Mukayeseli Hukukta Standart Sözleşme Hükümlerinin Çatışması ve Bu Duruma Bağlanan Hukuki Sonuçlar
Yıl 2020,
Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 339 - 381, 25.06.2020
Eray Aksın Atar
,
Ertuğrul Erzengin
Öz
Standart sözleşmelerin ortaya çıkardığı hukuki problemlerden biri olan standart sözleşme hükümlerinin çatışması kavramı ve bu duruma bağlanan hukuki sonuçlar mukayeseli hukuk bilgileri ışığında incelenecektir.
Kaynakça
- AKÇAAL Mehmet, “Borçlar Kanununun Genel İşlem Koşullarına Dair Hükümleri Hakkında Bir İnceleme”, Gazi Üniversitesi HFD, C. XVIII, Sa. 1, 2014, s. 49-69.
- ANTALYA, O. Gökhan, Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler Cilt – I, İstanbul, 2015.
- ATAMER Yeşim M., Sözleşme Özgürlüğünün Sınırlandırılması Sorunu Çerçevesinde Genel İşlem Şartlarının Denetlenmesi, İstanbul, 2001.
- ATAMULU İsmail, “Genel İşlem Şartlarında Şahsi (Bireysel) Anlaşmanın Mevcudiyetini İspat Yükü”, ERÜHFD, C.XIII, Sa. 1, 2018, s. 101-147.
- AYDOĞDU Murat, Genel İşlem Koşulları Şerhi (Türk Borçlar Kanunu Madde 20-25), Ankara, 2018.
- BAIRD Douglas G./WEISBERG Robert, “Rules, Standards, and the Battle of the Forms: A Reassessment of § 2-207”, Virginia Law Review, Vol. 68:1217, 1982, s. 1217-1262.
- BASEDOW Jürgen, MüKoBGB - Münchener Kommentar zum Bürgerlichen Gesetzbuch: BGB, Band 2, Schuldrecht - Allgemeiner Teil I, (Hrsg. SÄCKER Franz Jürgen/RIXECKER Roland/OETKER Hartmut/LIMPERG Bettina), 2019.
- BAŞ Ece, “6098 sayılı Türk Borçlar Kanunu’nda Genel İşlem Koşulu Kavramı ve İçerik Denetimi”, Prof. Dr. Mustafa Dural’a Armağan, İstanbul, 2013.
- BAŞ-SÜZEL Ece/ADEN Felix, “ “Battle of Forms” im Türkishen AGB-Recht”, RIW, 2017, s. 111-116.
- BEN-SHARAR Omri, “An Ex-Ante View of the Battle of the Forms: Inducing Parties to Draft Reasonable Terms”, John M. Olin Center Law & Economics University of Michigan, Paper# 04-018, 2004, s. 1-26, https://www.law.umich.edu/centersandprograms/lawandeconomics/abstracts/2004/Documents/ben-shahar04-18.pdf., e.t.: (21.05.2018).
- BÜYÜKSAĞİŞ Erdem, “Borçlar Kanunu ve Viyana Satım Sözleşmesi Perspektifinden Çelişen Genel İşlem Şartları”, Uluslararası Antalya Üniversitesi Hukuk Fakültesi Dergisi, Sa. 15, 2015, s. 135-157. (Çelişen Genel İşlem Şartları)
- BÜYÜKSAĞİŞ Erdem, “Turkish Contract Law Reform: Standard Terms, Unforeseen Circumstances, and Judicial Intervention”, European Business Organization Law Review, 2016, s. 423-449. (Standard Terms)
- CAROLINE N. Brown, “Restoring Peace in the Battle of the Forms: A Framework for Making Uniform Commercial Code Section 2-207 Work”, North Carolina Law Review, Vol. 69, No. 3, 1991, s. 893-944.
- CISG-AC Opinion No. 13 Inclusion of Standard Terms under the CISG, (Rapporteur: EISELEN Sieg), Adopted by the CISG Advisory Council following its 17th meeting, in Villanova, Pennsylvania, USA, on 20 January 2013, https://www.cisgac.com/opinions/#op, e.t.: (21.08.2018). (CISG-AC)
- CHRISTANDL Gregor, Commentaries on European Contract Laws, (Ed. JANSEN Nils/ZIMMERMANN Reinhard), Oxford, 2018.
- CİVAN Orhan Ersun, Genel İş Koşulları, İstanbul, 2015.
- COOTER Robert / ULEN Thomas, Law and Economics, Boston, 2014.
