Research Article
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Year 2026, Volume: 15 Issue: 2 , 545 - 559 , 28.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1658581
https://izlik.org/JA63ZR26GX

Abstract

References

  • Abduvaliev, M. (2023). The Impact of Investments on Economic Growth: Evidence from Tajikistan, MPRA Paper, No: 116635.
  • Agrawal, G. (2015). Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in BRICS Economies: A Panel Data Analysis. Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 3(4), 421-424.
  • Ai-jun, G., Mohsin, AKM., Ahmed SF., Shumshunnahar, M., Rahman, A. ve Amer EAAA. (2024). Exploring the Nexus Between FDI İnflows and Economic Growth: A Sectoral Level Analysis. Plos One, 19(5), 1-14.
  • Alagöz, M., Erdoğan, S., ve Topallı, N. (2008). Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Türkiye Deneyimi 1992-2007, Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1),79-89.
  • Albulescu, C.T. (2015). Do Foreign Direct and Portfolio Investments Affect Long-Term Economic Growth in Central and Eastern Europe? Procedia Economics and Finance 23, 507 – 512.
  • Antwı, S., Mılls, E.F.E.A., Mılls, G.A. ve Zhao, X. (2013). Impact of Foreign Direct İnvestment on Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Ghana. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 3(1), 18–25.
  • Arslan, Z. ve Karadaş, H.A. (2024). Farklı Sektörlere Yönelik Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımların Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Journal of Academic Opinion, 4(2), 42-51.
  • Aydıngülü Sakalsız, S. ve Şahin, S. (2023). The Lınkage Between Foreıgn Dırect Investment And Economıc Growth in E7 Countrıes: The Moderatıng Role of World Uncertaınty. Uluslararası İşletme, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Perspektifleri Dergisi, 7(2), 360-378.
  • Benghoul, M. ve Aydın, H.İ. (2019). Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Turkey. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(4), 1181-1194.
  • Borensztein, E., Gregorio, J.D. ve Lee, J-W. (1988). How Does Foreign Direct İnvestment Affect Economic Growth? Journal of International Economics, 45, 115–135.
  • Breusch, T. S. ve Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The review of economic studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Bulut, E. ve Çil, D. (2024). Kamu Harcamaları ve Vergi Gelirleri Arasındaki Asimetrik Nedensellik İlişkisi: Geçiş Ekonomileri Örneği. Sosyoekonomi, 32(60), 317-338.
  • Carbonell, J.B. ve Werner, R.A. (2018). Does Foreign Direct Investment Generate Economic Growth? A New Empirical Approach Applied to Spain. Economic Geography, 94:4, 425-456.
  • Chowdhury, A. ve Mavrotas, G. (2006). FDI and Growth: What Causes What? World Economy, 29(1), 9–19.
  • Emirkadı, Ö. (2022). D8 Ülkelerinde Dış Ticaret ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Panel Nedensellik Analizi. Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Siyaset Bilimler Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(15), 52-61.
  • Feeny, S., Iamsiraroj, S. ve McGillivray, M. (2014). Growth and Foreign Direct Investment in the Pacific Island Countries. Economic Modelling, 37, 332- 339.
  • Gautam, S. (2023). Correlation between Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Nepal. Academia Research Journal, 3(1), 48-63.
  • Gherghina, S.C., Simionescu, L.N. ve Hudea, O.S. (2019). Exploring Foreign Direct Investment–Economic Growth Nexus Empirical Evidence from Central and Eastern European Countries. Sustainability, 11, 1-33.
  • Gök, A. ve Güvercin, D. (2020). The Interaction Between Foreign Direct Investment, Foreign Portfolio Investment And Economic Growth: The Case Of Sub-Saharan African Countries. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 15(1): 57-82.
  • Gui-Diby, S.L. (2014). Impact of Foreign Direct Investments on Economic Growth in Africa: Evidence From Three Decades Of Panel Data Analyses. Research in Economics, 68, 248-256.
