Mukayeseli Hukukta Standart Sözleşme Hükümlerinin Çatışması ve Bu Duruma Bağlanan Hukuki Sonuçlar

Year 2020, Volume: 26 Issue: 1, 339 - 381, 25.06.2020

Eray Aksın Atar Ertuğrul Erzengin

https://doi.org/10.33433/maruhad.724760

Abstract

Standart sözleşmelerin ortaya çıkardığı hukuki problemlerden biri olan standart sözleşme hükümlerinin çatışması kavramı ve bu duruma bağlanan hukuki sonuçlar mukayeseli hukuk bilgileri ışığında incelenecektir.

Keywords

Standart Sözleşmeler, Genel İşlem Koşulları, Genel İşlem Şartları, Standart Sözleşme Hükümlerinin Çatışması

References

• AKÇAAL Mehmet, “Borçlar Kanununun Genel İşlem Koşullarına Dair Hükümleri Hakkında Bir İnceleme”, Gazi Üniversitesi HFD, C. XVIII, Sa. 1, 2014, s. 49-69.
• ANTALYA, O. Gökhan, Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler Cilt – I, İstanbul, 2015.
• ATAMER Yeşim M., Sözleşme Özgürlüğünün Sınırlandırılması Sorunu Çerçevesinde Genel İşlem Şartlarının Denetlenmesi, İstanbul, 2001.
• ATAMULU İsmail, “Genel İşlem Şartlarında Şahsi (Bireysel) Anlaşmanın Mevcudiyetini İspat Yükü”, ERÜHFD, C.XIII, Sa. 1, 2018, s. 101-147.
• AYDOĞDU Murat, Genel İşlem Koşulları Şerhi (Türk Borçlar Kanunu Madde 20-25), Ankara, 2018.
• BAIRD Douglas G./WEISBERG Robert, “Rules, Standards, and the Battle of the Forms: A Reassessment of § 2-207”, Virginia Law Review, Vol. 68:1217, 1982, s. 1217-1262.
• BASEDOW Jürgen, MüKoBGB - Münchener Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch: BGB, Band 2, Schuldrecht - Allgemeiner Teil I, (Hrsg. SÄCKER Franz Jürgen/RIXECKER Roland/OETKER Hartmut/LIMPERG Bettina), 2019.
• BAŞ Ece, “6098 sayılı Türk Borçlar Kanunu’nda Genel İşlem Koşulu Kavramı ve İçerik Denetimi”, Prof. Dr. Mustafa Dural’a Armağan, İstanbul, 2013.
• BAŞ-SÜZEL Ece/ADEN Felix, “ “Battle of Forms” im Türkishen AGB-Recht”, RIW, 2017, s. 111-116.
• BEN-SHARAR Omri, “An Ex-Ante View of the Battle of the Forms: Inducing Parties to Draft Reasonable Terms”, John M. Olin Center Law & Economics University of Michigan, Paper# 04-018, 2004, s. 1-26, https://www.law.umich.edu/centersandprograms/lawandeconomics/abstracts/2004/Documents/ben-shahar04-18.pdf., e.t.: (21.05.2018).
• BÜYÜKSAĞİŞ Erdem, “Borçlar Kanunu ve Viyana Satım Sözleşmesi Perspektifinden Çelişen Genel İşlem Şartları”, Uluslararası Antalya Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Sa. 15, 2015, s. 135-157. (Çelişen Genel İşlem Şartları)
• BÜYÜKSAĞİŞ Erdem, “Turkish Contract Law Reform: Standard Terms, Unforeseen Circumstances, and Judicial Intervention”, European Business Organization Law Review, 2016, s. 423-449. (Standard Terms)
• CAROLINE N. Brown, “Restoring Peace in the Battle of the Forms: A Framework for Making Uniform Commercial Code Section 2-207 Work”, North Carolina Law Review, Vol. 69, No. 3, 1991, s. 893-944.
• CISG-AC Opinion No. 13 Inclusion of Standard Terms under the CISG, (Rapporteur: EISELEN Sieg), Adopted by the CISG Advisory Council following its 17th meeting, in Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA, on 20 January 2013, https://www.cisgac.com/opinions/#op, e.t.: (21.08.2018). (CISG-AC)
• CHRISTANDL Gregor, Commentaries on European Contract Laws, (Ed. JANSEN Nils/ZIMMERMANN Reinhard), Oxford, 2018.
• CİVAN Orhan Ersun, Genel İş Koşulları, İstanbul, 2015.
• COOTER Robert / ULEN Thomas, Law and Economics, Boston, 2014.
• CORTERIER Andre, “A Peace Plan for the Battle of the Forms”, International Trade and Business Law Review, Vol. 10:195, 2006, s. 195-215.
