FİYAT PROMOSYONLARININ DAVRANIŞSAL EKONOMİ TEORİLERİ ÇERÇEVESİNDE İNCELENMESİNE İLİŞKİN BİR BİBLİYOMETRİK ANALİZ

Year 2023, , 452 - 491, 27.07.2023

Gözde Güsan Köse , Zehra Bozbay

https://doi.org/10.14783/maruoneri.1258322

Abstract

Teoride ve pratikte sıklıkla kullanılan fiyat promosyonlarına yönelik olarak tüketici fiyat algılarını anlamak sadece pazarlama teorileri kapsamında ele alınmamalı; aynı zamanda ekonomi ve psikoloji gibi farklı bilimlerden beslenerek kendi özünü yaratan pazarlamanın bu gibi bilim dallarındaki teoriler çerçevesinde de ele alınması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, fiyat promosyonlarına yönelik olarak ele alınan teorilerin incelenmesi ve tüketicilerin rasyonel bireylerden çok irrasyonel bireyler olduğunu savunan davranışsal ekonomi teorileri kapsamında incelenmesidir. Araştırmanın bir diğer amacı ise, fiyat indirimlerinin birden fazla ürün ya da hem ürün hem de ek hizmetine ilişkin indirim gibi çoklu durumlarda, tüketicilerin fiyat indirimlerini karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz edebilmesine olanak sağlayacağı düşünülen zihinsel muhasebe teorisi ve hedonik çerçeveleme ilkeleri kapsamında ele alınmasıdır. Bu amaçlar doğrultusunda, literatürdeki ana konuları, yazarları, kaynakları, en çok atıf alan makaleleri ve ülkeleri bulmak için bilimsel literatür, bibliyometrik bir analizle belirlenmiş ve analiz edilmiştir. Bunu yapmak için, Web of Science (Wos) ve Scopus’un ana koleksiyonlarında indekslenen makaleler analiz edilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçları iki aşamalı olarak sunulmuş olup ilk aşamada davranışsal ekonomi ve fiyat promosyonlarına yönelik çalışmalar incelenmiştir. İkinci aşamasında ise spesifik olarak zihinsel muhasebe teorisi & hedonik çerçeveleme ve fiyat promosyonlarına yönelik çalışmalar ele alınmıştır.

Keywords

: Fiyat promosyonları, Davranışsal ekonomi teorileri, Zihinsel muhasebe teorisi, Hedonik çerçeveleme

Supporting Institution

YOK

Project Number

YOK

Thanks

YOK

A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE EXAMINATION OF PRICE PROMOTIONS WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF BEHAVIORAL ECONOMY THEORIES

Abstract

Understanding consumer price perceptions for price promotions, which are frequently used in theory and practice, should not only be taken into account in terms of marketing theories; marketing, which draws inspiration from various sciences such as economics and psychology to form its own essence, should also be taken into account in terms of the theories in such disciplines. This study's aim is to examine price promotion theories within the framework of behavioral economics theories that argue that consumers are irrational rather than rational human beings. The study also aims to examine price reductions in the context of mental accounting theory and hedonic framing principles, which are thought to help consumers compare price promotions in a variety of situations, such as discounts for more than one product or for both a product and an additional service. The main topics, authors, sources, most-cited papers, and nations in the scientific literature were identified and examined using a bibliometric analysis for these purposes. This was accomplished by examining publications published in the primary collections of Web of Science (Wos) and Scopus. The research's findings were presented in two stages, the first of which analyzed studies on behavioral economics and price promotions. Studies on the mental accounting theory, hedonic framing, and price promotions are specifically addressed in the second stage.