  • Iamsiraroj, S. (2015). The Foreign Direct İnvestment–Economic Growth Nexus. International Review of Economics and Finance, 42, 116-133.
  • Juodis, A., Karavias, Y., ve Sarafidis, V. (2021). A Homogeneous Approach to Testing for Granger Non-Causality in Heterogeneous Panels. Empirical Economics, 60 (1), 93-112.
  • Kaddouri, N. ve Benelbar, M. (2024). The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence. Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks, 8(1), 123-132.
  • Kotrajaras, P. (2010). Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth: A Comparative Study among East Asian Countries. Applied Economics Journal. 17(2): 12-26.
  • Kuzucu, S. (2018). Do foreign direct investment and portfolio investment stimulate economic growth? Evidence from developing countries. Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting (JEFA), 5(4), 331-338.
  • Levin, A. L. C. ve Chu C.J. (2002). Unit Roots Tests In Panel Data: Asymptotic And Finite Sample Properties. Journal Of Econometrics, 108, 2002, 1–24.
  • LI, X. ve LIU, X. (2004). Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth: An Increasingly Endogenous Relationship. World Development, 33(3), 393-407.
  • Lögün, A. (2020). Foreign Direct Investments, Exports and Economic Growth: Panel Ardl and Causality Analysis for E7 Countries. Journal of Academic Research in Economics, 12(1), 7-17.
  • Manuchehr, I. ve Ericsson, J. (2001). On the causality between foreign direct investment and output: a comparative study. The International Trade Journal, 15(1), 1–26.
  • Mlambo, C. (2022). The Impact of International Portfolio Investment on Economic Growth: The Case of Selected African States. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science, 11(10), 151-159.
  • Paksoy, H. & Alagöz, M. (2024). Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Ticari Açıklık ve İstihdamın Büyüme Üzerine Etkisi: Kazakistan Örneği (1992-2022). Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 160- 175.
  • Pesaran, A. H., Ullah, A. ve Yamagata, T. (2008). A Bias-Adjusted LM Tets of Error Cross-Section Independence. Econometrics Journal, 2, 105-1127.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 435.
  • Peseran, M.H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross section Dependecy. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 0346.
  • Sijabat, R. (2023). The Association between Foreign Investment and Gross Domestic Product in Ten ASEAN Countries. Economies, 11: 188.
  • Susilo, D. (2018). The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth (a Causal Study in the United States). Jurnal Pendidikan Bisnis dan Ekonomi, 4(1), 72-85.
  • Swamy, P. A. V. B. (1970). Efficient Inference in Random Coefficient Regression Model. Econometrica, 38(2), 311-23.
  • Swamy, P. A. V. B. (1971). Statistical Inference in Random Coefficient Models. New York: Springer-Verlag Statistical Inference in Random Coefficient Models.
  • Turan Koyuncu, F. (2017). Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Ekonomik Büyüme ve İstihdam Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Uygulaması (1990-2015). Uluslararası Sosyal ve Ekonomik Bilimler Dergisi International Journal of Social and Economic Sciences, 7(2), 17-24.
  • Uğur, B. ve Çelik, O. (2023). Portföy ve Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırım Girişlerinin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Karşılaştırmalı Etkisi: E-7 Ülkeleri Örneği. Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(2), 137-148.
  • Westerlund J. ve Edgerton D.L. (2007). A panel bootstrap cointegration test. Economics Letters, 97(3), 185-190.
  • Yildirim, Z. ve Demir, M. (2021). Türkiye’de Vergi Esnekliğinin Panel Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Testleri ile Analizi. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 17(36), 2714-2739.
  • Zhang, K.H. (2001). How Does Foreign Direct Investment Affect Economic Growth in China? Economic of Transition, 9(3), 679-693.