• DORNIS Tim, Kommentar zum UN-Kaufrecht, Übereinkommen der Vereinten Nationen über Verträge über den Internationalen Warenkauf (CISG), (Hrsg. HONSELL Heinrich), Berlin, 2010.
• EISELEN Sieg/BERGENTHAL Sebastian, “The Battle of Forms: A Comparative Analysis”, The Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa, Vol. 39, No.2, 2006, s. 214-240.
• ENDERLEIN Fritz/ MASKOW Dietrich, International Sales Law: United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods : Convention on the Limitation Period in the International Sale of Goods : Commentary, New York, 1992.
• ERCOŞKUN-ŞENOL Kübra, “Sözleşmenin İçeriğini Belirleme Özgürlüğü ve Bunun Genel Sınırı: TBK m. 27”, İÜHFM, C. LXXIV, Sa. 2, 2016, s. 709-737.
• EREN Fikret, Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler, Ankara, 2017.
• FARNSWORTH E. Allan : “Article 19”, Commentary on the International Sales Law, (Ed. BIANCA Massimo/BONELL M. Joachim), Milan, 1987.
• FEJÕS Andrea, Battle of Forms under the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG): A Uniform Solution?, Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law & Arbitration, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2007, s. 113-129. (A Uniform Solution?)
• FEJÕS Andrea, “Formation of Contracts in International Transactions: The Issue of Battle of the Forms under the CISG and the UCC”, CISG Database, http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/fejos.html, 2006, e.t.: (25.04.2018). (Formation of Contracts)
• FERRARI Franco, Münchener Kommentar zum Handeslgezetzbuch, Band: 5, Wiener UN-Übereinkommen über Verträge über den internationalen Warenkauf-CISG, (Hrsg. SCHMIDT Karsten), München, 2018.
• FEYZİOĞLU Feyzi Necmeddin, Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler Cilt – I, İstanbul, 1976.
• GABRIEL Henry D.: “Uniform Commercial Code Article Two Revisions: The Wiew Of The Trenches”, Barry Law Review: Vol. 23, No. 2, 2018, s. 129-153. (Kıs: Revision)
• GABRIEL, Henry D., The Battle of the Forms: A Comparison of the United Nations Convention for the International Sale of Goods and the Uniform Commercial Code, The Business Lawyer, Vol. 49, No. 3, 1994, s. 1053-1064. (Kıs: Battle of Forms)
• GOLDBERG P. Victor, “The Battle of Forms: Fairness, Efficiency, and the Best-Shot Rule”, Oregon Law Review, Vol. 76, 1997, s. 155-173.
• GÖNENSAY A. Samim, Borçlar Hukuku, Birinci Cilt, İstanbul, 1948.
• GÖRGEÇ Başak, “Genel İşlem Koşullarının Kişilik Hakkı Kapsamında Değerlendirilmesi”, MÜHF-HAD, C. 19, Sa. 1, 2013, s. 403-440.
• HATEMİ Hüseyin/GÖKYAYLA Emre, Borçlar Hukuku Genel Bölüm, İstanbul, 2017.
• HAVUTÇU Ayşe, Açık İçerik Denetimi Yoluyla Tüketicinin Genel İşlem Şartlarına Karşı Korunması, İzmir, 2003.
• HOGAN William E., “The Highway and Some of the Byways in the Sales and Bulk Sales Articles of the Uniform Commercial Code”, Cornell Law Quarterly, Vol. 48/1, 1962, s. 1-46.
• JACOBS Edward J., “The Battle of the Forms: Standard Term Contracts in Comparative Perspective”, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 34, No. 2, 1985, s. 297-316.
• KADNER-GRAZIANO Thomas, “Solving the Riddle of Conflicting Choice of Law Clauses in Battle of Forms Situations: The Hague Solution”, Yearbook of Private International Law, Vol. 14, 2013, s. 71-101.
• KARA Burak, “Sigorta Sözleşmesi Şartlarının Genel İşlem Koşulları Çerçevesinde Hukuki Mahiyeti”, Alanya 4. Uluslararası Hukuk Sempozyumu Tam Metin Kitabı, 2018, s. 265-278, https://asoscongress.com/2018alanya/, e.t.: (02.01.2019).
• KARABAĞ-BULUT Nil, Medeni Kanunun 23. Maddesi Kapsamında Kişilik Hakkının Sözleşme Özgürlüğüne Etkisi, İstanbul, 2014.
