Thermal, Sound and Fire Performance Properties of Prefabricated Facade Panels with Massive, Sandwich and Frame Design Concepts

Year 2022, Volume: 7 Issue: 1, 464 - 481, 08.07.2022

Ayça Akkan Nilhan Vural

https://doi.org/10.30785/mbud.1071851

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Many reasons such as the Industrial Revolution and the need for rapid building production after the Second World War have led to an acceleration of developments in the construction sector and new construction systems have emerged. These construction systems have brought forth the need for new facade designs. Prefabricated facade panels designed with the aim of quickly closing a building whose structure is completed so that it is least affected by external environmental conditions and ensuring that the facades created can exhibit good performance are also among these innovations. In this study, thermal and sound insulation, and fire resistance performance characteristics of prefabricated facade panels with wood, concrete, metal, or terracotta-based structure material, made with three different design concepts as massive, sandwich, and frame, were examined. The study is considered important because it examines the characteristics of facade elements aimed at improving the quality of the indoor environment.

Keywords

Prefabricated facade panels, prefabrication, materials, design concepts, performance characteristics

Thanks

This article has been produced from the master's thesis titled "Comparison of Prefabricated Facade Panels According to Their Materials and Design Concepts" completed in the Department of Architecture, Karadeniz Technical University Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences. The article complies with national and international research and publication ethics. Ethics committee permission was not required for the study.

Masif, Sandviç ve Çerçeve Tasarım Kurgusuna Sahip Hazır Cephe Panellerin Isı, Ses ve Yangın Performansı Özellikleri

Abstract

Endüstri Devrimi, malzeme- yapım olanaklarının artması ve II. Dünya Savaşı’nın ardından gelen hızlı yapı üretimi ihtiyacı gibi pek çok neden; yapı sektöründe meydana gelen gelişmelerin hızlanmasına neden olmuş ve beraberinde teknolojinin gelişmesi ile yeni yapım sistemleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Bu yapım sistemleri ise yeni cephe tasarımı ihtiyacını doğurmuştur. Zamanla cepheler yapının dış kabuğu olarak ana taşıyıcı sistemden ayrılmış ve farklı performans gereksinimlerini karşılamaya yönelik olarak gelişmiştir. Strüktürü tamamlanmış bir yapının, dış çevre koşullarından en az etkilenmesi için hızla kapatılması ve oluşturulan cephelerin iyi bir performans sergileyebilmesi amacı ile tasarlanan hazır cephe panelleri de bu yenilikler arasındadır. Yapılan bu çalışma ile; masif, sandviç ve çerçeve olmak üzere üç farklı tasarım kurgusu ile üretilmiş; ahşap, beton, metal veya pişmiş toprak esaslı taşıyıcı malzemeye sahip hazır cephe panellerinin; ısı yalıtımı, ses yalıtımı ve yangın dayanımı performans özellikleri incelenmiştir. Çalışma cephe elemanlarının iç ortam kalitesini iyileştirmeye yönelik özelliklerini incelediği için önemli görülmektedir.

Keywords

Hazır cephe panelleri, prefabrikasyon, malzeme, tasarım kurgusu, performans özellikleri

