GİRİŞİMCİLİK İLE EKONOMİK İSTİKRAR ARASINDAKİ İLİŞKİNİN BELİRLENMESİ: TÜRKİYE ÖRNEĞİ

Year 2017, Volume: 14 Issue: 40, 295 - 308, 28.12.2017

Özden Akın , Metin Reyhanoğlu , Ünal Arslan , Arif Eser Güzel

Abstract

Girişimcilik ve ekonomik istikrar uzun dönemde etkileşim
içerisinde olabilen iki değişkendir. Bir ülkedeki ekonomik istikrarın varlığı
girişimcilere öngörülü olma, risk alma ve yenilik yapabilme fırsatı
vermektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Türkiye’de ekonomik istikrar ve girişimcilik
arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymaktır. Bu amaç çerçevesinde bağımlı değişken
olan girişimcilik ve bağımsız değişken olan makroekonomik istikrar arasındaki
ilişki Türkiye için ampirik olarak test edilmiştir. Türkiye Odalar ve Borsalar
Birliğinin yeni kurulan işletme sayısı aylık veri olarak alınmıştır. Ekonomik
istikrarı belirlemek için, parasal istikrar (Tüketici Fiyat İndeksi) ve genel
bütçe dengesi olmak üzere iki bağımsız değişken kullanılmıştır. Analiz sonucuna
göre, parasal istikrar ile girişimcilik arasında uzun dönemli bir eş bütünleşme
ilişkisi vardır. ARDL eş bütünleşme analizine göre kısa dönemli nedensellik
ilişkisi parasal istikrardan girişimciliğe doğrudur. Mali istikrar ve
girişimcilik arasındaki ilişkiye bakıldığında ise nedenselliğin yönü genel
bütçe dengesinden girişimciliğe doğrudur. Analizde Granger nedensellik analizi kullanılmıştır.