- CORTERIER Andre, “A Peace Plan for the Battle of the Forms”, International Trade and Business Law Review, Vol. 10:195, 2006, s. 195-215.
- DORNIS Tim, Kommentar zum UN-Kaufrecht, Übereinkommen der Vereinten Nationen über Verträge über den Internationalen Warenkauf (CISG), (Hrsg. HONSELL Heinrich), Berlin, 2010.
- EISELEN Sieg/BERGENTHAL Sebastian, “The Battle of Forms: A Comparative Analysis”, The Comparative and International Law Journal of Southern Africa, Vol. 39, No.2, 2006, s. 214-240.
- ENDERLEIN Fritz/ MASKOW Dietrich, International Sales Law: United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods : Convention on the Limitation Period in the International Sale of Goods : Commentary, New York, 1992.
- ERCOŞKUN-ŞENOL Kübra, “Sözleşmenin İçeriğini Belirleme Özgürlüğü ve Bunun Genel Sınırı: TBK m. 27”, İÜHFM, C. LXXIV, Sa. 2, 2016, s. 709-737.
- EREN Fikret, Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler, Ankara, 2017.
- FARNSWORTH E. Allan : “Article 19”, Commentary on the International Sales Law, (Ed. BIANCA Massimo/BONELL M. Joachim), Milan, 1987.
- FEJÕS Andrea, Battle of Forms under the Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG): A Uniform Solution?, Vindobona Journal of International Commercial Law & Arbitration, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2007, s. 113-129. (A Uniform Solution?)
- FEJÕS Andrea, “Formation of Contracts in International Transactions: The Issue of Battle of the Forms under the CISG and the UCC”, CISG Database, http://www.cisg.law.pace.edu/cisg/biblio/fejos.html, 2006, e.t.: (25.04.2018). (Formation of Contracts)
- FERRARI Franco, Münchener Kommentar zum Handeslgezetzbuch, Band: 5, Wiener UN-Übereinkommen über Verträge über den internationalen Warenkauf-CISG, (Hrsg. SCHMIDT Karsten), München, 2018.
- FEYZİOĞLU Feyzi Necmeddin, Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler Cilt – I, İstanbul, 1976.
- GABRIEL Henry D.: “Uniform Commercial Code Article Two Revisions: The Wiew Of The Trenches”, Barry Law Review: Vol. 23, No. 2, 2018, s. 129-153. (Kıs: Revision)
- GABRIEL, Henry D., The Battle of the Forms: A Comparison of the United Nations Convention for the International Sale of Goods and the Uniform Commercial Code, The Business Lawyer, Vol. 49, No. 3, 1994, s. 1053-1064. (Kıs: Battle of Forms)
- GOLDBERG P. Victor, “The Battle of Forms: Fairness, Efficiency, and the Best-Shot Rule”, Oregon Law Review, Vol. 76, 1997, s. 155-173.
- GÖNENSAY A. Samim, Borçlar Hukuku, Birinci Cilt, İstanbul, 1948.
- GÖRGEÇ Başak, “Genel İşlem Koşullarının Kişilik Hakkı Kapsamında Değerlendirilmesi”, MÜHF-HAD, C. 19, Sa. 1, 2013, s. 403-440.
- HATEMİ Hüseyin/GÖKYAYLA Emre, Borçlar Hukuku Genel Bölüm, İstanbul, 2017.
- HAVUTÇU Ayşe, Açık İçerik Denetimi Yoluyla Tüketicinin Genel İşlem Şartlarına Karşı Korunması, İzmir, 2003.
- HOGAN William E., “The Highway and Some of the Byways in the Sales and Bulk Sales Articles of the Uniform Commercial Code”, Cornell Law Quarterly, Vol. 48/1, 1962, s. 1-46.
- JACOBS Edward J., “The Battle of the Forms: Standard Term Contracts in Comparative Perspective”, The International and Comparative Law Quarterly, Vol. 34, No. 2, 1985, s. 297-316.
- KADNER-GRAZIANO Thomas, “Solving the Riddle of Conflicting Choice of Law Clauses in Battle of Forms Situations: The Hague Solution”, Yearbook of Private International Law, Vol. 14, 2013, s. 71-101.
- KARA Burak, “Sigorta Sözleşmesi Şartlarının Genel İşlem Koşulları Çerçevesinde Hukuki Mahiyeti”, Alanya 4. Uluslararası Hukuk Sempozyumu Tam Metin Kitabı, 2018, s. 265-278, https://asoscongress.com/2018alanya/, e.t.: (02.01.2019).