Keywords

Price promotion, Behavioral economics, Mental accounting theory, Hedonic framing, Bibliometric analysis

Project Number

YOK

References

• Ahmetoglu, G., et al. (2014). Pricing Practices: A Critical Review of Their Effects on Consumer Perceptions and Behaviour. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. 21(5): 696-707.
• Alford, B. L. and A. Biswas (2002). The Effects of Discount Level, Price Consciousness and Sale Proneness on Consumers’ Price Perception and Behavioral Intention. Journal of Business Research. 55(9): 775-783.
• Anderson, E. and D. Simester (2003). Effects of $9 Price Endings on Retail Sales: Evidence from Field Experiments. Quantitative Marketing and Economics. 1: 93-110.
• Anderson, E. and D. Simester (2004). Long-Run Effects of Promotion Depth on New Versus Established Customers: Three Field Studies. Marketing Science. 23: 4-20. Apesteguia, J. and M. A. Ballester (2009). A Theory of Reference-Dependent Behavior. Economic Theory. 40(3): 427-455. Aria, M. and C. Cuccurullo (2017). Bibliometrix: An R-tool For Comprehensive Science Mapping Analysis. Journal of Informetrics. 11(4): 959-975.
• Atılgan, K. Ö. (2015). Pazarlama Fiyat, Davranışsal Bir Yaklaşım. Ankara: Akademisyen Kitapevi.
• Bambauer-Sachse, S. and L. Massera (2016). Effects of Price Promotions on Consumers’ Reference Prices: The Role of Contextual Factors and Price Claims. Rediscovering the Essentiality of Marketing, Cham, Springer International Publishing.
• Bauer, H. H., et al. (2005). Präferenzschaffung durch preispsychologische Maßnahmen – eine experimentelle Untersuchung zur Wirkung von Preispräsentationsformen: Universität Mannheim Institut f. Marktorientierte Unternehmensführung.
• Beck, H. (2014). Behavioral Economics – Eine Einführung. Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler Wiesbaden.
• Bertini, M. and L. Wathieu (2007). The Framing Effect of Price Format. Advances in Consumer Research. 34:405-408.
• Biswas, A. (1992). The Moderating Role of Brand Familiarity In Reference Price Perceptions. Journal of Business Research. 25(3): 251-262.
• Blanco-Mesa, F., et al. (2017). Fuzzy Decision Making: A Bibliometric-based Review. Journal of Intelligent and Fuzzy Systems. 32: 2033-2050.
• Borchardt, R. and R. Chin Roemer (2015). Meaningful Metrics: A 21st Century Librarian’s Guide to Bibliometrics, Altmetrics and Research Impact. Chicago: Association of College and Research Libraries.
• Boztug, Y. and L. Hildebrandt (2005). An Empirical Test of Theories of Price Valuation Using A Semiparametric Approach, Reference Prices, and Accounting For Heterogeneity, Humboldt University, Collaborative Research Center 649.
• Briesch, R. A., et al. (1997). A Comparative Analysis of Reference Price Models. Journal of Consumer Research. 24(2): 202-214.
• Bruno, H. A., et al. (2012). Role of Reference Price on Price and Quantity: Insights from Business-to-Business Markets. Journal of Marketing Research. 49(5): 640-654.
• Burman, B. and A. Biswas (2004). Reference Prices in Retail Advertisements: Moderating Effects of Market Price Dispersion And Need For Cognition on Consumer Value Perception And Shopping Intention. Journal of Product & Brand Management. 13(6): 379-389.
• Burton-Chellew, M. N. and S. A. West (2013). Prosocial Preferences Do Not Explain Human Cooperation In Public-Goods Games. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110(1): 216-221.
• Çabuk, S., et al. (2019). Tüketicilerin Abartılı Referans Fiyata Yönelik Algılarının Markalı Kot Pantolon Satın Alma Davranışı Açısından İncelenmesi. Ç.Ü. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi. 28(2): 286-293.
• Camerer, C. F., et al. (2003). Advances in Behavioral Economics. New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Chandrashekaran, R. and D. Grewal (2006). Anchoring Effects of Advertised Reference Price And Sale Price: The Moderating Role Of Saving Presentation Format. Journal of Business Research. 59(10-11): 1063-1071.