Year 2026, Volume: 15 Issue: 2 , 545 - 559 , 28.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1658581
https://izlik.org/JA63ZR26GX

Abstract

References

  • Abduvaliev, M. (2023). The Impact of Investments on Economic Growth: Evidence from Tajikistan, MPRA Paper, No: 116635.
  • Agrawal, G. (2015). Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in BRICS Economies: A Panel Data Analysis. Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 3(4), 421-424.
  • Ai-jun, G., Mohsin, AKM., Ahmed SF., Shumshunnahar, M., Rahman, A. ve Amer EAAA. (2024). Exploring the Nexus Between FDI İnflows and Economic Growth: A Sectoral Level Analysis. Plos One, 19(5), 1-14.
  • Alagöz, M., Erdoğan, S., ve Topallı, N. (2008). Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Türkiye Deneyimi 1992-2007, Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1),79-89.
  • Albulescu, C.T. (2015). Do Foreign Direct and Portfolio Investments Affect Long-Term Economic Growth in Central and Eastern Europe? Procedia Economics and Finance 23, 507 – 512.
  • Antwı, S., Mılls, E.F.E.A., Mılls, G.A. ve Zhao, X. (2013). Impact of Foreign Direct İnvestment on Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Ghana. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 3(1), 18–25.
  • Arslan, Z. ve Karadaş, H.A. (2024). Farklı Sektörlere Yönelik Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımların Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Journal of Academic Opinion, 4(2), 42-51.
  • Aydıngülü Sakalsız, S. ve Şahin, S. (2023). The Lınkage Between Foreıgn Dırect Investment And Economıc Growth in E7 Countrıes: The Moderatıng Role of World Uncertaınty. Uluslararası İşletme, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Perspektifleri Dergisi, 7(2), 360-378.
  • Benghoul, M. ve Aydın, H.İ. (2019). Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Turkey. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(4), 1181-1194.
  • Borensztein, E., Gregorio, J.D. ve Lee, J-W. (1988). How Does Foreign Direct İnvestment Affect Economic Growth? Journal of International Economics, 45, 115–135.
  • Breusch, T. S. ve Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The review of economic studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Bulut, E. ve Çil, D. (2024). Kamu Harcamaları ve Vergi Gelirleri Arasındaki Asimetrik Nedensellik İlişkisi: Geçiş Ekonomileri Örneği. Sosyoekonomi, 32(60), 317-338.
  • Carbonell, J.B. ve Werner, R.A. (2018). Does Foreign Direct Investment Generate Economic Growth? A New Empirical Approach Applied to Spain. Economic Geography, 94:4, 425-456.
  • Chowdhury, A. ve Mavrotas, G. (2006). FDI and Growth: What Causes What? World Economy, 29(1), 9–19.
  • Emirkadı, Ö. (2022). D8 Ülkelerinde Dış Ticaret ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Panel Nedensellik Analizi. Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Siyaset Bilimler Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(15), 52-61.
  • Feeny, S., Iamsiraroj, S. ve McGillivray, M. (2014). Growth and Foreign Direct Investment in the Pacific Island Countries. Economic Modelling, 37, 332- 339.
  • Gautam, S. (2023). Correlation between Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Nepal. Academia Research Journal, 3(1), 48-63.
  • Gherghina, S.C., Simionescu, L.N. ve Hudea, O.S. (2019). Exploring Foreign Direct Investment–Economic Growth Nexus Empirical Evidence from Central and Eastern European Countries. Sustainability, 11, 1-33.
  • Gök, A. ve Güvercin, D. (2020). The Interaction Between Foreign Direct Investment, Foreign Portfolio Investment And Economic Growth: The Case Of Sub-Saharan African Countries. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 15(1): 57-82.
  • Gui-Diby, S.L. (2014). Impact of Foreign Direct Investments on Economic Growth in Africa: Evidence From Three Decades Of Panel Data Analyses. Research in Economics, 68, 248-256.
  • Iamsiraroj, S. (2015). The Foreign Direct İnvestment–Economic Growth Nexus. International Review of Economics and Finance, 42, 116-133.
  • Juodis, A., Karavias, Y., ve Sarafidis, V. (2021). A Homogeneous Approach to Testing for Granger Non-Causality in Heterogeneous Panels. Empirical Economics, 60 (1), 93-112.
  • Kaddouri, N. ve Benelbar, M. (2024). The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence. Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks, 8(1), 123-132.
  • Kotrajaras, P. (2010). Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth: A Comparative Study among East Asian Countries. Applied Economics Journal. 17(2): 12-26.
  • Kuzucu, S. (2018). Do foreign direct investment and portfolio investment stimulate economic growth? Evidence from developing countries. Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting (JEFA), 5(4), 331-338.
  • Levin, A. L. C. ve Chu C.J. (2002). Unit Roots Tests In Panel Data: Asymptotic And Finite Sample Properties. Journal Of Econometrics, 108, 2002, 1–24.
  • LI, X. ve LIU, X. (2004). Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth: An Increasingly Endogenous Relationship. World Development, 33(3), 393-407.
  • Lögün, A. (2020). Foreign Direct Investments, Exports and Economic Growth: Panel Ardl and Causality Analysis for E7 Countries. Journal of Academic Research in Economics, 12(1), 7-17.
  • Manuchehr, I. ve Ericsson, J. (2001). On the causality between foreign direct investment and output: a comparative study. The International Trade Journal, 15(1), 1–26.
  • Mlambo, C. (2022). The Impact of International Portfolio Investment on Economic Growth: The Case of Selected African States. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science, 11(10), 151-159.
  • Paksoy, H. & Alagöz, M. (2024). Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Ticari Açıklık ve İstihdamın Büyüme Üzerine Etkisi: Kazakistan Örneği (1992-2022). Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 160- 175.
  • Pesaran, A. H., Ullah, A. ve Yamagata, T. (2008). A Bias-Adjusted LM Tets of Error Cross-Section Independence. Econometrics Journal, 2, 105-1127.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 435.
  • Peseran, M.H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross section Dependecy. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 0346.
  • Sijabat, R. (2023). The Association between Foreign Investment and Gross Domestic Product in Ten ASEAN Countries. Economies, 11: 188.
  • Susilo, D. (2018). The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth (a Causal Study in the United States). Jurnal Pendidikan Bisnis dan Ekonomi, 4(1), 72-85.
  • Swamy, P. A. V. B. (1970). Efficient Inference in Random Coefficient Regression Model. Econometrica, 38(2), 311-23.
  • Swamy, P. A. V. B. (1971). Statistical Inference in Random Coefficient Models. New York: Springer-Verlag Statistical Inference in Random Coefficient Models.
  • Turan Koyuncu, F. (2017). Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Ekonomik Büyüme ve İstihdam Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Uygulaması (1990-2015). Uluslararası Sosyal ve Ekonomik Bilimler Dergisi International Journal of Social and Economic Sciences, 7(2), 17-24.
  • Uğur, B. ve Çelik, O. (2023). Portföy ve Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırım Girişlerinin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Karşılaştırmalı Etkisi: E-7 Ülkeleri Örneği. Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(2), 137-148.
  • Westerlund J. ve Edgerton D.L. (2007). A panel bootstrap cointegration test. Economics Letters, 97(3), 185-190.
  • Yildirim, Z. ve Demir, M. (2021). Türkiye’de Vergi Esnekliğinin Panel Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Testleri ile Analizi. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 17(36), 2714-2739.
  • Zhang, K.H. (2001). How Does Foreign Direct Investment Affect Economic Growth in China? Economic of Transition, 9(3), 679-693.