- KARABAĞ-BULUT Nil, Medeni Kanunun 23. Maddesi Kapsamında Kişilik Hakkının Sözleşme Özgürlüğüne Etkisi, İstanbul, 2014.
- KEATING Daniel, “Exploring the Battle of the Forms in Action”, Michigan Law Review, Vol. 98/2678, 2000, s. 2678-2715.
- KELSO J. Clark, “The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: contract formation and the battle of forms”, Columbia Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 21, 1982/83, s. 529–556.
- KESSLER Friedrich, “Some Thoughts on the Evolution of the German Law of Contracts: Part I", Faculty Scholarship Series, Paper N. 2644, 1975.
- KOCAYUSUFPAŞAOĞLU Necip, Borçlar Hukuku Genel Bölüm, Birinci Cilt, İstanbul, 2017.
- KOSTKIEWICZ Jolanta Kren, OFK – Orell Füssli Kommentar, OR Kommentar Schweizerisches Obligationenrecht, (Hrsg. KOSTKIEWICZ J. Kren/WOLF Stephan/AMSTUTZ Marc/FANKHAUSER Roland), Zürich, 2016.
- KÖTZ Hein, European Contract Law, (Transl. MERTENS Gill/WEIR Tony), Croydon, 2017.
- KUT Ahmet, CHK - Handkommentar zum Schweizer Privatrecht, Obligationenrecht - Allgemeine Bestimmungen, (Hrsg. FURRER Andreas/SCHNYDER Anton K.), Zürich - Basel - Genf, 2016.
- LANDO Ole, , “Study of the systems of private law in the EU with regard to discrimination and the creation of a European Civil Code”, The Rules of European Contract Law, Working Paper, Legal Affairs Series, JURI 103 EN, Luxembourg, 1999.
- MAHÉ Chantal B.P., The Principles of European Contract Law and Dutch Law A Commentary, (Ed. SCHELHAAS Harriët), Nijmegen, 2002.
- MAZZACANO Peter J., A Comparison between the United Nations Convention on contracts for the International Sale of Goods and the Uniform Commercial Code, Osgoode Hall Law School, 2013.
- MCKENDRICK Ewan, “The Battle of Forms and the Law of Restitution”, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies, Vol. 8, No. 2, 1988, s. 197-221.
- MOCCIA Christine, The United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods and the "Battle of the Forms”, Fordham International Law Journal, Vol. 13, 1989/1990, s. 649-679.
- MURRAY John E. Jr., “The Definitive "Battle of the Forms": Chaos Revisited”, Journal of Law and Commerce, Vol. 20, 2000, s. 1-48.
- NOMER Haluk Nami, Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler, İstanbul, 2018. (Borçlar Hukuku)
- NOMER Haluk Nami, “Sözleşmedeki Esaslı Nokta, Özellikle Karşılıklı Borç Doğuran Akitlerde İvazın Miktarı Belirlenmeksizin Sözleşme Kurulabilir Mi?”, Journal of Yaşar University C. 8, Sa. Özel, 2013, s. 2053-2074. (Esaslı Nokta)
- OĞUZ Cemal, “Standart Sözleşmelerin BK. 21 ile 99/2 ve 100/3Hükümlerine Göre Hakim Tarafından Kontrolü”, Türkiye Barolar Birliği Dergisi, Sa. I, 1998, s. 25-37.
OĞUZMAN Kemal/ÖZ Turgut, Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler Cilt-1, İstanbul, 2018.
- ÖZCAN Zeynep, “The Battle of Forms”, E-Journal of Law, Vol.4 (1), 2018, s. 1-13.
- ÖZEL Çağlar, “Genel İşlem Koşulları Meselesi ve Borçlar Kanunu Tasarısının Genel İşlem Koşullarına Yönelik Olarak Getirdikleri”, Sosyoekonomi Dergisi, S.1, 2006, s. 153-167.
ÖZKAN Zehra, Avrupa Özel Hukukunun Uyumlaştırılması, AÜHFD, Sa. 66 (1), 2017, s. 157-199.
- PIECK Manfred, “A Study of the Significant Aspects of German Contract Law”, Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law, Vol. 3, Iss. 1, 1996, s. 111-176.
- POSNER Rıchard Allen, “Values and Consequences: An Introduction to Economic Analysis of Law”, John M. Olin Law & Economics Working Paper, No. 53, s. 1-11.
- REHBINDER Manfred, Genel İşlem Şartları ve Tüketicinin Korunması, (Çev. TEOMAN Ömer), İÜHFM, C. 42, Sa. 1-4, 1976, s. 641-653.
- RICHARDS Paul, Law of Contract, Boston, 2017.
