Civil Participation in Urban Conservation: A Study on Vienna and Moscow

Abstract

Many different definitions and classifications have come to the fore in the formation, development and shaping of cities from past to present. According to the discourse and spirit of the time, the perspective put forward by agriculture, industry and information which society has found meaning on the urban level. The historical development of cities has been shaped according to the political, economic, administrative, technological and socio-cultural structure of the geography which they belong to. This study aims to examine the participation of civil society in urban conservation policies carried out in the cities of Vienna and Moscow. Urban conservation is a multidimensional process. The participation of the main users of protected assets in this process is important both for the democratic nature of public policies and for reflecting the initiative and will of civil society. In the study, the socio-political structures of the cities of Vienna and Moscow, current management systems and civil participation practices in urban conservation processes were examined. In addition, the nature of civil society participation dynamics is explained in the light of some historical, social and political variables. When civil society participation in Vienna is compared to Moscow, a form of participation related to the specific socio-political and historical situations of the cities stands out. In the study, different civil society participation practices of the two cities are evaluated in relation to the democratic functioning of the cities in question and the local and central government systems in which they are located. In this context, when the practices in Vienna and Moscow were compared with the civil participation practices in Turkey, it was seen that they had similar and different dimensions. Possible lessons and suggestions to be learned about these models are presented in the conclusion section.

Keywords

• City
• Urban Conservation
• Civil Society
• Participation

Kentsel Korumaya Sivil Toplum Katılımı: Viyana ve Moskova Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Öz

Kentlerin geçmişten günümüze oluşumu, gelişimi ve şekillenmesinde çok farklı tanımlama ve tasnifler ön plana çıkmıştır. Zamanın lafız ve ruhuna göre tarım, sanayi ve bilgi toplumunun ortaya koyduğu perspektif, kent düzleminde anlam bulmuştur. Kentlerin tarihsel açıdan gösterdiği gelişim, ait oldukları coğrafyanın siyasi, iktisadi, yönetsel, teknolojik ve sosyo-kültürel yapısına göre şekillenmiştir. Bu çalışmada Viyana ve Moskova kentlerinde yürütülen kentsel koruma politikalarına sivil toplumun katılımının incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Kentsel koruma çok boyutlu bir süreçtir. Bu sürece korunan varlıkların esas kullanıcılarının katılımı hem kamu politikalarının demokratik niteliği açısından hem de sivil toplumun inisiyatifinin ve iradesinin yansıması bakımından önemlidir. Çalışmada Viyana ve Moskova kentlerinin sosyo-politik yapıları, mevcut yönetim sistemleri ve kentsel koruma süreçlerindeki sivil katılım pratikleri incelenmiştir. Ayrıca sivil toplumun katılım dinamiklerinin niteliği; tarihsel, toplumsal ve siyasal birtakım değişkenler ışığında açıklanmıştır. Viyana’daki sivil toplum katılımı Moskova ile karşılaştırıldığında, kentlerin özgün sosyo-politik ve tarihsel durumları ile ilişkili bir katılım biçimi göze çarpmaktadır. Çalışmada iki kentin farklı sivil toplum katılım uygulamaları, söz konusu kentlerin ve içinde bulundukları yerel ve merkezi yönetim sistemlerinin demokratik işleyişi ile ilişkili olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Bu bağlamda Viyana ve Moskova’daki uygulamalar Türkiye’deki sivil katılım uygulamaları ile karşılaştırıldığında, benzer ve farklı boyutları olduğu görülmüştür. Bu modellerle ilgili çıkarılacak muhtemel dersler ve öneriler sonuç bölümünde sunulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kent
• Kentsel Koruma Sivil Toplum
• Katılım