The Impact of Foreign Direct and Indirect Investment on Economic Growth in E7 Countries: Evidence from Panel Causality Analysis

Year 2026, Volume: 15 Issue: 2 , 545 - 559 , 28.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1658581
https://izlik.org/JA63ZR26GX

Abstract

Foreign direct and indirect investments are crucial issues that deserve attention in all economies in the context of development and economic growth. This is because such investments make positive contributions to the economy in various ways, including increasing employment opportunities, promoting industrial and technological advancements, expanding the volume of capital markets, and diversifying the range of available products. These contributions are particularly significant for all national economies, especially for those that are developing or undergoing industrialization. In these economies, foreign direct and indirect investments are among the most effective methods for achieving capital accumulation. Within this framework, the present study investigates the causal relationship between economic growth and foreign direct and indirect investments in E7 countries. In the analysis, the dependent variable is economic growth, while the independent variables are foreign direct and indirect investments, unemployment, and inflation. While foreign direct and indirect investments constitute the core variables of the analysis, inflation and unemployment are included in the empirical model as control variables. Within the framework of the analyses conducted, the presence of inter-unit correlation and heterogeneity was identified in the empirical model. Therefore, the “Judois, Karavias, and Sarafidis” (2021) heterogeneous panel causality analysis, which takes into account inter-unit correlation and heterogeneity, was used in the analysis of the study. The findings revealed a one-way causality from direct foreign investment to economic growth and a two-way causality between indirect foreign investment and economic growth. In addition to these results, a two-way causality between unemployment and economic growth was identified, while no causality relationship was found between inflation and economic growth.