References

• 4RinEU. (2022). Towards The Technıcal Development of The Prefabrıcated Multıfunctıonal Façade. Access address (03.02.2022): https://4rineu.eu/2017/04/20/towards-the-technical-development-of-the-prefabricated-multifunctional-facade/
• Ahn, Y. H. & Pearce, A. R. (2013). Green luxury: a case study of two green hotels, Journal of Green Building, 8, 1, 90-119. DOI: 10.3992/JGB.8.1.90
• Akkan, A. (2020). Hazır Cephe Panellerinin Malzemelerine ve Tasarım Kurgu Özelliklerine Göre Karşılaştırılması, Master’s Thesis, Karadeniz Technical University, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Trabzon.
• ATG. (2019). Prefaxis-Keramische prefabwand (Prefaxis-mur prefab en terre cuite), 10 December 2019, Bruxelles, Belgium. Access address (26.01.2022): https://butgb- ubatc.be/en/technical_approval/atg-2968/
• Ay, İ. (2019). Türk İnşaat Sektöründe Prefabrike Yapıların Tasarım, Üretim ve Yapım Süreçlerini Etkileyen Kriterleri Belirlenmesi, Master’s Thesis, Hasan Kalyoncu University, Graduate Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, Gaziantep.
• Baghchesaraei, A. (2015). Using Prefabrication Systems İn Building Construction, The Master’s Thesis, School Of Natural And Applıed Scıences, Bahçeşehir University, İstanbul.
• Bencmark-I. (2022). Bencmark Inspiration Product Datasheet. Access address (13.03.2022): https://ks-kentico-prod-cdn- endpoint.azureedge.net/netxstoreviews/assetOriginal/78760_Inspiration_Datasheet_EN_CEER.pdf
• Bencmark-M. (2022). Bencmark Matrix Product Datasheet. Access address (26.01.2022): https://ks-kentico-prod-cdn- endpoint.azureedge.net/netxstoreviews/assetOriginal/66140_Benchmark_Matrix_Datasheet_EN.pdf
• Boopathi, M. M., Arulshri, K. P. & Iyandurai, N. (2013). Evaluation of mechanical properties of aluminium alloy 2024 reinforced with silicon carbide and fly ash hybrid metal matrix composites. American journal of applied sciences, 10(3), 219. DOI: 10.3844/ajassp.2013.219.229
• Brick Research. (2022). Ceramıc Archıtecture Made by Robots. Access address (03.02.2022): https://www.aic-iac.org/editorial_n0/architectes/gramazio-kohler/
• Carvill, J. (1993). Thermodynamics and heat transfer, Mechanical Engineer’s Data Handbook, 102–145. DOI:10.1016/b978-0-08-051135-1.50008-x
• CLT. (2022). CLT and the Future of Wood: The Timber Revolution Comes to Industrial Architecture. Access address (03.02.2022): https://www.archdaily.com/782264/clt-cross-laminated- timber-and-the-future-of-wood-the-timber-revolution-comes-to-industrial-architecture?ad_medium=gallery
• Cramer, S. M., Friday, O. M., White, R. H. & Sriprutkiat, G. (2003). Mechanical properties of gypsum board at elevated temperatures. In Fire and materials 2003: 8th International Conference, January 2003, San Francisco, CA, USA. London: Interscience Communications Limited, pages 33-42.
• Conlan, N. & Casey, J. (2015). Comparing predicted and on-site performance of CLT partitions and flanking elements. Proceedings of the Institute of Acoustics, 37(2).
• Cornell Tech NYC. (2022). The World's Largest Passive House Building. Access address (03.02.2022): https://nesea.org/sites/default/files/session- docs/developingtheworldslargerstpassivehouse.pdf
• CREE. (2018). Cree Planning Manual LCT System, December 2018. Access address (01.02.2022): https://www.bimobject.com/en-us/product/downloadobjectfile?id=af338999-31ba-481a- 9e62-39009516a2de
• Crosbie, M. J. (2005). Curtain walls: Recent developments by Cesar Pelli ve Associates, Basel: Birkhaeuser.
• Eriç, M. (2002). Yapı Fiziği ve Malzemesi 2, İstanbul: Literatür Yayıncılık.
• Erofeev, V. I. & Monich, D. V. (2020). Sound insulation properties of sandwich panels. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 896, No. 1, p. 012005). IOP Publishing. DOI:10.1088/1757-899X/896/1/012005
• Fabron Prekast. (2022). Panels. Access address (01.02.2022): https://fabconprecast.com/product-systems/panels/
• Fiber Prekast. (2022). Isı ve Ses Yalıtımlı Prekast Duvar Elemanları. Access address (01.02.2022): http://www.fiberprekast.com/tasarim.html
• FIP. (2022). Foam Insulated Panels. Access address (03.02.2022): https://www.steelbuildinginsulation.com/foampanels.html
• Foster, A. (2015). Understanding, predicting, and improving the performance of foam-filled sandwich panels in large-scale fire resistance tests. Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Manchester (United Kingdom).