• KEATING Daniel, “Exploring the Battle of the Forms in Action”, Michigan Law Review, Vol. 98/2678, 2000, s. 2678-2715.
• KELSO J. Clark, “The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: contract formation and the battle of forms”, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 21, 1982/83, s. 529–556.
• KESSLER Friedrich, “Some Thoughts on the Evolution of the German Law of Contracts: Part I", Faculty Scholarship Series, Paper N. 2644, 1975.
• KOCAYUSUFPAŞAOĞLU Necip, Borçlar Hukuku Genel Bölüm, Birinci Cilt, İstanbul, 2017.
• KOSTKIEWICZ Jolanta Kren, OFK – Orell Füssli Kommentar, OR Kommentar Schweizerisches Obligationenrecht, (Hrsg. KOSTKIEWICZ J. Kren/WOLF Stephan/AMSTUTZ Marc/FANKHAUSER Roland), Zürich, 2016.
• KÖTZ Hein, European Contract Law, (Transl. MERTENS Gill/WEIR Tony), Croydon, 2017.
• KUT Ahmet, CHK - Handkommentar zum Schweizer Privatrecht, Obligationenrecht - Allgemeine Bestimmungen, (Hrsg. FURRER Andreas/SCHNYDER Anton K.), Zürich - Basel - Genf, 2016.
• LANDO Ole, , “Study of the systems of private law in the EU with regard to discrimination and the creation of a European Civil Code”, The Rules of European Contract Law, Working Paper, Legal Affairs Series, JURI 103 EN, Luxembourg, 1999.
• MAHÉ Chantal B.P., The Principles of European Contract Law and Dutch Law A Commentary, (Ed. SCHELHAAS Harriët), Nijmegen, 2002.
• MAZZACANO Peter J., A Comparison between the United Nations Convention on contracts for the International Sale of Goods and the Uniform Commercial Code, Osgoode Hall Law School, 2013.
• MCKENDRICK Ewan, “The Battle of Forms and the Law of Restitution”, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 8, No. 2, 1988, s. 197-221.
• MOCCIA Christine, The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and the "Battle of the Forms”, Fordham International Law Journal, Vol. 13, 1989/1990, s. 649-679.
• MURRAY John E. Jr., “The Definitive "Battle of the Forms": Chaos Revisited”, Journal of Law and Commerce, Vol. 20, 2000, s. 1-48.
• NOMER Haluk Nami, Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler, İstanbul, 2018. (Borçlar Hukuku)
• NOMER Haluk Nami, “Sözleşmedeki Esaslı Nokta, Özellikle Karşılıklı Borç Doğuran Akitlerde İvazın Miktarı Belirlenmeksizin Sözleşme Kurulabilir Mi?”, Journal of Yaşar University C. 8, Sa. Özel, 2013, s. 2053-2074. (Esaslı Nokta)
• OĞUZ Cemal, “Standart Sözleşmelerin BK. 21 ile 99/2 ve 100/3Hükümlerine Göre Hakim Tarafından Kontrolü”, Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, Sa. I, 1998, s. 25-37. OĞUZMAN Kemal/ÖZ Turgut, Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler Cilt-1, İstanbul, 2018.
• ÖZCAN Zeynep, “The Battle of Forms”, E-Journal of Law, Vol.4 (1), 2018, s. 1-13.
• ÖZEL Çağlar, “Genel İşlem Koşulları Meselesi ve Borçlar Kanunu Tasarısının Genel İşlem Koşullarına Yönelik Olarak Getirdikleri”, Sosyoekonomi Dergisi, S.1, 2006, s. 153-167. ÖZKAN Zehra, Avrupa Özel Hukukunun Uyumlaştırılması, AÜHFD, Sa. 66 (1), 2017, s. 157-199.
• PIECK Manfred, “A Study of the Significant Aspects of German Contract Law”, Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law, Vol. 3, Iss. 1, 1996, s. 111-176.
• POSNER Rıchard Allen, “Values and Consequences: An Introduction to Economic Analysis of Law”, John M. Olin Law & Economics Working Paper, No. 53, s. 1-11.
• REHBINDER Manfred, Genel İşlem Şartları ve Tüketicinin Korunması, (Çev. TEOMAN Ömer), İÜHFM, C. 42, Sa. 1-4, 1976, s. 641-653.
• RICHARDS Paul, Law of Contract, Boston, 2017.
