Business & Management Studies: An International Journal, 8(1), 883-902. http://dx.doi.org/10.15295/bmij.v8i1.1441.
59. Kline, R. B. (2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (3rd ed.). New York/London: The Guilford Press.
60. Klus, M. F., & Müller, J. (2019). The digital leader: What one needs to master today's organisational challenges. Diskussionspapier des Instituts für Organisationsökonomik, No. 11/201 University of Münster, Institute for Organisational Economics.
61. Kreutzer, R. T., Neugebauer, T., & Pattloch, A. (2017). Digital business leadership. Digital Transformation Geschäftsmodell Innovation agile Organisation Change-Management. Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler Verlag.
62. Kunaka, K. (2019). Leadership competencies for digital transformation in a telecommunications organisation. University of Pretoria, doctoral dissertation
63. Larjovuori, R. L., Bordi, L., Mäkiniemi, J. P. & Heikkilä-Tammi, K. (2016). The role of leadership and employee well-being in organizational digitalization. Tiziana Russo-Spenaand Cristina Mele, 1159.
64. Larjovuori, R. L., Bordi, L., & Heikkilä-Tammi, K. (2018). Leadership in the digital business transformation. In Proceedings of the 22nd International Academic Mindtrek Conference (pp. 212-221). ACM.
65. Li, W., Liu, K., Belitski, M., Ghobadian, A. & O'Regan, N. (2016). e-Leadership through strategic alignment: An empirical study of small-and medium-sized enterprises in the digital age. Journal of Information Technology, 31(2), 185-206.
66. Lindner, D., & Greff, T. (2019). Führung im Zeitalter der Digitalisierung–was sagen Führungskräfte? HMD Praxis der Wirtschaftsinformatik, 56(3), 628-646.
67. Marsh, E., Vallejos, E. P., & Spence, A. (2022). The digital workplace and its dark side: An integrative review. Computers in Human Behavior, 128, 107118.
68. Matt, D. T., Pedrini, G., Bonfant, A., & Orzes, G. (2022). Industrial digitalization. A systematic literature review and research agenda. European Management Journal, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2022.01.001
69. McCarthy, P., Sammon, D., & Alhassan, I. (2021). Digital Transformation Leadership Characteristics: a Literature Analysis. Journal of Decision Systems, 1-31.
70. Mihardjo, L., Sasmoko, S., Alamsjah, F., & Elidjen, E. (2019). Digital leadership role in developing business model innovation and customer experience orientation in industry 4.0. Management Science Letters, 9(11), 1749-1762.
71. Miller, C. L. (2018). Digital leadership: Using the internet and social media to improve the lives, well-being and circumstances of others. Journal of Family ve Consumer Sciences, 110(1), 45-48.
72. Narbona, J. (2016). Digital leadership, twitter and Pope Francis. Church, Communication and Culture, 1(1), 90-109.
73. Northouse, P. G. (2015). Leadership: Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, SAGE
74. Oberer, B. & Erkollar, A. (2018). Leadership 4.0: Digital leaders in the age of industry 4.0. International Journal of Organizational Leadership, 7(4), 404- 412.
75. Ordu, A. & Nayır, F. (2021). What is the digital equivalent? A definition., E-Nation Journal of Educational Research, 12(3), pp.68-81.
76. Özmen, Ö. N. T., Eriş, E. D., & Özer, P. S. (2020). An overview of digital leadership studies. Journal of the Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences of Süleyman Demirel University, 25(1), 57-69.
77. Paulin, S. (2014). Leadership 4.0 From Ego-system to Eco-system. AI Practitioner, 16(1), 54-58.
78. Petry, T. (2018). Digital leadership. In K. North, R. Majer, & O. Haas (Eds.) Knowledge management in digital change: New findings and practical cases (pp. 209-218). Cham: Springer.
79. Prince, K.A. (2018). Digital leadership: transitioning into the digital age. James Cook University, Queensland.
80. Prince, K. A. (2017). Industrie 4.0 and leadership. In Proceedings of the 17th International Conference on Electronic Business (pp. 132-139). ICEB, Dubai, UAE, December 4-8.
81. Promsri, C. (2019). The Developing Model of Digital Leadership for a Successful Digital Transformation. GPH-International Journal of Business Management (IJBM), 2(08), 01-08.
82. Raza, B. (2016). Leadership 4.0. Module: Management Competencies, 1. Frankfurt University of Applied Sciences, Master’s thesis.
83. Roman, A. V., Van Wart, M., Wang, X., Liu, C., Kim, S., & McCarthy, A. (2019). Defining e‐leadership as competence in ICT‐mediated communications: an exploratory assessment. Public Administration Review, 79(6), 853-866.