• GIB. (2017). GIB04 Noise Control Systems Specification and Installation Manual, September, New Zealand. Access address (08.02.2022): https://www.gib.co.nz/assets/Uploads/GIB04- Noise-Control-Systems-Manual-5A03-ONLINE-20171107.pdf
• GIPEN. (2011). Avantages Domibois, Paris. Access address (01.02.2022): http://www.gipen.fr/documentations.html?file=tl_files/gipen/pdf/fiche-domibois.pdf
• GlobePanels. (2015). Brochure. London. Access address (01.02.2022): http://globepanels.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Cat-EN-GP.pdf
• Gu, H. M. & Zink-Sharp, A. (2005). A geometric model for softwood transverse thermal conductivity. Part I. Wood and Fiber Science, 37(4), 699-711.
• Gunalan, S. & Mahendran, M. (2014). Fire performance of cold-formed steel wall panels and prediction of their fire-resistance rating. Fire Safety Journal, 64, 61-80. DOI: 10.1016/j.firesaf.2013.12.003
• Gül, A., Örücü, Ö. K. & Karaca, O. (2006). An approach for Recreation Suitability Analysis to Recreation Planning in Gölcük Nature Park. Environmental Management, 37(5), 606–625.
• Hasan, E. F. E. & Kasal, A. (2007). Çeşitli masif ve kompozit ağaç malzemelerin bazı fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi. Politeknik Dergisi, 10(3), 303-311. DOI: 10.2339/2007.10.3.303- 311
• Hegger, M., Drexler, H. & Zeumer, M. (2016). Yapı Malzemeleri. İkinci Baskı, Yem Yayın.
• Hemsec. (2017). SIPs Declaration of Performance, 03.08.2017. Access address (26.01.2022): https://irp.cdn-website.com/a67636e1/files/uploaded/Hemsec-SIPs_DoP-0319-A.pdf
• Hemsec. (2019). Leading İn İnsulated Panel Manufacture Product Overview. Access address (01.02.2022): https://www.hemsec.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Hemsec_Leading-in- Insulated-Panel-Manufacture_Product-Overview-Brochure_1219.pdf
• Hoeller, C., Mahn, J., Quirt, D., Schoenwald, S. & Zeitler, B. (2017). Apparent sound insulation in cross-laminated timber buildings. J. Acoust. Soc. Am, 141(5), 3479-3479. Doi: 10.4224/23002009
• Holmes, N., Browne, A. & Montague, C. (2014). Acoustic properties of concrete panels with crumb rubber as a fine aggregate replacement. Construction and Building Materials, 73, 195- 204.
• JM. (2002). JM Steel Framing STC Values. Access address (31.01.2022): https://www.jm.com/content/dam/jm/global/en/building-insulation/Files/BI%20Toolbox/JM-Steelstud-Framing- STC-Ratings.pdf
• Jørn Hindklev. (2022). Har montert 40 veggelementer på Mjøstårnet på en uke. Access address (03.02.2022): https://www.bygg.no/har-montert-40-veggelementer-pa-mjostarnet-pa- en-uke/1334646!/?image=2
• Kingspan. (2017). Insulated Roof And Wall Panel Systems Product Selector. April. Uk. Access address (01.02.2022): https://www.kingspan.com/roe/el-gr/products/insulated- panels/downloads/kingspan-product-selector
• Knowland, P. & Uno, P. (2006). Technical Basics No. 1 – Acoustic Properties of Precast. National Precaster, 40, May 2006.
• Kosny, J. (1995). Comparison of thermal performance of wood stud and metal frame wall systems. Journal of Thermal Insulation and Building Envelopes, 19(1), 59-71. DOI: 10.1177/109719639501900106.
• Kosny, J., Desjarlais, A. & Christian, J. (1999). Whole Wall Rating/Label for Structural Insulated Panels: Steady-State Thermal Analysis, Oak Ridge National Laboratory and Buildings Technology Center, 4 June 1999.
• Kuwamura, H. (2003). Local buckling of thin-walled stainless steel members. Steel Structures, 3(3), 191-201.
• L.Brown, M. (2011). Structural insulated panel system. United States Patent Application, 12/690, 683. Access address (13.03.2022): https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/36/10/a6/58dcd4a7d24562/US8286399.pdf
• Lamit Load Charts. Lamit SIP Load Charts. Access address (31.01.2022): http://www.lamitindustries.com/literature/Lamit%20SIP%20Load%20Charts.pdf
• Lacity College. (2022). Metal and Alloy Densities. Access address (29.06.2022): https://www.lacitycollege.edu/Departments/Chemistry/documents/MetalAlloydensity
• The Lansdowne. (2022). FP McCann scaling new heights with The Lansdowne building in Birmingham. Access address (03.02.2022): https://www.ukconstructionmedia.co.uk/press- releases/fp-mccann-scaling-new-heights-lansdowne-building-birmingham/
