Orta Çağ Avrupa’sında Çizilen Dünya Haritalarında (Mappaemundi) Meskûn Dünyanın Sınırları

Year 2024, Volume: 7 Issue: 2, 375 - 418, 26.12.2024

Zeynep İnan Aliyazıcıoğlu

https://doi.org/10.48120/oad.1455775

Abstract

Orta Çağ Avrupa’sında farklı amaçlarla şehir, bölge ve dünya haritaları çizilmiştir. Dünya haritalarının (mappaemundi) temel özelliği, dünyanın üç kıta (Asya, Avrupa ve Afrika) ve kıtaların etrafının okyanusla çevrili gösterilmesidir. Dünya haritalarında Avrupa, Bizans ve Kutsal Toprakları gösteren kısımlar gerçeğe daha yakın çizilirken, Avrupa’nın kuzeyi, Asya ve Afrika kıtalarının yeterli ve gerçekçi bilgilerle tasvir edilmediği görülür. Avrupa’daki Katolikler, zaman zaman hac, misyonerlik, ticaret veya elçilik vazifesiyle Asya ve Afrika’ya gitmişseler de bu kıtalar hakkında yeterli bilgiye sahip olamamışlardır. Nitekim, Orta Çağ Avrupa’sında çizilen dünya haritalarında, ekümenin yani meskûn dünyanın sınırlarında birtakım hayali öğeler karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Mappamundi türü haritaların genelinde en doğuda dünyevi cennet, Hindistan’da canavar veya anormal ırklar, kuzeyde apokaliptik bir halk olan Ye’cûc ve Me’cûc tasviri yer alır. Bunlar meskûn dünyanın uzak sınırlarını simgeleyen öğelerdir. Ekümenin yakın sınır işaretleri ise Cebelitarık Boğazı’nı gösteren Herkül Sütunları, İskender’in Hindistan sınırına diktiği İskender sunakları veya sütunları, İskender’e Doğu seferinde kehanette bulunan dünyevi cennetin yakınlarındaki Güneş ve Ay Ağacı ve son olarak Hristiyanların Doğu’daki efsanevi müttefiki kral-rahip Prester John görselleridir. Avrupalı kartografların tahayyülünde meskûn dünyanın uzak ve yakın sınırlarını belirlemede kullandıkları bu öğeler Antik Yunan ve Roma’nın klasik kaynaklarına, kutsal metinlere ve seyahatnamelerde verilen bilgilere dayanır. Bu çalışma kapsamında mappamundi türü dünya haritalarında ekümenin uzak ve yakın sınır imgeleri incelenmiştir.

Keywords

Dünya Haritaları, Ekümen, Cennet, Canavar Irklar, Herkül Sütunları, İskender Sunakları, Prester John

Ethical Statement

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Supporting Institution

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Thanks

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Boundaries of the Ecumene on World Maps (Mappaemundi) Drawn in Medieval Europe

Abstract

City, regional and world maps were drawn for different purposes in medieval Europe. While the parts of the world maps showing Europe, Byzantium and the Holy Land were drawn closer to reality, the north of Europe, Asia and Africa continents were not depicted with sufficient and realistic information. As a matter of fact, due to the lack of sufficient information, some imaginary elements appear on the borders of the ecumene in the world maps drawn in medieval Europe. Mappaemundi generally depict an earthly paradise in the east, monsters or abnormal races in India, and apocalyptic people, Gog and Magog, in the north. The near-border markers of the ecumene are the Pillars of Hercules, showing the Strait of Gibraltar, the Alexander altars or pillars erected by Alexander on the Indian border, the Sun and Moon Tree near the earthly paradise that prophesied to Alexander on his Eastern expedition, and finally the images of the king-priest Prester John, the legendary ally of Christians in the East. Cartographers depicted these images based on classical sources from Ancient Greece and Rome, sacred texts and travelogues. Within the scope of this study, the far and near border images of the ecumene in mappaemundi are analysed.

Keywords

Mappaemundi, Ecumene, Paradise, Beast Races, Pillars of Hercules, Alexander Altars, Prester John

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