• Chen, H., et al. (2012). When More Is Less: The Impact of Base Value Neglect on Consumer Preferences for Bonus Packs over Price Discounts. Journal of Marketing. 76: 64-77.
• Çiftçi, H. and H. Ayyıldız (2016). Nöroiktisat Işığında Rekabetçi Karar Alma Sürecinde Duygular, Rolleri ve Önemi. Ekonomi Bilimleri Dergisi. 8(2): 55-81.
• Coulter, K., et al. (2007). Distortion of Price Discount Perceptions: The Right Digit Effect. Journal of Consumer Research. 34(2): 162-173.
• Cropanzano, R. (2009). Writing Nonempirical Articles for Journal of Management: General Thoughts and Suggestions. Journal of Management. 35(6): 1304-1311.
• Darke, P. R. and C. M. Y. Chung (2005). Effects of Pricing And Promotion On Consumer Perceptions: It Depends on How You Frame It. Journal of retailing. 81(1): 35-47.
• Della Bitta, A. J., et al. (1981). Consumer Perceptions of Comparative Price Advertisements. Journal of Marketing Research. 18(4): 416-427.
• DelVecchio, D. and A. W. Craig (2008). Mode Matters: An Exemplar‐Prototype Hybrid (EPH) Model Of Reference Price Formation. Journal of Product & Brand Management. 17(4): 272-279.
• DelVecchio, D., et al. (2007). Cents or Percent_ The Effects of Promotion Framing on Price Expect. Journal of Marketing. 71(3): 158-170.
• Diamond, W. D. and L. Campbell (1989). The Framing of Sales Promotions: Effects on Reference Price Change. Advances in Consumer Research. 16: 241-247.
• Diller, H. (2003). Handbuch Preispolitik_ Strategien — Planung — Organisation — Umsetzung. Wiesbaden: Gabler Verlag.
• Dolan, R. J. and H. Simon (1996). Power Pricing : How Managing Price Transforms The Bottom Line. New York: Free Press.
• Dorn, T. and A. Suessmair (2017). Determinants in Pay-What-You-Want Pricing Decisions—A Cross-Country Study. American Journal of Industrial and Business Management. 07(02): 115-142.
• Edwards, K. D. (1996). Prospect Theory: A Literature Review. International Review of Financial Analysis. 5(1): 19-38.
• Erdem, T., et al. (2010). A Simple Test For Distinguishing Between Internal Reference Price Theories. Quantitative Marketing and Economics (QME). 8(3): 303-332.
• Erdogan, B. Z. and V. Doğan (2012). Ekonomik İnsan’dan Sosyo-Ekonomik İnsan’a: Pazarlamanın İktisadi Temelleri ve Pazarlama İçin Bir Çıkarım. Tüketici ve Tüketim Araştırmaları Dergisi. 4: 11-32.
• Estelami, H. and S. Maxwell (2003). Introduction to Special Issue: The Behavioral Aspects Of Pricing. Journal of Business Research. 56(5): 353-354.
• Fibich, G., et al. (2007). Optimal Price Promotion In The Presence Of Asymmetric Reference-Price Effects. Managerial and Decision Economics. 28(6): 569-577.
• Frisch, D. (1993). Reasons for Framing Effects. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 54: 399-429.
• Grewal, D., et al. (1998). The Effect of Store Name, Brand Name and Price Discounts on Consumers’ Evaluations and Purchase Intentions. Journal of retailing. 74: 331-352.
• Groos, O. V. and A. Pritchard (1969). Documentation Notes. Journal of Documentation. 25(4): 344-349.
• Gu, B. and X. Zhang (2020). Prospect Theory and the Newsvendor Problem with Mental Accounting. Journal of Systems Science and Systems Engineering. 29(5): 525-536.
• Güven, B. (2021). Zihinsel Muhasebe: Kuramsal Bakiş. Econharran Harran Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi. 5(7): 249- 272.
• Hack, A. and F. Lammers (2008). The Role of Expectations In The Formation of Reference Points Over Time, mimeo. unpublished.
• Hardesty, D. M. and W. O. Bearden (2003). Consumer evaluations of Different Promotion Types And Price Presentations: The Moderating Role of Promotional Benefit Level. Journal of Retailing. 79(1): 17-25.
• Harris, C. and J. Bray (2007). Price Endings And Consumer Segmentation. Journal of Product & Brand Management. 16: 200-205.