• Middleton, B. & Moelis, D. (2017). Designing and Building the World’s Largest & Tallest Passive House Building, Handel Architects, New York. Access address (31.01.2022): http://s3-us-west- 2.amazonaws.com/handel-architects/documents/TheHouse_pamphlet_170912.pdf?mtime=20171020113733
• NAIMA & MBMA. (2019). Acoustical Performance of Insulated Metal Building Roof and Wall Assemblies. Access address (27.01.2022): https://insulationinstitute.org/wp- content/uploads/2019/03/MBMA-NAIMA-Acousticical-Performance-Guide-Final.pdf
• NaturallyWood. (2017). Brock Commons Tallwood House Construction Overview, Case Study, March. Access address (24.05.2022): https://www.naturallywood.com/wp- content/uploads/brock-commons-construction-overview_case-study_naturallywood.pdf
• Norbec. (2017). Panel Wıth Polyısocyanurate Core. May 2017. Access address (01.02.2022): https://norbec.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/NOREX-TECHNICAL-SHEET-EN.pdf
• Odeen, K. (1985). Fire resistance of wood structures. Fire Technology, 21(1), 34-40.
• Oktuğ, Y. (1991). Yüksek Binalarda Alüminyum Giydirme Cephe Sistemleri, Giydirme Cepheler Sempozyumu, İstanbul: YEM Yayın.
• Oymael, S. (2016). Yapı Malzemesi ve Yapı Fiziği İlişkisi, Birsen Yayınevi.
• Panjehpour, M., Abang Ali, A. A. & Voo, Y. L. (2013). Structural Insulated Panels: Past, Present, and Future. Journal of Engineering, Project & Production Management, 3(1), 2-8. DOI: 10.32738/JEPPM.201301.0002
• PCI. (2017). Designing with Precast and Prestressed Concrete, Chicago. Access address (01.02.2022): http://www.gateprecast.com/assets/files/PCI%20Designing%20with%20Precast.pdf
• PCI MNL-22. (2007). Architectural Precast Concrete, 3rd Edition, Chicago. Access address (01.02.2022): http://www.enterpriseprecast.com/uploads/Image/PCI_Architectural_Precast_Concrete_Manual.pdf
• Pečur, I. B., Milovanović, B., Carević, I. & Alagušić, M. (2014). Precast Sandwich Panel–Innovative Way of Construction. Proc 10th CCC Congress LIBEREC, 1-12.
• Premier. (2018). The Premier Advantage. Access address (01.02.2022): https://www.premiersips.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/PSIPS_MasterBroch_10-2018-Web.pdf
• Pul, S. & Senturk, M. (2017). A bolted moment connection model for precast column-beam joint. In Proceedings of the 2nd World Congress on Civil, Structural, and Environmental Engineering, Barcelona, Spain, 2-4.
• Raheem, A. A., Soyingbe, A. A. & Emenike, A. J. (2013). Effect of curing methods on density and compressive strength of concrete. International Journal of Applied Science and Technology, 3(4).
• RB30/33. (2022). Redbloc RB 30/33 VZ FW PLAN. Access address (27.06.2022): https://www.redbloc.at/fileadmin/2020-redbloc/RB-ZiegelPDFs/DB08_RB3033VZ_Fertigteil.pdf
• Roque, E. & Santos, P. (2017). The effectiveness of thermal insulation in lightweight steel-framed walls with respect to its position. Buildings, 7(1), 13.
• Sá, A. B., Pinto, I. & Paiva, A. (2016). Dynamic simulation of the Trombe wall thermal performance. In 41st IAHS World Congress, Sustainability and Innovation for the Future (pp. 1-11).
• SIP Section. (2010). Structural Insulated Panels Section 06120, 01.12.10. Access address (01.02.2022): http://www.lamitindustries.com/literature/Lamit%20SIP%20Specification%20_3_.pdf
• Serter, N. (2010). Cephelerde Kullanılan Sandviç Panellerin Üretim ve Montaj Aşamaları, Master’s Thesis, İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, İstanbul.
• SFA. (2013). A Guide To Fire & Acoustic Data For Cold-Formed Steel Floor, Wall & Roof Assemblies, June 2013. Access address (01.02.2022): https://34ce4777-cf2c-44ab-9afc- b833ed0e31c0.filesusr.com/ugd/91c070_0d965b3fe7ae41e8beddec2e1f4ceb06.pdf
• SIPEUROPE. (t.y). Structural Insulated Panel Katalog- Universal Building System. Access address (01.02.2022): https://www.sipeurope.eu/images/documents/Katalog_EU.pdf
• Skyrise Prefab. (2022). Structural Wall Panels. Access address (01.02.2022): https://www.skyriseprefab.com/wall-panels
• Song, Y. J. & Hong, S. I. (2019). Compressive Strength Properties Perpendicular to the Grain of Larch Cross-laminated Timber. BioResources, 14(2), 4304-4315.
• Stora Enso. (2022). CLT by Stora Enso Building Physic. 6 June. Access address (27.01.2022): https://www.storaenso.com/-/media/documents/download-center/documents/product- specifications/wood-products/clt-technical/clt-by-stora-enso-technical-documentation---building-physics--2021-9-en.pdf?mode=brochure#page=14