References

1. AKHUNDOVA, Jale (2012), “Rusya’da ve Türkiye’de Yerel Yönetimler Reformunun Karşılaştırılması”, Avrasya İncelemeleri Dergisi, S.1(2), ss.63-97.
2. ARGENBRIGHT, Robert (1999), “Remaking Moscow: New Places, Newselves”, Geographical Review, S.89(1), ss.1-22.
3. BABANOĞLU, Cenay, ÇOBANOĞLU, Sedat ve GÖÇOĞLU, Volkan (2018), “Kamu Politikalarına Sivil Katılımda Farklı Bir Model”, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, S.23(1), ss.69-77.
4. BERMUDEZ, Juan Carlos Carvajal ve KONIG, Reinhard (2021), “The Role of Technologies and Citizen Organizations in Decentralized Forms of Participation; A Case Study About Residential Streets in Vienna”, Technology in Society, S.66, ss.(101604).
5. BOBILEY, Sergei (2013), Sustainable Development in Russia, Brot Publicatons, St Petersburg (Rusya).
6. BUCHER, Barbara ve KOLBITSCH, Andreas (2019), “Coming to Terms with Value: Heritage Policy in Vienna”, Heritage & Society, S.12(1), ss.41-56.
7. BÜDENBENDER, Mirjam ve ZUPAN, Daniela (2017), “The Evolution of Neoliberal Urbanism in Moscow: 1992–2015”, Antipode, S.49(2), ss.294-313.
8. DANILINA, Nina ve IVANOVA, Zinaida (2019), “Perfection of the Public Hearings Procedure in Russia: Two-Stage Model”, EDP Sciences, S.135, ss.4-14.