84. Qualman, E. (2012). Digital leader: 5 Simple keys to success and ınfluence. McGraw-Hill Publishing.
85. Sahyaja, C., & Rao, S. (2018). New leadership in the digital era- A conceptual study on emotional dimensions in relation with intellectual dimensions. International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology, 9(1), 738-747.
86. Sainger, G. (2018). Leadership in digital age: A study on the role of leader in this era of digital transformation. International Journal on Leadership, 6(1), 1.
87. Schiuma, G., Schettini, E., Santarsiero, F., & Carlucci, D. (2021). The transformative leadership compass: six competencies for digital transformation entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research. (ahead of print).
88. Sheninger, E. (2014). Pillars of digital leadership. International Center for Leadership in Education, 1-4.
89. Sikora, H. (2017). Digital Age Management: Führung im digitalen Zeitalter. E & I Elektrotechnik und Informationstechnik, 134(7), 344-348.
90. Sow, M., & Aborbie, S. (2018). Impact of leadership on digital transformation. Business and Economic Research, 8(3), 139-148.
91. Stolterman, E., & Fors, A. C. (2004) Information Technology and the Good Life. In: Kaplan, B., Truexll, D. P., Wastell, D., Wood-Haprer, A. T., & DeGross, J. I. (Eds.),Information Systems Research: Relevant Theory and Informed Practice (pp. 678-692). London: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
92. Swift, M., Donald, L., Pike, J., & Lange, D. (2019). Leaders for the digital age - The role leaders play in achieving digital sustainability. Korn Ferry Institute. Retrieved (April 2021) from https://www.kornferry.com/content/dam/kornferry/docs/pdfs/global-digital-leadership-paperdigital-2019.pdf
93. Staffen, S., & Schoenwald, L. (2016). Leading in the Context of the Industrial Revolution. Retrieved (January 2022) from https://www.capgemini.com/consulting-de/wp-content/uploads/sites/ 32/2017/08/resouces_leader_40_industrial_revolution.pdf
94. Sullivan, L. (2017). 8 Skills Every Digital Leader Needs. Retrieved (February 2020) https://www.cmswire.com/digital-workplace/8-skills-every-digital-leader-needs/
95. Tanniru, M. R. (2018). Digital Leadership. In M. Pomffyova (Ed.), Management of information systems, InTechOpen.
96. Tanniru, M., Khuntia, J., & Weiner, J. (2018). Hospital leadership in support of digital transformation. Pacific Asia Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 10(3), 1.
97. Taser, D., Aydin, E., Torgaloz, A. O., & Rofcanin, Y. (2022). An examination of remote e-working and flow experience: The role of technostress and loneliness. Computers in Human Behavior, 127, 107020.
98. Temelkova, М. (2018). Skills for digital leadership–prerequisite for developing high-tech economy. International Journal of Advanced Research in Management and Social Sciences, 7(12), 50-74.
99. Toduk, Y. (2014). 2023 Lideri Dijital Çağın Liderlik Sırları (1st ed.). İstanbul: Doğan Egmont Yayıncılık.
100. Tüzmen, A. B. (2017). Endüstri 4.0 İle Dönüşen Liderlik. Harvard Business Review Türkiye (Nisan)
101. Urçar, S. (2017). Dijital zamanlarda liderlik. Turkishtime (February)
102. Westerman, G., Bonnet, D., & McAfee, A. (2014). Leading digital: turning technology into business transformation, USA: Harvard Business Review Press.
103. Whitehurst, J. (2015). The open organization: igniting passion and performance. Boston: Harvard Business Review Press.
104. Wilson III, E. J., Goethals, G. R., Sorenson, G., & Burns, J. M. (2004). Leadership in the digital age. Encyclopedia of leadership, 4, 858-861.
105. Yücebalkan, B. (2020). A view from the holistic perspective to current leadership: digital leadership + green transformational leadership. International Journal of Disciplines in Economics and Administrative Sciences Studies, 6(18), 388-396.
106. Yüksel, M., & Genç, K. Y. (2018). Endüstri 4.0 ve Liderlik. 2nd International Symposium on Innovative Approaches in Scientific Studies, Samsun, Turkey.
107. Zeike, S., Bradbury, K., Lindert, L., & Pfaff, H. (2019). Digital leadership skills and associations with psychological well-being. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(14), 2628.
108. Zhong, L. (2017). Indicators of digital leadership in the context of K-12 education. Journal of Educational Technology Development and Exchange (JETDE), 10(1), 27- 40.
109. Zhu, P. (2015). Digital master: Debunk the myths of enterprise digital maturity. Lulu Press Inc.