Keywords

Girişimcilik, Ekonomik İstikrar, Yeni Kurulan İşletme, Parasal İstikrar

References

• Kaynakça Acs, Z., Audretsch, D., Braunerhjelm, P., & Carlsson, P. (2012). Growth and entrepreneurship. Small Business Economics, 39(2), 289-300. doi: 10.1007/s11187-010-9307-2
• Acs, Z. & Virgill, N. (2010), Entrepreneurship in developing countries. Foundations and Trends in Entrepreneurship, 6(1), 1-68. doi: 10.1561/0300000031 Audretsch, D. B., Keilbach, M. (2005). Entrepreneurship capital and regional growth, The Annals of Regional Science, 39(3), 457–469. doi: 10.1007/s00168-005-0246-9
• Amoros, J. E., Borraz, F., & Veiga, L, (2016). Entrepreneurship and socioeconomis indicators in Latin America. Latin American Research Review, 51(4), 186-201. doi: 10.1353/lar.2016.0055.
• Dickey, D.A. ve W.A. Fuller (1979), “Distribution of the estimators for autoregressive time series with a unit root”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74, 427–431.
• Baumol, W. (2002). The free-market innovation machine: Analyzing the growth miracle of capitalism. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
• Berentsen, A., Breu, M. R., & Shi, S. (2012), Liquidity, innovation and growth. Journal of Monetary Economics, 59(8), 721-737. doi: 10.1016/j.jmoneco.2012.10.005
• Blau, D., (1987). A time-series analysis of self-employment in the United States. Journal of Political Economy, 95(3), 445–467. doi: 10.1086/261466
• Bourguignon, F., & Verdier, T. (2000). Oligarchy, democracy, inequality, and growth. Journal of Development Economics, 62(2), 285–313. doi: 10.1016/S0304-3878(00)00086-9
• Castano, M. S., Mendez, M. T., & Galindo, M. A. (2015). The effect of social, cultural, and economic factors on entrepreneurship. Journal of Business Research, 68(7), 1496-1500. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.01.040
• Faria, J. R., Cuestas, J. C., & Mourelle, E. (2010). Entrepreneurship and unemployment: A nonlinear bidirectional causality? Economic Modelling, 27(5), 1282-1291. doi: 10.1016/j.econmod.2010.01.022
• Gartner, W. B., Carter, N. M. (2003). Entrepreneurship behavior: Firm organizing processes. In Z. J. Acs & D. B. Audretsch (Eds.), The International Handbook of Entrepreneurship, Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• He, C. (2012), Inflation, Entrepreneurship and Growth. Unpublished Manuscript, Wisconsin: University of Wisconsin-Madison. http://se.shufe.edu.cn/upload/htmleditor/File/121114105027.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 26.09.2017)
• Holcombe, R. G. (1998). Entrepreneurship and economic growth, The Quarterly Journal of Austrıan Economics, 1(2), 45-62. https://mises.org/library/entrepreneurship-and-economic-growth (Erişim Tarihi: 26.09.2017).
• Hartwell, C. A. (2014). Capital controls and the determinants of entrepreneurship. Czech Journal of Economics and Finance, 64(6), 434-457. http://journal.fsv.cuni.cz/storage/1310_434-456---hartwell.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 26.09.2017).
• Iyigun, M. F., & Owen, A. L. (1998). Risk, ‘entrepreneurship and human capital accumulation’. American Economic Review, 88(2), 454–457. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.53661
• Johansen, S. (1988). Statistical analysis of cointegration vectors. Journal of Economic Dynamics and Control, 12(2–3), 231-254. doi: 10.1016/0165-1889(88)90041-3
• Johansen, S., & Juselius, K. (1990). Maximum likelihood estimation and inference on cointegration — with applications to the demand for money. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 52(2), 169–210. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-0084.1990.mp52002003.x
• Kolvereid, L., & Isaksen, E. (2006). New business start-up and subsequent entry into self-employment. Journal of Business Venturing, 21(6), 866-885. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2005.06.008
• Kuznets, S. (1971). Economic Growth of Nations, Total Output and Production Structure, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press/Belknapp Press.
• Leff, N. H. (1979). Entrepreneurship and economic development: The problem revisited. Journal of Economic Literature, 17(1), 46–64. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2723640 (Erişim Tarihi: 26.09.2017)
• McMillan, J., & Woodruff, C. (2002). The central of entrepreneurs in transition economies. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 16(3), 153-170. doi: 10.1257/089533002760278767
• Mendez-Picazo, M. T., Galindo-Martin, M. A., & Ribeiro-Sorino, D. (2012). Governance, entrepreneurship and economic growth. Entrepreneurship & Regional Development, 24(9-10), 865-877. doi: 10.1080/08985626.2012.742323
• Mishkin, F. S. (2008). Does stabilizing inflation contribute to stabilizing economic activity? NBER Working Paper Series (No. 13970). doi: 10.3386/w13970.
• Mthanti, T., & Ojah, K. (2017) Entrepreneurial orientation (EO): Measurement and policy implications of entrepreneurship at the macroeconomic level. Research Policy, 46(4), 1-16. doi: 10.1016/j.respol.2017.01.012.
• Naude, W. (2010). Entrepreneurship is not a binding constraint on growth and development in the poorest countries. World Development, 39(1), 33-44. doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.05.005.
• Quadrini, V. (2009), Entrepreneurship in macroeconomics, Annals of Finance, 5(3), 295-311. doi:10.1007/s10436-008-0105-7
• Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. & Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 16(Special Issue: In Memory of John Denis Sargan 1924–1996: Studies in Empirical Macroeconometrics), 289–326. doi:10.1002/jae.616.
• Pfeiffer, F., & Reize, F. (2000). Business start-ups by the unemployed-an econometric analysis based on firm data. Labour Economics, 7(5), 629-663. doi: 10.1016/S0927-5371(00)00016-6.
• Prieger, J. E., Bampoky, C., Blanco, L. R., Lıu, A. (2016). Economic growth and the optimal level of entrepreneurship. World Development, 82(June), pp 95-109. doi: 10.1016/j.worlddev.2016.01.013.
• Rochon, L. P., & Rossi, S. (2006). Inflation targeting, economic performance, and income distribution: A monetary macroeconomics analysis. Journal of Post Keynesian Economics, 28(4), 615-638. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4538994 (Erişim Tarihi: 26.09.2017).
• Samila, S., & Sorenson, O. (2011). Venture capital, entrepreneurship, and economic growth. The Review of Economics and Statistics, 93(1), 338-349. doi: 10.1162/REST_a_00066.
• Sautet, F. (2013). Local and systemic entrepreneurship: Solving the puzzle of entrepreneurship and economic development. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 37(2), 387-402. doi: 10.1111/J.1540-6520.2011.00469.x.
• Schmitz, J. A. (1989) Imitation, entrepreneurship, and long-run growth. Journal of Political Economy, 97(31), 721-739. doi: 10.1086/261624.
• Schultz, T. P. (1990). Women’s changing participation in the labor force: A world perspective. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 38(3), 457–488. doi: 10.1086/451811.
• Schumpeter, J. A. (1942). Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (3rd Ed.). New York: Harper and Brothers.
• Stam, E., Suddle, K., Hessels, J., & Stel, A. (2009). High-growth, entrepreneurs, public Policies, and economic growth, public policies for fostering entrepreneurship. In J. Leitao & R. Baptista (Eds.), International Studies in Entrepreneurship (Chapter 5, pp. 91-110), 22. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0249-8_5
• Şipoş-Gug, S., & Badulescu, A. (2015). Macroeconomic factors of entrepreneurship in the European Union. Annals of the University of Oradea, Economic Science Series, 24(1), 601-611. http://anale.steconomiceuoradea.ro/volume/2015/n1/068.pdf (Erişim Tarihi: 26.09.2017).
• Thurik, A. R., Carree, M. A., Stel, A., & Audretsch, D. B. (2008). Does self-employment reduce unemployment? Journal of Business Venturing, 23(6), 673-686. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusvent.2008.01.007.
• Tobin, J. (1965), Money and economic growth. Econometrica, 33(4), 671–684. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1910352 (Erişim Tarihi: 26.09.2017).
• Wennekers, S., Wennekers, A. van, Thurik, R., & Reynolds, P. (2005). Nascent entrepreneurship and the level of economic development. Small Business Economics, 24(3), 293-309. doi: 10.1007/s11187-005-1994-8.
• Yamada, G. (1996), Urban informal employment and self-employment in developing countries: Theory and evidence. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 44(2), 289–314. doi: 10.1086/452214