- RÜHL Giesela, “The Battle of Forms: Comparative and Economic Observations”, University of Pennsylvania Journal of International Economic Law, Vol. 24:1, 2003, s. 189-224.
- SAĞLAM İpek, İstanbul Şerhi Türk Borçlar Kanunu-Yürürlük Kanunu Cilt-1 Genel Hükümler, (Ed. SEROZAN Rona/ÖZ Turgut/ACAR Faruk/GÖKYAYLA Emre/DEVELİOĞLU Murat), İstanbul, 2018. (TBK 3)
- SAĞLAM İpek, Milletlerarası Mal Satımına İlişkin Sözleşmeler Hakkında Birleşmiş Milletler Antlaşması Uyarınca Sözleşmenin Kurulması, (CISG m. 14-24), İstanbul, 2013. (Milletlerarası Mal Satımına İlişkin Sözleşmeler)
- SANDROCK Otto/GALSTON Nina Moore, “Standard Terms Act 1976 of West Germany”, The American Journal of Comprative Law, Vol. 26, N. 4, 1978, s. 551-572.
- SANLI Kerem Cem, Haksız Fiil Hukukunun Ekonomik Analizi - Hukuk ve Ekonomi Öğretisi, İstanbul, 2007. (Haksız Fiil)
- SANLI Kerem Cem, Hukuk ve Ekonomi Perspektifinden Sözleşme Hukuku ve Sözleşme Yaptırımlarının Ekonomik Analizi, İstanbul, 2015. (Sözleşme Hukuku)
- SCHÄFER Hans-Bernd/LEYENS Patrick, Economic Analysis of the DCFR: The Work of the Economic Impact Group Within CoPECL, (Ed. LAROUCHE Pierre/CHIRICO Filomena) Judicial Control of Standart Terms and European Private Law, Munich, 2010.
- SCHLECHTRIEM Peter, “The Battle of the Forms under German Law”, The Business Lawyer, Vol: 23, No. 3, 1968, s. 655- 668. (Battle of Forms under German Law)
- SCHLECHTRIEM Peter, “Battle of the Forms in International Contract Law, Evaluation of approaches in German law, UNIDROIT Principles, European Principles, CISG; UCC approaches under consideration”, Festschrift für Rolf Herber zum 70. Geburtstag, (Ed. THUME Karl-Heinz), (Transl. EIMER Martin), Luchterhand, 1999. (Battle of the Forms in International Contract Law)
- SCHROETER, Ulrich G., Commentary on the UN Convention on the International Sale of Goods (CISG), (Ed. SCHLECHTRIEM Peter/ SCHWENZER Ingeborg), Oxford, 2016. (CISG)
- SCHROETER Ulrich G., “Ergänzungen, Einschränkungen und sonstige Änderungen zum Angebot”, Kommentar zum Einheitlichen UN - Kaufrecht, (Hrsg. SCHLECHTRIEM Peter/SCHWENZER Ingeborg), München, 2013. (UN-Kaufrecht)
- SEROZAN Rona, İstanbul Şerhi Türk Borçlar Kanunu-Yürürlük Kanunu Cilt-1 Genel Hükümler, (Ed. SEROZAN Rona/ÖZ Turgut/ACAR Faruk/GÖKYAYLA Emre/DEVELİOĞLU Murat), İstanbul, 2018.
- SHANKER, Morris G., "Battle of the Forms: A Comparisonand Criticism of Canadian, American and Historical Common Law Perspectives”, 4 Canadian Business Law Journel, 1980, s. 263-276.
- SİRMEN Lale, Modern Hukukta Sözleşme Kavramı ve Türk Hukuku, Prof. Dr. H. C. Oğuzoğlu’na Armağan, Ankara, 1972.
- STEENSGAARD Kasper, “A Comparative View on ‘Battle of the Forms’ under the CISG and in the German and US American Experiences”, Nordic Journal of Commercial Law, No. 1, 2015.
- STEIN Robert A., Forming a More Perfect Union: A History Of The Uniform Law Commission, Charlottesville, 2013.
- STEMP Kevin C., “A Comparative Analysis of the Battle of the Forms”, Transnational Law & Contemporary Problems, Vol. 15:243, 2005, s. 243-286.
- STEPHENS Corneill A., “Escape From The Battle Of The Forms: Keep It Simple Stupid”, Lewis & Clark Law Review, Vol. 223, N. 11, 2007, s. 233-245.
- SUKURS Charles, “Harmonizing the Battle of the Forms: A Comparison of the United States, Canada, and the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods”, Vanderbilt Journal of Transnational Law, Vol. 34, 2001, s. 1481-1515.
