Aziz Demetrios: Selanik’in Koruyucu Azizi, Yaşam Öyküsü ve Mucizeleriyle İlişkili Belgeler, Kültü ve Tasvirleri

Abstract

Bu çalışmada Selanik kentinin koruyucu azizi, Aziz Demetrios’un, Bizans hagiografik yazını eşliğinde yaşam öyküsü, mucizeleri, kültü ve tasvirleri ele alınmıştır. Aziz Demetrios Bizans dini yazınında en erken 7. yüzyılda Selanik başpiskoposu Ioannes tarafından yazılan “Aziz Demetrios’un Mucizeleri”nde karşımıza çıkar. Ancak azizin biyografisine dair 9. yüzyıla kadar bilgi yoktur. 9. yüzyıldan itibaren Demetrios’un yaşam öyküsünün üç versiyonu ortaya çıkar. Aziz Demetrios, geleneksel anlatıya göre Selanikli ve senatör sınıfına mensup bir ailenin oğludur. 4. yüzyılın başlarında Roma imparatoru Maksimianus’un emriyle öldürülür. 6. yüzyılda kentin valisi Leontios’un amansız hastalığından mucizevî olarak kurtuluşunu Aziz Demetrios’a atfetmesi sonrasında, Demetrios’un bedeninin gömülü olduğu kabul edilen yere, Leontios’un girişimiyle bir kilise inşa edilir. Yapı 603’ten sonra/649’dan önce, bölgede meydana gelen bir deprem sonrasında yangın geçirir. Ardından orijinal plan şeması korunarak II. Iustinianos’un 688/689 yılları civarındaki kenti ziyareti sırasında yeniden inşa edilir. Yapının ilk evresi, yazılı kaynaklar ve arkeolojik kanıtlara göre 6. yüzyılın başlarını işaret etmektedir. Aziz Demetrios Bizans dönemindeki tasvirlerinde sivil ve asker olmak üzere iki temel tipte temsil edilmiştir. Azizin tasvirleri anıtsal duvar mozaikleri ve resimlerinde, rölyeflerde, ikonalarda, el yazmalarında, sikkelerde, mühürlerde, koutrouvialarda (hacı matarası), enkolpionlarda ve geç dönemde sırlı seramikler üzerinde yer alır. Aziz Demetrios 11. yüzyıldan itibaren, yaygın olarak, asker aziz olarak betimlenmiştir.

Keywords

• Aziz Demetrios
• Selanik
• asker aziz
• hagiografi
• kült

St. Demetrios: The Patron Saint of Thessaloniki, The Sources Related to His Life Story and Miracles, Cult and Images

Abstract

In this study, the protector saint of Thessaloniki, St. Demetrios’s life story, his miracles, cult and depictions are discussed in the context of the Byzantine hagiographic literature. In the Byzantine theological literature, St. Demetrios first appeared in the “Miracula of Saint Demetrios” written by Archbishop John of Thessaloniki in the 7th century. However, there is no information about the saint’s biography until the 9th century. Three versions of Demetrios’s life story emerged from the 9th century onwards. According to the traditional narrative, St. Demetrios was the son of a senatorial class family from Thessaloniki. He was killed on the orders of the Roman emperor Maximianus at the beginning of the 4th century. In the 6th century, after the eparkhos of Thessaloniki attributed his miraculous recovery from his disease to St. Demetrios, with Leontios’s initiative, a church was built in the place where the body of Demetrios was considered to be buried. The monument suffered a fire after an earthquake that occurred in the region after 603 or before 649. Then, preserving the original plan, it was rebuilt during Iustinianos’s visit to the city in 688/689. The first phase of the building points to the beginning of the 6th century, based on written sources and archaeological evidence. St. Demetrios is presented in two basic types in Byzantine art, as a civilian or a soldier. The saint is seen in the wall mosaics and frescoes, reliefs, manuscript illuminations, icons, coins, seals, koutrouvia (pilgrim flask), enkolpia and later glazed ceramics. He was widely depicted as a soldier-saint from the 11th century onwards.

Keywords

• St. Demetrios
• Thessaloniki
• soldier saint
• hagiography
• cult

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112. Referans 112 Dumbarton Oaks Resources Byzantine Seals; “Sisinnios/Honorios (?) (twelfth century)”, https://www. doaks.org/resources/seals/byzantine-seals/BZS.1951.31.5.2611/view, Trustees for Harvard University, Washington D.C., 2020 [Erişim Tarihi: 25.10.2020].
113. Referans 113 DVL-Digivatlib, “Manuscript-Barbr.gr.372”, https://digi.vatlib.it/view/MSS_Barb.gr.372, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, Vatikan.
114. Referans 114 Pinakes: Textes et Manuscrits Grecs; “Iohannes Thessalonicensis mtr. Miracula S. Demetrii”; https://pinakes.irht.cnrs.fr/notices/oeuvre/9357/, 2016 [Erişim Tarihi: 19.10.2020].
115. Referans 115 Pinakes: Textes et Manuscrits Grecs; “Hagiographica, Demetrius m. Thessalonicae (S.), Passio metaphrastica”, https://pinakes.irht.cnrs.fr/notices/oeuvre/15317/, 2016 [Erişim Tarihi: 19.10.2020].
116. Referans 116 The State Hermitage Museum; “Dish Bottom Depicting St Demetrius”, https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/ portal/hermitage/digital-collection/10.+porcelain%2c+faience%2c+ceramics/373154, 1998-2020 [Erişim Tarihi: 03.11.2020].
117. Referans 117 The State Hermitage Museum; “Icon of Saint Warriors George, Theodore, Demetrius ”, https://www. hermitagemuseum.org/wps/portal/hermitage/digital-collection/01.+paintings/487614, 1998-2020 [Erişim Tarihi: 03.11.2020].