Ethical Statement

During the writing process of the study “The Impact of Foreign Direct and Indirect Investment on Economic Growth in E7 Countries: Evidence from Panel Causality Analysis” scientific rules, ethical and citation rules were followed. No falsification was made on the collected data and this study was not sent to any other academic publication medium for evaluation. Ethics Committee Permission is not required. Statement of Contribution Rate of Researchers: The contribution rates of the authors in the study are equal. Declaration of Conflict: There is no potential conflict of interest in the study. Funding: No funding was received from any institution or organization for this study. Statement of Use for Artificial Intelligence and Its Types: Artificial intelligence and its various types were not used in the writing of this article. Data Sharing Statement: We declare that, upon reasonable request for the purpose of verifying the findings, we can share the data of this study according to the conditions specified in the relevant section of the "ethical principles and publication policy".

References

  • Abduvaliev, M. (2023). The Impact of Investments on Economic Growth: Evidence from Tajikistan, MPRA Paper, No: 116635.
  • Agrawal, G. (2015). Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in BRICS Economies: A Panel Data Analysis. Journal of Economics, Business and Management, 3(4), 421-424.
  • Ai-jun, G., Mohsin, AKM., Ahmed SF., Shumshunnahar, M., Rahman, A. ve Amer EAAA. (2024). Exploring the Nexus Between FDI İnflows and Economic Growth: A Sectoral Level Analysis. Plos One, 19(5), 1-14.
  • Alagöz, M., Erdoğan, S., ve Topallı, N. (2008). Doğrudan Yabancı Sermaye Yatırımları ve Ekonomik Büyüme: Türkiye Deneyimi 1992-2007, Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 7(1),79-89.
  • Albulescu, C.T. (2015). Do Foreign Direct and Portfolio Investments Affect Long-Term Economic Growth in Central and Eastern Europe? Procedia Economics and Finance 23, 507 – 512.
  • Antwı, S., Mılls, E.F.E.A., Mılls, G.A. ve Zhao, X. (2013). Impact of Foreign Direct İnvestment on Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence from Ghana. International Journal of Academic Research in Accounting, Finance and Management Sciences, 3(1), 18–25.
  • Arslan, Z. ve Karadaş, H.A. (2024). Farklı Sektörlere Yönelik Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımların Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye Örneği. Journal of Academic Opinion, 4(2), 42-51.
  • Aydıngülü Sakalsız, S. ve Şahin, S. (2023). The Lınkage Between Foreıgn Dırect Investment And Economıc Growth in E7 Countrıes: The Moderatıng Role of World Uncertaınty. Uluslararası İşletme, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Perspektifleri Dergisi, 7(2), 360-378.
  • Benghoul, M. ve Aydın, H.İ. (2019). Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Turkey. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(4), 1181-1194.
  • Borensztein, E., Gregorio, J.D. ve Lee, J-W. (1988). How Does Foreign Direct İnvestment Affect Economic Growth? Journal of International Economics, 45, 115–135.
  • Breusch, T. S. ve Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange multiplier test and its applications to model specification in econometrics. The review of economic studies, 47(1), 239-253.
  • Bulut, E. ve Çil, D. (2024). Kamu Harcamaları ve Vergi Gelirleri Arasındaki Asimetrik Nedensellik İlişkisi: Geçiş Ekonomileri Örneği. Sosyoekonomi, 32(60), 317-338.
  • Carbonell, J.B. ve Werner, R.A. (2018). Does Foreign Direct Investment Generate Economic Growth? A New Empirical Approach Applied to Spain. Economic Geography, 94:4, 425-456.
  • Chowdhury, A. ve Mavrotas, G. (2006). FDI and Growth: What Causes What? World Economy, 29(1), 9–19.
  • Emirkadı, Ö. (2022). D8 Ülkelerinde Dış Ticaret ve Ekonomik Büyüme İlişkisi: Panel Nedensellik Analizi. Uluslararası Ekonomi ve Siyaset Bilimler Akademik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 6(15), 52-61.
  • Feeny, S., Iamsiraroj, S. ve McGillivray, M. (2014). Growth and Foreign Direct Investment in the Pacific Island Countries. Economic Modelling, 37, 332- 339.
  • Gautam, S. (2023). Correlation between Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth in Nepal. Academia Research Journal, 3(1), 48-63.
  • Gherghina, S.C., Simionescu, L.N. ve Hudea, O.S. (2019). Exploring Foreign Direct Investment–Economic Growth Nexus Empirical Evidence from Central and Eastern European Countries. Sustainability, 11, 1-33.