• Studziński, R. & Pozorski, Z. (2018). Experimental and numerical analysis of sandwich panels with hybrid core. Journal of Sandwich Structures & Materials, 20(3), 271-286. DOI: 10.1177/1099636216646789
• Sukontasukkul, P., Sangpet, T., Newlands, M., Tangchirapat, W., Limkatanyu, S., & Chindaprasirt, P. (2022). Thermal behaviour of concrete sandwich panels incorporating phase change material. Advances in Building Energy Research, 16(1), 64-88. DOI: 10.1080/17512549.2020.1788990
• Sunny Pavilion. (2022). Sunny 95 Pavilion. Access address (03.02.2022): https://www.flickr.com/photos/lamitindustries/sets/72157626738124477/
• Technical Bulletin 7b. (2011). Fıre Resıstıve Assemblıes, 14 June 2011, Premier SIPs. Access address (01.02.2022): https://www.premiersips.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Tech-Bull- 07b-fire-resistive-assemblies.pdf
• Technical Bulletin 25c. (2015). Sound Transmıssıon, 15 June 2015, Premier SIPs. Access address (01.02.2022): https://www.premiersips.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Tech-Bull-25c- sound-trasmission1.pdf
• Teibinger, M. (2013). Construction with Cross Laminated Timber in Multi Storey Buildings, Focus on Building Physics Vienna, February 2013. Access address (01.02.2022): https://www.hasslacher.com/data/_dateimanager/broschuere/HNT-Guidelines_building_physics_CLT.pdf
• TGM. (2008). Staatliche Versuchsanstalt – TGM Akustik und Bauphysik, VA AB 11425, 19 Marz. Access address (31.01.2022): https://www.redbloc.at/fileadmin/content/fertigteil/downloads/pr%C3%BCfungen/Schall_RB20VZFWPlan.pdf
• TG. (2022). SINTEF Teknisk Godkjenning – NR. 2542, Moelv, Norway. Access address (01.02.2022): https://www.sintefcertification.no/Product/Download/10582
• Toplu, P. T. (2018). 2000 Yılı Öncesi İnşa Edilmiş Konutların Cephelerinin Enerji Etkin Yenilenmesi İçin Model Cephe Sistemi Önerisi, Master’s Thesis, İstanbul Technical University, Institute of Natural and Applied Sciences, İstanbul.
• The Rockwell. (2022). The Rockwell. Access address (03.02.2022): https://www.clarkpacific.com/project/the-rockwell-pine-and-franklin/
• TMS. (2022). The standard method for determining the sound transmission class rating for masonry walls. Access address (31.01.2022): https://masonrysociety.org/wp- content/uploads/2018/08/TMS-302-Sound-Standard-Public-Comment-Version_2018-08-07.pdf
• TTFC. (2022). The Timber Frame Company Brochure, Ireland. Access address (01.02.2022): http://www.ttfc.ie/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/TTFC-Brochure-11_19.pdf
• Verbo Technische Gids. (2018). Consulteer onze website voor de meest recente beschrijvende tekst en het ATG-attest, L.capitan nv, Februari, Ploegsteert, Belgium. Access address (01.02.2022): http://www.ploegsteert.com/userfiles/ploegsteert/downloadcentre/TechnischeGids_NL_Small.pdf
• Van de Voorde, S., Wouters, I., Bertels, I., Verswijver, K., Belmans, B., Verdonck, A. & Descamps, F. (2015). Post-War Building Materials in Housing in Brussels (1945-1975), Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussel, page. 370-426.
• Yue, K., Liang, B., Liu, J., Li, M., Pu, Y., Lu, W., Han, Z. & Li, Z. (2022). Fire resistance of light wood frame walls sheathed with innovative gypsum-particle composite: Experimental investigations. Journal of Building Engineering, 45, 103576. DOI: 10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103576
• Way, A. G. J. (2012). ED015: Acoustic Performance of Light Steel Construction. Access address (31.01.2022): https://steel-sci.com/assets/downloads/LSF/ED015%20Download.pdf
• Wilden, H. (2010). PCI Design Handbook, Precast and Prestressed Concrete, Chapter 11, Seventh Edition, Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, Chicago, IL. Access address (13.03.2022): https://www.kerkstra.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Design_Handbook_7th_Edition.pdf
• Wood, L. W. (1958). Sandwich panels for building construction. USDA Forest Service Report No. 2121. USDA Forest Products Laboratory, Madison, Wisconsin. Access address (13.03.2022): https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/downloads/41687n20j
• Xlam. (2017). XLam Design Guide Thermal Design, New Zealand Design Guide. Access Date: 26.01.2022, Access address: http://xlaminfo.com/sites/default/files/New_Zealand_Design_Guide_Version_2.2_May _2017.pdf