• Harris, J. and E. A. Blair (2006). Consumer Preference For Product Bundles: The Role Of Reduced Search Costs. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science. 34(4): 506-513.
• Heath, T. B., et al. (1995). Mental Accounting and Changes in Price: The Frame Dependence of Reference Dependence. Journal of Consumer Research. 22(1).
• Helson, H. (1964). Adaptation-Level Theory: An Experimental And Systematic Approach To Behavior. Harper and Row: New York.
• Homburg, C. and N. Koschate (2005). Behavioral Pricing-Forschung im Überblick, Teil 1: Grundlagen, Preisinformationsaufnahme und Preisinformationsbeurteilung. Journal of Business Economics : JBE. 75(4): 383-423.
• Hossain, T. and J. A. List (2012). The Behavioralist Visits the Factory: Increasing Productivity Using Simple Framing Manipulations. Management Science. 58(12): 2151-2167.
• Husemann-Kopetzky, M. (2020). Preispsychologie – In vier Schritten zur optimierten Preisgestaltung. Wiesbaden: Springer Gabler.
• Inamdar, Z., et al. (2021). A Systematic Literature Review With Bibliometric Analysis Of Big Data Analytics Adoption From Period 2014 to 2018. Journal of Enterprise Information Management. 34(1): 101-139.
• Janakiraman, N., et al. (2006). Spillover Effects: How Consumers Respond to Unexpected Changes in Price and Quality. Journal of Consumer Research. 33: 361-369.
• Janiszewski, C. and M. Cunha (2004). 1 The Influence of Price Discount Framing on The Evaluation of a Product Bundle. Journal of Consumer Research. 30: 534-546.
• Janiszewski, C. and D. R. Lichtenstein (1999). A Range Theory Account of Price Perception. Journal of Consumer Research. 25: 353-368.
• Johnson, M. D., et al. (1999). The Effects Of Price Bundling On Consumer Evaluations Of Product Offerings. International Journal of Research in Marketing. 16(2): 129-142.
• Jue, J. J. S., et al. (2012). The Impact Of Price Discounts And Calorie Messaging On Beverage Consumption: A multi-site Field Study. Preventive Medicine. 55(6): 629-633.
• Just, R. D. (2013). Introduction to Behavioral Economics. New Jersey: Wiley.
• Kahneman, D. (2003). A perspective on judgment and choice: Mapping bounded rationality. American Psychologist. 58: 697-720.
• Kahneman, D. and A. Tversky (1979). Prospect Theory: An Analysis of Decision under Risk. Econometrica. 47(2): 263-291.
• Kalwani, M. U. and C. K. Yim (1992). Consumer Price and Promotion Expectations: An Experimental Study. Journal of Marketing Research. 29(1): 90-100.
• Kalyanaram, G. and R. S. Winer (1995). Empirical Generalizations from Reference Price Research. Marketing Science. 14(3): G161-G169.
• Kandir, S. (2011). Yatirimci Duyarliliğinin İmkb Sektör Getirileri Üzerindeki Etkisi. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi İktisadi İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi. 22(2):219-248.
• Kimzan, H. S. (2012). Tüketicilerin Satın Alma Kararında İçsel Referans Fiyat Seçimini Etkileyen Faktörler. Ann Arbor, Anadolu University (Turkey): 187.
• Kıyılar, M. and M. Akkaya (2016). Davranışsal Finans. İstanbul: Literatür Yayıncılık.
• Krishna, A. and J. Slemrod (2003). Behavioral Public Finance: Tax Design as Price Presentation. International Tax and Public Finance. 10(2): 189-203.
• Kunisch, S., et al. (2018). Feature Topic at Organizational Research Methods:How to Conduct Rigorous and Impactful Literature Reviews? Organizational Research Methods. 21(3): 519-523.
• Kwon, S. and S. Jang (2011). Price Bundling Presentation And Consumer’s Bundle Choice: The Role Of Quality Certainty. International Journal of Hospitality Management. 30(2): 337-344.
• Lee, H.-C., et al. (2011). The Dilemma o Mixed Bundles: The Effects Of Price, Brand, And Content Preference On Music CD Bundle Choices. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. 18(5): 455-462.
• Lemmerer, A. and K. Menrad (2015). Customers’ Use Of Prices And Internal Reference Prices To Evaluate New Food Products. British Food Journal. 117(4): 1411-1424.