9. ELNOKALY, Amira ve ELSERAGY, Ahmed (2013), “Sustainable Heritage Development: Learning From Urban Conservation of Heritage Projects in Non Western Contexts”, European Journal of Sustainable Development, S.2(1), ss.31-41.
10. EVANS, Alfred (2010), “The Public Chamber and Social Conflicts in Russia”, Western Political Science Association (Toplantı İçin Kişisel Yayın), California (US), ss.(1-29).
11. FRÖNLICH, Christian (2020), “Urban Citizenship Under Post-Soviet Conditions: Grass Roots Struggles of Residents in Contemporary Moscow”, Journal of Urban Affairs, S.42(2), ss.188-202.
12. HICKEY, Samuel ve MOHAN, Giles (2004), “Towards Participation as Transformation: Critical Themes and Challenges”, Participation: From Tyranny to Transformation, Exploring New Approaches to Participation in Development (Ed. Samuel Hickey), Zed Books Press, London (UK), ss.3-24.
13. IVANOVA, Zinaida (2017), “Self-Government Elements in Town-Planning of the Russian Federation: Public Hearings Experience”, EDP Sciences, S.106, ss.(08014).
14. İNCİ, BASA (2018), “Ödünç Kentsel Mekânlar: Bir Meydan Çözümlemesi, Viyana Belediye Meydanı (Wiener Rathausplatz)”, İdeal Kent Dergisi, S.23, ss.236-257.
15. KAZEPOV, Yuri ve VERWIEBE, Roland (2021), Is Vienna Still a Just City? The Challenges of Transitions, Vienna Routledge Press, London (UK).
16. KELEŞ, Ruşen (1998), Kent Bilim Terimleri Sözlüğü, İmge Kitabevi, Ankara, 2. Baskı.
17. KUMNIG, Sarah (2017), “Between Green Image Production, Participatory Politics and Growth: Urban Agriculture and Gardens in the Context of Neoliberal Urban Development in Vienna”, An International Journal for Critical Geographies, S.16, ss.232-248.
18. KURAK AÇICI, Funda (2021), “Tari̇hi̇ Kent Dokusunun Sürdürülebi̇li̇rli̇ği̇”, Doğu Karadeni̇z Yapılı Çevre Tartışmaları (Ed. Dilek Beyazlı), Livre de Lyon Yayınları, Lyon (France), ss.25-48.
19. MASON, Robert J. ve NIGMATULLINA, Liliya (2011), “Suburbanization and Sustainability in Metropolitan Moscow”, Geographical Review, S.101(3), ss.316-333.
20. MAYKOVA, EleonoraYurievna ve VALERYEVNA SIMONOVA, Elena (2015), “The Participation of Russian Citizens in Local Self-Government: Potentialand Real-Life Social Practices”, International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, S.5(3), ss.142-150.
21. MOROZOVA, Еlena V. ve LOMAEVA, Anastasiya K. (2022), “Civic Participation Platform”, Galactica Media: Journal of Media Studies, S.4(4), ss.63-75.
22. MUMFORD, Lewis (2019), “What Is a City?”, Historic Cities: Issues in Urban Conservation, ss.8-49.
23. NOVY, Andreas ve HAMMER, Elisabeth (2007), “Radical Innovation in the Era of Liberal Governance: The Case of Vienna”, European Urban and Regional Studies, S.14(3), ss.210-222.
24. ÖZEN, Sanem, AYDEMİR, Şinasi ve AYDEMİR, Saliha (2021), “Ortahi̇sar Kenti̇ Örneği̇ Üzeri̇nden Bütünleşi̇k Kentsel Koruma ve Ekonomi̇si̇”, Doğu Karadeniz Yapılı Çevre Tartışmaları (Ed. Dilek Beyazlı), Livre de Press, Lyon (FR), ss.1-24.
25. PETUKHOV, Vladimir (2014), “Political Participation and Civic Self-Organization in Russia”, Russian Social Science Review, S.43(3), ss.6-24.
26. POWELL, David E. (1977), “Politics and the Urban Environment: The City of Moscow”, Comparative Political Studies, S.10(3), ss.433-454.
27. RASMUSSEN, Anne ve REHER, Stefanie (2019), “Civil Society Engagement and Policy Representation in Europe”, Comparative Political Studies, S.52(11), ss.1648-1676.
28. SALMENNIEMI, Suvi (2010), “Struggling for Citizenship: Civic Participation and the State in Russia”, Demokratizatsiya, S.18(4), ss.309-328.
29. SHOMINA, Yelena, KOLOSSOV, Vladimir ve SHUKHAT, Viktoria (2002), “Local Activism and the Prospects for Civil Society in Moscow”, Eurasian Geography and Economics, S.43(3), ss.244-270.
30. SOFRONOVA, Ekaterina, HOLLEY, Cameron ve NAGARAJAN, Vijaya (2014), “Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations and Russian Environmental Governance: Accountability, Participation and Collaboration”, Transnational Environmental Law, S.3(2), ss.341-71.
31. THORNS, David C. (2004), Kentlerin Dönüşümü (Çev. Esra Nal, Hasan Nal), Soyak Yayınları, İstanbul.
32. TUMAY, Murat ve OKATAN, Firdevs (2015), “Alexis De Tocqueville’e Göre Sivil Toplum”, Ankara Hacı Bayram Veli Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, S.19(3), ss.321-340.
33. WEBER, Max (2022), Kent (Çev. Salih Gözek, Necib Asım), Dorlion Yayınları, Ankara.
34. ZUPAN, Daniela, SMIRNOVA, Vera ve ZADORIAN, Amanda (2021), “Governing Through Stolichnaya Praktika: Housing Renovation from Moscow to the Regions”, Geoforum, S.120, ss.155-164.
35. https://books.google.com.tr/books?hl=tr&lr=&id=ub0ZRTEHfoYC&oi=fnd&pg=PA29&dq=community+engagement+in++urban+renewal+in+Vienna&ots=V6GXQBrXq&sig=E6iwiQbBr_MaOEBHTSf979_L4kY&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=true (Erişim Tarihi: 17.11.2023).
36. https://conference.corp.at/archive/CORP2010_101.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 20.05.2024).
37. https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english-turkish/ (Erişim Tarihi: 20.11.2023).
38. https://helision.com/documents/ParticipatoryApproatcesinUrbanDevelopmentin-Viennaand-Austria.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 20.09.2024).
39. https://www.aboutvienna.org/city.html (Erişim Tarihi: 11.11.2023).
40. https://www.ci.moscow.id.us/434/Fort-Russell-Historic-District (Erişim Tarihi: 11.12.2023).
41. https://www.mapsland.com/europe/austria/vienna/map-of-center-vienna-city (Erişim Tarihi: 10.06.2023).
42. http://www.mimarlikdergisi.com/index.cfm?sayfa=mimarlik&DergiSayi=287&RecID=1631 (Erişim Tarihi: 11.12.2023).
43. https://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/map/google_map_Moscow.htm (Erişim Tarihi: 10.11.2023).
44. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/academic/conservation?q=conservation (Erişim Tarihi: 03.06.2023).
45. https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/city?q=city (Erişim Tarihi: 03.04.2023).
46. https://www.wien.gv.at/bezirke/dezentralisierung/organe/ (Erişim Tarihi: 14.11.2023).
47. https://www.wien.gv.at/english/history/commemoration/housing.html (Erişim Tarihi: 18.11.2023).