• RÜHL Giesela, “The Battle of Forms: Comparative and Economic Observations”, University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law, Vol. 24:1, 2003, s. 189-224.
• SAĞLAM İpek, İstanbul Şerhi Türk Borçlar Kanunu-Yürürlük Kanunu Cilt-1 Genel Hükümler, (Ed. SEROZAN Rona/ÖZ Turgut/ACAR Faruk/GÖKYAYLA Emre/DEVELİOĞLU Murat), İstanbul, 2018. (TBK 3)
• SAĞLAM İpek, Milletlerarası Mal Satımına İlişkin Sözleşmeler Hakkında Birleşmiş Milletler Antlaşması Uyarınca Sözleşmenin Kurulması, (CISG m. 14-24), İstanbul, 2013. (Milletlerarası Mal Satımına İlişkin Sözleşmeler)
• SANDROCK Otto/GALSTON Nina Moore, “Standard Terms Act 1976 of West Germany”, The American Journal of Comprative Law, Vol. 26, N. 4, 1978, s. 551-572.
• SANLI Kerem Cem, Haksız Fiil Hukukunun Ekonomik Analizi - Hukuk ve Ekonomi Öğretisi, İstanbul, 2007. (Haksız Fiil)
• SANLI Kerem Cem, Hukuk ve Ekonomi Perspektifinden Sözleşme Hukuku ve Sözleşme Yaptırımlarının Ekonomik Analizi, İstanbul, 2015. (Sözleşme Hukuku)
• SCHÄFER Hans-Bernd/LEYENS Patrick, Economic Analysis of the DCFR: The Work of the Economic Impact Group Within CoPECL, (Ed. LAROUCHE Pierre/CHIRICO Filomena) Judicial Control of Standart Terms and European Private Law, Munich, 2010.
• SCHLECHTRIEM Peter, “The Battle of the Forms under German Law”, The Business Lawyer, Vol: 23, No. 3, 1968, s. 655- 668. (Battle of Forms under German Law)
• SCHLECHTRIEM Peter, “Battle of the Forms in International Contract Law, Evaluation of approaches in German law, UNIDROIT Principles, European Principles, CISG; UCC approaches under consideration”, Festschrift für Rolf Herber zum 70. Geburtstag, (Ed. THUME Karl-Heinz), (Transl. EIMER Martin), Luchterhand, 1999. (Battle of the Forms in International Contract Law)
• SCHROETER, Ulrich G., Commentary on the UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG), (Ed. SCHLECHTRIEM Peter/ SCHWENZER Ingeborg), Oxford, 2016. (CISG)
• SCHROETER Ulrich G., “Ergänzungen, Einschränkungen und sonstige Änderungen zum Angebot”, Kommentar zum Einheitlichen UN - Kaufrecht, (Hrsg. SCHLECHTRIEM Peter/SCHWENZER Ingeborg), München, 2013. (UN-Kaufrecht)
• SEROZAN Rona, İstanbul Şerhi Türk Borçlar Kanunu-Yürürlük Kanunu Cilt-1 Genel Hükümler, (Ed. SEROZAN Rona/ÖZ Turgut/ACAR Faruk/GÖKYAYLA Emre/DEVELİOĞLU Murat), İstanbul, 2018.
• SHANKER, Morris G., "Battle of the Forms: A Comparisonand Criticism of Canadian, American and Historical Common Law Perspectives”, 4 Canadian Business Law Journel, 1980, s. 263-276.
• SİRMEN Lale, Modern Hukukta Sözleşme Kavramı ve Türk Hukuku, Prof. Dr. H. C. Oğuzoğlu’na Armağan, Ankara, 1972.
• STEENSGAARD Kasper, “A Comparative View on ‘Battle of the Forms’ under the CISG and in the German and US American Experiences”, Nordic Journal of Commercial Law, No. 1, 2015.
• STEIN Robert A., Forming a More Perfect Union: A History Of The Uniform Law Commission, Charlottesville, 2013.
• STEMP Kevin C., “A Comparative Analysis of the Battle of the Forms”, Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems, Vol. 15:243, 2005, s. 243-286.
• STEPHENS Corneill A., “Escape From The Battle Of The Forms: Keep It Simple Stupid”, Lewis & Clark Law Review, Vol. 223, N. 11, 2007, s. 233-245.
• SUKURS Charles, “Harmonizing the Battle of the Forms: A Comparison of the United States, Canada, and the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods”, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 34, 2001, s. 1481-1515.
• TEKİNAY S. Sulhi/AKMAN G. Sermet/BURCUOĞLU Haluk/ALTOP Atilla, Tekinay Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler, İstanbul, 1993.