• Lichtenstein, D. R., et al. (1991). The Effect of Semantic Cues on Consumer Perceptions of Reference Price Ads. Journal of Consumer Research. 18(3): 380-391.
• Lii, Y.-s. and E. Sy (2009). Internet Differential Pricing: Effects On Consumer Price Perception, Emotions, And Behavioral Responses. Computers in Human Behavior. 25(3): 770-777.
• Liu, H. H. (2013). How Promotional Frames Affect Upgrade Intentions. Journal of Economic Psychology. 39: 237-248.
• Liu, H. H. and H. Y. Chou (2015). The Effects Of Promotional Frames Of Sales Packages On Perceived Price Increases And Repurchase Intentions. International Journal of Research in Marketing. 32(1): 23-33.
• Liu, H. H. and H. Y. Chou (2019). The Effects Of Promotional Package Frames And Price Strategies On Inaction Inertia. Psychology and Marketing. 36(3): 214-228.
• Liu, H. H. and H. Y. Chou (2021). The Effects Of Pricing Strategy On Upgrade Intentions. Marketing Intelligence and Planning. 39(5): 743-757.
• Liu, M. W. and D. Soman (2008). Behavioral Pricing. New York: Taylor & Francis Group.
• Lu, J., et al. (2016). Hedonic Products For You, Utilitarian Products For Me. Judgment and Decision Making. 11: 332-341.
• Mayhew, G. E. and R. S. Winer (1992). An Empirical Analysis of Internal and External Reference Prices Using Scanner Data. Journal of Consumer Research. 19(1): 62-70.
• Mazumdar, T. and S. Y. Jun (1993). Consumer Evaluations of Multiple versus Single Price Change. Journal of Consumer Research. 20(3): 441-450.
• Mazumdar, T. and P. Papatla (2000). An Investigation of Reference Price Segments. Journal of Marketing Research. 37(2): 246-258.
• McMahon-Beattie, U. (2002). The Strategy and Tactics of Pricing: A Guide to Profitable Decision Making. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management. 1: 286-287.
• Milian, E. Z., et al. (2019). Fintechs: A Literature Review And Research Agenda. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications. 34: 100833.
• Mishra, A. and H. Mishra (2011). The Influence of Price Discount versus Bonus Pack on the Preference for Virtue and Vice Foods. Journal of Marketing Research. 48(1): 196-206.
• Monroe, K. B. (1973). Buyers’ Subjective Perceptions of Price. Journal of Marketing Research. 10(1): 70-80.
• Moon, S. and G. Voss (2009). How Do Price Range Shoppers Differ From Reference Price Point Shoppers? Journal of Business Research. 62(1): 31-38.
• Niedrich, R. W., et al. (2001). Reference Price and Price Perceptions: A Comparison of Alternative Models. Journal of Consumer Research. 28(3): 339-354.
• Nusair, K., et al. (2009). Effect of Price Discount Frames And Levels On Consumers’ Perceptions In Low-End Service Industries. August 2010International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management. 22(6): 814-835.
• Olbrich, R. and D. Battenfeld (2014). Preispolitik – Ein einführendes Lehr – und Übungsbuch. Heidelberg: Springer Gabler.
• Park, E.-S. (2000). Warm-glow versus cold-prickle: a further experimental study of framing effects on freeriding. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. 43(4): 405-421.
• Park, S. and M.-Y. Kim (2012). The Impact of Attribute Importance in the Effects of Option Framing on Choice: Budget Range and Justification as Moderators of Loss Aversion. Psychology & Marketing. 29(10): 726- 737.
• Prelec, D. and G. Loewenstein (1998). The Red and the Black: Mental Accounting of Savings and Debt. Marketing Science. 17(1): 4-28. Priemer, V. (2000). Bundling im Marketing: Potentiale – Strategien – Käuferverhalten: Lang. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
• Raghubir, P. (2005). Framing a Price Bundle: The Case Of “Buy/Get” Offers. Journal of Product & Brand Management. 14(2): 123-128.
• Rudolph, T., et al. (2010). Preis-Promotion-Framing – Ein Überblick zum Stand der Forschung. Zeitschrift für Betriebswirtschaft. 80(3): 285-327.