- TEKİNAY S. Sulhi/AKMAN G. Sermet/BURCUOĞLU Haluk/ALTOP Atilla, Tekinay Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler, İstanbul, 1993.
- TERCIER Pierre/PICHONNAZ Pascal/DEVELİOĞLU Murat, Borçlar Hukuku Genel Hükümler, İstanbul, 2016.
- TERRE François/SIMLER Philippe/LEQUETTE Yves, Droit civil, Les obligations, Paris, 2009.
- THATCHER Charles M., “Sales Contract Formation and Content-An Annotated Apology for a Proposed Revision of Uniform Commercial Code § 2-207”, South Dakota Law Review, Vol. 32, 1987, s. 296-312.
- ULUSAN İlhan, “Türk Borçlar Kanunu’ndaki Genel İşlem Koşullarına İlişkin Yeniliklerle İlgili Bazı Düşünceler”, Prof. Dr. Mustafa Dural’a Armağan, İstanbul, 2013.
- VISCASILLAS, Maria del Pilar Pelares: "Battle of the Forms" under the 1980 United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods: A Comparison with Section 2-207 UCC and the UNIDROIT Principles, Pace International Law Review, Vol. 10 Iss. 1, 1998, s. 97-155.
- von HUBER Ulrich, "Der Uncitral-Entwurf eines Übereinkommens über Internationale Warenkaufverträge”, Rabels Zeitschrift für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht, 43. Jahrg., Heft: 3, 1979, s. 413-526.
- von MEHREN Arthur, “ “The “Battle of Forms”: A Comparative View”, The American Journal of Comparative Law, Vol. 38, No. 2, 1990, s. 265-298. (Battle of Forms)
von MEHREN Arthur, Contracts in General, International Encyclopedia of Comparative Law, Vol. VII, (Ed. von MEHREN Arthur), A General View of Contract, Hague-Boston-London, 2008. (Contracts in General)
- von TUHR Andreas, Borçlar Hukukunun Umumi Kısmı Cilt: 1-2, (Çev: EDEGE Cevat) Ankara, 1983.
- WILDNER Kaia, “ Art. 19 CISG: The German Approach to the Battle of the Forms in International Contract Law: The Decision of the Federal Supreme Court of Germany of 9 January 2002, Pace International Law Review, Vol: 20, Iss: 1, 2008, s, 1-30.
- YAVUZ Cevdet, Türk Borçlar Kanunu Tasarısı’nın “Sözleşmeden Doğan Borç İlişkileri”ne İlişkin Düzenlemesinin (m. 1-48) Değerlendirilmesi, Prof. Dr. Hüseyin Ülgen’e Armağan, Cilt II, İstanbul, 2007.
- YELKENCİ Işıl, CISG Uyarınca Alıcının Sözleşmeden Dönmesi, İstanbul, 2014.
- YILMAZ Abdüssamet, Haksız Rekabet Hukukunda Genel İşlem Şartı Kullanımı, Ankara, 2015.
- YILMAZ Alper Çağrı, “Milletlerarası Ticari Sözleşmelerde Hukuk Seçimine İlişkin Genel İşlem Şartlarının Çatışması ve Lahey İlkeleri”, Uyuşmazlık Mahkemesi Dergisi, Y. 6, Sa. 6, 2018, s. 481-511.
- YÜCESOY-YILMAZ Yasemin, “Viyana Satım Antlaşmasına Göre Kabul”, TAAD, Yıl: 7, Sa. 30, 2017, s. 423-449.
- ZELLER Bruno, The CISG and the Battle of the Forms, in: International Sales Law: A Global Challenge, New York, 2014.
ZERRES Thomas, “Principles of the German Law on Standard Terms of Contract”, http://www.jurawelt.com/sunrise/media/mediafiles/14586/German_Standard_Terms_of_Contract_Thomas_Zerres.pdf, e.t.: (14.04.2018).
- İnternet Kaynakları
- http://www.wetten.overheid.nl
- http://www.dutchcivillaw.com
- http://www.jurawelt.com
- http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/sale_goods.html
- http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/
- https://www.academic.lexisnexis.eu
- https://www.beck-online.beck.de/
- https://www.eur-lex.europa.eu
- https://www.home.heinonline.org/
- https://www.cisg.law.pace.edu
- https://www.cisgac.com/
- https://www.law.umich.edu
- https://www.legifrance.gouv.fr
- https://www.swisslex.ch/
- https://www.unidroit.org
- https://www.link.springer.com