• TERCIER Pierre/PICHONNAZ Pascal/DEVELİOĞLU Murat, Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler, İstanbul, 2016.
• TERRE François/SIMLER Philippe/LEQUETTE Yves, Droit civil, Les obligations, Paris, 2009.
• THATCHER Charles M., “Sales Contract Formation and Content-An Annotated Apology for a Proposed Revision of Uniform Commercial Code § 2-207”, South Dakota Law Review, Vol. 32, 1987, s. 296-312.
• ULUSAN İlhan, “Türk Borçlar Kanunu’ndaki Genel İşlem Koşullarına İlişkin Yeniliklerle İlgili Bazı Düşünceler”, Prof. Dr. Mustafa Dural’a Armağan, İstanbul, 2013.
• VISCASILLAS, Maria del Pilar Pelares: "Battle of the Forms" under the 1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: A Comparison with Section 2-207 UCC and the UNIDROIT Principles, Pace International Law Review, Vol. 10 Iss. 1, 1998, s. 97-155.
• von HUBER Ulrich, "Der Uncitral-Entwurf eines Übereinkommens über Internationale Warenkaufverträge”, Rabels Zeitschrift für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht, 43. Jahrg., Heft: 3, 1979, s. 413-526.
• von MEHREN Arthur, “ “The “Battle of Forms”: A Comparative View”, The American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 38, No. 2, 1990, s. 265-298. (Battle of Forms) von MEHREN Arthur, Contracts in General, International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, Vol. VII, (Ed. von MEHREN Arthur), A General View of Contract, Hague-Boston-London, 2008. (Contracts in General)
• von TUHR Andreas, Borçlar Hukukunun Umumi Kısmı Cilt: 1-2, (Çev: EDEGE Cevat) Ankara, 1983.
• WILDNER Kaia, “ Art. 19 CISG: The German Approach to the Battle of the Forms in International Contract Law: The Decision of the Federal Supreme Court of Germany of 9 January 2002, Pace International Law Review, Vol: 20, Iss: 1, 2008, s, 1-30.
• YAVUZ Cevdet, Türk Borçlar Kanunu Tasarısı’nın “Sözleşmeden Doğan Borç İlişkileri”ne İlişkin Düzenlemesinin (m. 1-48) Değerlendirilmesi, Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Ülgen’e Armağan, Cilt II, İstanbul, 2007.
• YELKENCİ Işıl, CISG Uyarınca Alıcının Sözleşmeden Dönmesi, İstanbul, 2014.
• YILMAZ Abdüssamet, Haksız Rekabet Hukukunda Genel İşlem Şartı Kullanımı, Ankara, 2015.
• YILMAZ Alper Çağrı, “Milletlerarası Ticari Sözleşmelerde Hukuk Seçimine İlişkin Genel İşlem Şartlarının Çatışması ve Lahey İlkeleri”, Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi Dergisi, Y. 6, Sa. 6, 2018, s. 481-511.
• YÜCESOY-YILMAZ Yasemin, “Viyana Satım Antlaşmasına Göre Kabul”, TAAD, Yıl: 7, Sa. 30, 2017, s. 423-449.
• ZELLER Bruno, The CISG and the Battle of the Forms, in: International Sales Law: A Global Challenge, New York, 2014. ZERRES Thomas, “Principles of the German Law on Standard Terms of Contract”, http://www.jurawelt.com/sunrise/media/mediafiles/14586/German_Standard_Terms_of_Contract_Thomas_Zerres.pdf, e.t.: (14.04.2018).
• İnternet Kaynakları
• http://www.wetten.overheid.nl
• http://www.dutchcivillaw.com
• http://www.jurawelt.com
• http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/sale_goods.html
• http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/
• https://www.academic.lexisnexis.eu
• https://www.beck-online.beck.de/
• https://www.eur-lex.europa.eu
• https://www.home.heinonline.org/
• https://www.cisg.law.pace.edu
• https://www.cisgac.com/
• https://www.law.umich.edu
• https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr
• https://www.swisslex.ch/
• https://www.unidroit.org
• https://www.link.springer.com