• Sahin, O. (2022). Zihinsel (Mental) Muhasebe Ve Bir Literatür Taramasi. Artuklu Kaime Uluslararası İktisadi ve İdari Araştırmalar Dergisi. Special Issue: 82-108.
• Schindler, R. M. (2012). Pricing Strategies – A Marketing Approach. California: SAGE Publications, Inc.
• Schons, L. M., et al. (2014). There is Nothing Permanent Except Change—Analyzing Individual Price Dynamics In “Pay-What-You-Want” Situations. Marketing Letters. 25(1): 25-36.
• Sharma, P. and J. K. Nayak (2020). RETRACTED: Understanding the determinants and outcomes of internal reference prices in pay-what–you-want (PWYW) pricing in tourism: An analytical approach. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management. 43: 1-10.
• Sheng, S., et al. (2014). The Effects of Price Discount and Product Complementarity on Consumer Evaluations of Bundle Components. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice. 15(1): 53-64.
• Sherif, M. and C. I. Hovland (1961). Social judgment: Assimilation and Contrast Effects In Communication And Attitude Change. Oxford, England: Yale Univer. Press.
• Simon, H. and M. Fassnacht (2016). Preismanagement Strategie – Analyse – Entscheidung – Umsetzung. Wiesbaden: Springer.
• Smith, T. (2011). Pricing Strategy: Setting Price Levels, Managing Price Discounts and Establishing Price Structures: Cengage Learning.
• Srivastava, J. and D. Chakravarti (2011). Price Presentation Effects in Purchases Involving Trade-Ins. Journal of Marketing Research. 48(5): 910-919.
• Steinhardt, G. (2019). Market-Value Pricing Definitions, Concepts, and Processes for Market-Value Centric Pricing. Switzerland Springer.
• Swacha-Lech, M. and M. Solarz (2019). Mental Accounting In The Context Of Savings And Credit Decisions. Evidence from Poland. Argumenta Oeconomica. 2(43): 351-384.
• Thaler, R. (1985). Mental Accounting and Consumer Choice. Marketing Science. 4(3): 199-214.
• Thaler, R. H. (1999). Mental accounting matters. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making. 12(3): 183-206.
• Thaler, R. H. (2008). Mental accounting and consumer choice. Marketing Science. 27(1): 15-25.
• Tripathi, A. and N. Pandey (2017). Price framing literature: Past, present, and future. The Marketing Review. 17(3): 307-336.
• Tversky, A. and D. Kahneman (1981). The Framing of Decisions and the Psychology of Choice. Science. 211(4481): 453-458.
• Tversky, A. and D. Kahneman (1991). Loss Aversion in Riskless Choice: A Reference-Dependent Model. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 106(4): 1039-1061.
• Viglia, G., et al. (2016). The exploration of hotel reference prices under dynamic pricing scenarios and different forms of competition. International Journal of Hospitality Management. 52: 46-55.
• Volkmann, J. (1951). Scales of judgment and their implications for social psychology. Social psychology at the crossroads; the University of Oklahoma lectures in social psychology. Oxford, England, Harper: 273-298.
• Weisstein, F. L., et al. (2019). The role of external reference price in pay-what-you-want pricing: An empirical investigation across product types. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. 50: 170-178.
• Yıldırım, H. (2017). Davranışsal Finans – Yatırımcı Davranışını Esas Alan Modeller. İstanbul: Sokak Kitapları Yayınları.
• Yoon, H., et al. (2010). Price Formats, Discounts, and Consumers’ Perceptions: A Comparison Between Hospitality and Non-Hospitality Industries. Journal of Foodservice Business Research. 13: 51-65.
• Yuan‐Shuh Lii, D. and M. Lee (2005). Consumers’ evaluations of online reference price advertisement. International Journal of Commerce and Management. 15(2): 101-112.
• Zeithaml, V. (1984). Issues in Conceptualizing and Measuring Consumer Response to Price. Advances in Consumer Research. 11:612-616.
• Zou, S. and J. F. Petrick (2022). Testing the Effect of Price Framing on Nonresidents’ Perceptions of Dual Pricing in State Parks: An Application of Prospect Theory. Leisure Sciences. 44(2): 161-182.