  • Gök, A. ve Güvercin, D. (2020). The Interaction Between Foreign Direct Investment, Foreign Portfolio Investment And Economic Growth: The Case Of Sub-Saharan African Countries. Akademik İncelemeler Dergisi, 15(1): 57-82.
  • Gui-Diby, S.L. (2014). Impact of Foreign Direct Investments on Economic Growth in Africa: Evidence From Three Decades Of Panel Data Analyses. Research in Economics, 68, 248-256.
  • Iamsiraroj, S. (2015). The Foreign Direct İnvestment–Economic Growth Nexus. International Review of Economics and Finance, 42, 116-133.
  • Juodis, A., Karavias, Y., ve Sarafidis, V. (2021). A Homogeneous Approach to Testing for Granger Non-Causality in Heterogeneous Panels. Empirical Economics, 60 (1), 93-112.
  • Kaddouri, N. ve Benelbar, M. (2024). The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth: Empirical Evidence. Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks, 8(1), 123-132.
  • Kotrajaras, P. (2010). Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth: A Comparative Study among East Asian Countries. Applied Economics Journal. 17(2): 12-26.
  • Kuzucu, S. (2018). Do foreign direct investment and portfolio investment stimulate economic growth? Evidence from developing countries. Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting (JEFA), 5(4), 331-338.
  • Levin, A. L. C. ve Chu C.J. (2002). Unit Roots Tests In Panel Data: Asymptotic And Finite Sample Properties. Journal Of Econometrics, 108, 2002, 1–24.
  • LI, X. ve LIU, X. (2004). Foreign Direct Investment and Economic Growth: An Increasingly Endogenous Relationship. World Development, 33(3), 393-407.
  • Lögün, A. (2020). Foreign Direct Investments, Exports and Economic Growth: Panel Ardl and Causality Analysis for E7 Countries. Journal of Academic Research in Economics, 12(1), 7-17.
  • Manuchehr, I. ve Ericsson, J. (2001). On the causality between foreign direct investment and output: a comparative study. The International Trade Journal, 15(1), 1–26.
  • Mlambo, C. (2022). The Impact of International Portfolio Investment on Economic Growth: The Case of Selected African States. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science, 11(10), 151-159.
  • Paksoy, H. & Alagöz, M. (2024). Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Ticari Açıklık ve İstihdamın Büyüme Üzerine Etkisi: Kazakistan Örneği (1992-2022). Necmettin Erbakan Üniversitesi Siyasal Bilgiler Fakültesi Dergisi, 6(1), 160- 175.
  • Pesaran, A. H., Ullah, A. ve Yamagata, T. (2008). A Bias-Adjusted LM Tets of Error Cross-Section Independence. Econometrics Journal, 2, 105-1127.
  • Pesaran, M.H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 435.
  • Peseran, M.H. (2007). A Simple Panel Unit Root Test in the Presence of Cross section Dependecy. Cambridge Working Papers in Economics, 0346.
  • Sijabat, R. (2023). The Association between Foreign Investment and Gross Domestic Product in Ten ASEAN Countries. Economies, 11: 188.
  • Susilo, D. (2018). The Impact of Foreign Direct Investment on Economic Growth (a Causal Study in the United States). Jurnal Pendidikan Bisnis dan Ekonomi, 4(1), 72-85.
  • Swamy, P. A. V. B. (1970). Efficient Inference in Random Coefficient Regression Model. Econometrica, 38(2), 311-23.
  • Swamy, P. A. V. B. (1971). Statistical Inference in Random Coefficient Models. New York: Springer-Verlag Statistical Inference in Random Coefficient Models.
  • Turan Koyuncu, F. (2017). Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırımlar, Ekonomik Büyüme ve İstihdam Arasındaki İlişki: Türkiye Uygulaması (1990-2015). Uluslararası Sosyal ve Ekonomik Bilimler Dergisi International Journal of Social and Economic Sciences, 7(2), 17-24.
  • Uğur, B. ve Çelik, O. (2023). Portföy ve Doğrudan Yabancı Yatırım Girişlerinin Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerindeki Karşılaştırmalı Etkisi: E-7 Ülkeleri Örneği. Aksaray Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 15(2), 137-148.
  • Westerlund J. ve Edgerton D.L. (2007). A panel bootstrap cointegration test. Economics Letters, 97(3), 185-190.
  • Yildirim, Z. ve Demir, M. (2021). Türkiye’de Vergi Esnekliğinin Panel Eşbütünleşme ve Nedensellik Testleri ile Analizi. OPUS International Journal of Society Researches, 17(36), 2714-2739.
  • Zhang, K.H. (2001). How Does Foreign Direct Investment Affect Economic Growth in China? Economic of Transition, 9(3), 679-693.

