Identifying a Fortified Late Medieval Trade Harbor: Kyme / Chrysonea / Cristo

Abstract

As a result of the gradually weakened Byzantine domination by the Late Middle Ages and the commercial concessions granted in the same period, Italian maritime states began to be influential in sea trade and transportation along the West Anatolian coasts. Meanwhile, the Genoese established colonies in the region and increased commercial relations were continued also with the Turks during the following period. Contemporary chronicles and especially archival documents as primary sources provide detailed information on the Italian presence in West Anatolian cities and ports by the Late Middle Ages; referring to the agreements made, the goods bought and sold, and the overview of cities. Similarly, harbor cities can be found in chronological order with their geographical features thanks to the portolans, which are detailed cartographic studies in map or prose format for seafarers. The former Genoese colonies in Anatolia are currently the subject of various scientific research and also a UNESCO World Heritage Tentative List. However, the literature has significant deficiencies in the context of mapping some cities in archival documents and portolans with existing settlements or ruins. In this study, a certain place formerly utilized by the Genoese called “Cristo”, which is found in the XIVth century archival documents, and was formerly superficially localized as Birgi, Ödemiş, was reconsidered through relevant archival records and portolans. Findings display that the unknown Cristo corresponded to Kyme, namely “Chrysonea” during the Late Byzantine Period. It is understood that Cristo was a fortified port and a relatively secondary trade center that took over the preexisting urban infrastructure there, which was used mainly for alum transportation during the Turkish domination in the region.

Keywords

• historical topography
• urban history
• architectural history
• castle
• Genoese

Tahkimatlı Bir Geç Ortaçağ Ticaret Limanının Teşhisi: Kyme / Chrysonea / Cristo

Abstract

Geç Ortaçağ’da giderek zayıflayan Bizans hakimiyeti ve aynı dönemde verilmiş ticari imtiyazlar sonucu Batı Anadolu kıyıları boyunca deniz ticareti ve ulaşımında İtalyan denizci devletleri etkili olmaya başlamıştır. Bu esnada bölgede Cenevizliler tarafından yerleşik koloniler kurulmuş, artan ticari ilişkiler ilerleyen süreçte Türklerle de devam etmiştir. Çağdaş kroniklerin yanında özellikle de arşiv belgeleri, birincil kaynaklar olarak Geç Ortaçağ’da Batı Anadolu kentleriyle limanlarındaki İtalyan varlığına ilişkin detaylı bilgi sağlamakta; yapılan anlaşmalara, alınıp satılan mallara ve şehirlerin genel görünümüne değinmektedir. Benzer şekilde, denizcilere yönelik harita ya da düz yazı formatındaki ayrıntılı kartografik çalışmalar olan portolanlar yardımıyla liman kentleri, coğrafi özellikleriyle kronolojik sırada takip edilebilmektedir. Anadolu genelindeki Ceneviz kolonileri güncel olarak çeşitli bilimsel araştırmalara konu edilmekte olup ayrıca UNESCO Dünya Miras Geçici Listesi ilgisindedir. Yine de akademik yazında, arşiv belgeleri ve portolanlardaki birtakım liman kentlerinin, mevcut yerleşmeler veya kalıntılarla eşleştirilmesinde önemli eksiklikler vardır. Bu çalışmada, XIV. yüzyıl Ceneviz arşiv belgelerinde rastlanan ve önceden yüzeysel şekilde Birgi, Ödemiş olarak lokalize edilen bir dönem Ceneviz kullanımındaki “Cristo”, ilgili arşiv kayıtları ve portolanlar yoluyla tekrardan değerlendirilmiştir. Bulgular, meçhul Cristo’nun Geç Bizans Dönemi’nde “Chrysonea” ismine sahip Kyme’ye denk geldiğini göstermektedir. Buranın, daha önceden var olan kentsel altyapıyı bölgedeki Türk hakimiyeti esnasında devralarak başta şap nakliyesi için kullanmış tahkimli bir liman ve nispeten ikincil bir ticaret merkezi olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.

Keywords

• tarihsel topografya
• kent tarihi
• mimarlik tarihi
• Ceneviz
• kale

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