Doğrudan ve Dolaylı Yabancı Yatırımların E7 Ülkelerinde Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Panel Nedensellik Analizinden Kanıtlar

Year 2026, Volume: 15 Issue: 2 , 545 - 559 , 28.04.2026
https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1658581
https://izlik.org/JA63ZR26GX

Abstract

Doğrudan ve dolaylı yabancı yatırımlar, tüm ekonomilerde kalkınma ve ekonomik büyüme adına ehemmiyet gösterilmesi gereken konulardır. Çünkü doğrudan ve dolaylı yabancı yatırımlar ekonomiye; istihdam olanaklarının arttırılması, sanayi ve teknolojik gelişmelerin teşvik edilmesi, sermaye piyasalarının hacminin arttırılması ve finansal ürün yelpazesinin genişlemesi gibi konularda olumlu katkılar sağlamaktadır. Bu katkılar tüm ülke ekonomileri için özellikle de gelişmekte ve sanayileşmekte olan ekonomiler için önem taşımaktadır. Çünkü bu ekonomilerde doğrudan ve dolaylı yabancı yatırımlar sermaye birikimi sağlamanın en etkili yöntemleri arasında yer almaktadır. Bu bağlamda çalışmada, E7 ülkelerinde ekonomik büyüme ile doğrudan ve dolaylı yabancı yatırımların arasındaki nedensellik ilişkisi incelenmiştir. Çalışmada bağımlı değişken, ekonomik büyüme; bağımsız değişkenler ise doğrudan ve dolaylı yabancı yatırımlar, işsizlik ve enflasyondur. Doğrudan ve dolaylı yabancı yatırımlar, analizin temel değişkenlerini oluştururken, enflasyon ve işsizlik ise ampirik modele kontrol değişken olarak ilave edilmiştir. Yapılan analizler çerçevesinde ampirik modelde birimler arası korelasyon ve heterojenliğin varlığı tespit edilmiştir. Bundan dolayı çalışmanın analizinde birimler arası korelasyon ve heterojenliği dikkate alan “Judois, Karavias ve Sarafidis” (2021) heterojen panel nedensellik analizi kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen bulgular neticesinde doğrudan yabancı yatırımlardan ekonomik büyümeye doğru tek taraflı bir nedensellik, dolaylı yabacı yatırımlar ve ekonomik büyümeye arasında ise çift yönlü bir nedensellik ilişkisi tespit edilmiştir. Bu sonuçlara ek olarak işsizlik ve ekonomik büyüme arasında çift yönlü bir nedenselliğin varlığı ortaya koyulurken, enflasyon ve ekonomik büyüme arasında herhangi bir nedensellik ilişkisine rastlanamamıştır.

Ethical Statement

“Doğrudan ve Dolaylı Yabancı Yatırımların E7 Ülkelerinde Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Panel Nedensellik Analizinden Kanıtlar” başlıklı çalışmanın yazım sürecinde bilimsel kurallara, etik ve alıntı kurallarına uyulmuş; toplanan veriler üzerinde herhangi bir tahrifat yapılmamış ve bu çalışma herhangi başka bir akademik yayın ortamına değerlendirme için gönderilmemiştir. Bu araştırma da etik kurul kararı zorunluluğu bulunmamaktadır. Araştırmacıların Katkı Oranı Beyanı: Yazarların çalışmadaki katkı oranları eşittir. Çatışma Beyanı: Çalışmada herhangi bir potansiyel çıkar çatışması söz konusu değildir. Finansman: Bu çalışma için herhangi bir kurum veya kuruluştan destek alınmamıştır. Yapay Zeka ve Türleri Kullanım Beyanı: Bu makalenin yazımında yapay zeka ve türleri kullanılmamıştır. Veri Paylaşım Beyanı: Bu çalışmanın verilerini bulguların doğrulanması amacıyla makul bir talep üzerine “etik ilkeler ve yayın politikası”nın ilgili kısmında belirtilen şartlara göre paylaşabileceğimizi beyan ederiz.

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There are 43 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Growth, Macroeconomics (Other)
Journal Section Research Article
Authors

Selahattin Bektaş 0000-0001-6285-8318

Ogün Baykuş 0000-0003-4905-4715

Submission Date March 15, 2025
Acceptance Date February 16, 2026
Publication Date April 28, 2026
DOI https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1658581
IZ https://izlik.org/JA63ZR26GX
Published in Issue Year 2026 Volume: 15 Issue: 2

Cite

APA Bektaş, S., & Baykuş, O. (2026). Doğrudan ve Dolaylı Yabancı Yatırımların E7 Ülkelerinde Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Panel Nedensellik Analizinden Kanıtlar. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 15(2), 545-559. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1658581
AMA 1.Bektaş S, Baykuş O. Doğrudan ve Dolaylı Yabancı Yatırımların E7 Ülkelerinde Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Panel Nedensellik Analizinden Kanıtlar. MJSS. 2026;15(2):545-559. doi:10.33206/mjss.1658581
Chicago Bektaş, Selahattin, and Ogün Baykuş. 2026. “Doğrudan Ve Dolaylı Yabancı Yatırımların E7 Ülkelerinde Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Panel Nedensellik Analizinden Kanıtlar”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 15 (2): 545-59. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1658581.
EndNote Bektaş S, Baykuş O (April 1, 2026) Doğrudan ve Dolaylı Yabancı Yatırımların E7 Ülkelerinde Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Panel Nedensellik Analizinden Kanıtlar. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 15 2 545–559.
IEEE [1]S. Bektaş and O. Baykuş, “Doğrudan ve Dolaylı Yabancı Yatırımların E7 Ülkelerinde Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Panel Nedensellik Analizinden Kanıtlar”, MJSS, vol. 15, no. 2, pp. 545–559, Apr. 2026, doi: 10.33206/mjss.1658581.
ISNAD Bektaş, Selahattin - Baykuş, Ogün. “Doğrudan Ve Dolaylı Yabancı Yatırımların E7 Ülkelerinde Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Panel Nedensellik Analizinden Kanıtlar”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi 15/2 (April 1, 2026): 545-559. https://doi.org/10.33206/mjss.1658581.
JAMA 1.Bektaş S, Baykuş O. Doğrudan ve Dolaylı Yabancı Yatırımların E7 Ülkelerinde Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Panel Nedensellik Analizinden Kanıtlar. MJSS. 2026;15:545–559.
MLA Bektaş, Selahattin, and Ogün Baykuş. “Doğrudan Ve Dolaylı Yabancı Yatırımların E7 Ülkelerinde Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Panel Nedensellik Analizinden Kanıtlar”. MANAS Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, vol. 15, no. 2, Apr. 2026, pp. 545-59, doi:10.33206/mjss.1658581.
Vancouver 1.Selahattin Bektaş, Ogün Baykuş. Doğrudan ve Dolaylı Yabancı Yatırımların E7 Ülkelerinde Ekonomik Büyümeye Etkisi: Panel Nedensellik Analizinden Kanıtlar. MJSS. 2026 Apr. 1;15(2):545-59. doi:10.33206/mjss.1658581

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