Linking Workplace Exclusion with Employees’ Intention to Leave with the Mediating and Moderating Role of Self-esteem

Year 2023, Volume: 10 Issue: 2, 425 - 442, 14.07.2023

Dilşah Ertop , Muhammed Esat Erdoğan

https://doi.org/10.17541/optimum.1289768

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the relationship between workplace exclusion and intention to leave with the mediating and moderating role of self-esteem. Data was collected from 200 white-collar employees working in durable consumer goods industry in Türkiye. Results showed that workplace exclusion is positively related to intention to leave and negatively related to self-esteem. Self-esteem is negatively related to intention to leave. Additionally, it was found that self-esteem has not a mediation function. Self-esteem plays a significant role as a function of moderation between workplace exclusion and intention to leave. Practice of our findings and implications for the research are discussed in this study.

Keywords

Workplace exclusion, self-esteem, intention to leave

İş Yerinden Dışlanma ve Çalışanların İşten Ayrılma Niyetinin İlişkilendirilmesi ile Benlik Saygısının Aracı ve Düzenleyici Rolü

Abstract

Bu çalışma, iş yerinde dışlanma ve işten ayrılma niyeti arasındaki ilişkiyi benlik saygısının aracı ve düzenleyici rolü ile incelemeyi amaçlamaktadır. Veriler, Türkiye'de dayanıklı tüketim malları sektöründe çalışan 200 beyaz yakalı çalışandan toplanmıştır. Sonuçlar, iş yerinde dışlanmanın işten ayrılma niyetiyle pozitif, benlik saygısıyla negatif ilişkili olduğunu göstermiştir. Benlik saygısı, işten ayrılma niyeti ile negatif ilişkilidir. Ayrıca, benlik saygısının aracılık işlevine sahip olmadığı bulunmuştur. Benlik saygısı, iş yerinde dışlanma ve işten ayrılma niyeti arasında düzenleyici bir işlev olarak önemli bir rol oynar. Bulgularımızın uygulaması ve araştırmanın çıkarımları bu çalışmada tartışılmaktadır.

Keywords

İşyerinden dışlanma, benlik saygısı, işten ayrılma niyeti

References

• Ahmad, I., & Begum, K. (2020). Impact of abusive supervision on intention to leave: a moderated mediation model of organizational based self-esteem and emotional exhaustion, Asian Business & Management. doi: 10.1057/s41291-020-00116-0
• Anjum, A. Muhammed, Liang, Dapeng., Durrani, K. Dilawar, Ahmed, Ammarah (2022). Workplace ostracism and discretionary work effort: A conditional process analysis, Journal of Management & Organization, 28(2), 226–243 doi:10.1017/jmo.2019.14
• Anthony, D. B., Wood, J. V., & Holmes, J. G. (2007). Testing sociometer theory: Self-esteem and the importance of acceptance for social decision-making. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(3), 425-432. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2006.03.002
• Bani-Melhem, S. (2020). What mitigate and exacerbate the influences of customer incivility on frontline employee extra-role behaviour? Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 44, 38–49. doi: 10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.05.005
• Bao, G., Xu, B. & Zhang, Z. (2015). Employees’ trust and their knowledge sharing and integration: the mediating roles of organizational identification and organizationbased self-esteem, Knowledge Management Research and Practice, 14(3), 362-375. doi: 10.1057/kmrp.2015.1
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173–1182.
• Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation, Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497–529, doi: 10.1037/ 0033-2909.117.3.497
• Baumeister, R. F., Smart, L., & Boden, J. M. (1996). Relation of threatened egotism to violence and aggression: The dark side of high self-esteem. Psychological Review, 103(1), 5–33. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.103.1.5
• Bedi, A., & Skowronski, M. (2014). Political skill at work: good or bad? Understanding its predictors and consequences. SAM Advanced Management Journal, 79(2), 39-47.
• Berthelsen, Mona., Skogstad, Anders., Lau, Bjørn., Einarsen, Stale (2011). Do they stay or do they go? A longitudinal study of intentions to leave and exclusion from working life among targets of workplace bullying, International Journal of Manpower, 32(2), 178-193, doi:10.1108/01437721111130198
• Blackhart, G. C., Nelson, B. C., Knowles, M. L., & Baumeister, R. F. (2009). Rejection elicits emotional reactions but neither causes immediate distress nor lowers self-esteem: A meta-analytic review of 192 studies on Social Exclusion. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 13(4), 269–309. doi: 10.1177/1088868309346065
• Bowling, N.A., Eschleman, K.J., Wang, Q., Kirkendall, C. & Alarcon, G. (2010). A meta-analysis of the predictors and consequences of organization-based self-esteem, Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 83(3), 601-626. doi:10.1348/096317909X454382
• Boswell, W. R., Ren, L.R., & Hinrichs, A.T. (2008). Voluntary employee turnover: Determinants, processes, and future directions, Eds. J. Barling, and C. L. Cooper, The SAGE Handbook of Organizational Behavior, Volume One: Micro Approaches, London: SAGE Publications, 196-216.
• Brockner, J. (1988). Self-esteem at work: Research, theory, and practice. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
• Cammann, C., Fichman, M., Jenkins, D. & Klesh, J. (1979). The Michigan Organizational Assessment Questionnaire. Unpublished Manuscript, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI.
• Caron, P.-O. (2019). A comparison of the type I error rates of three assessment methods for indirect effects, Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation, 89(8), 1343–1356. doi: 10.1080/00949655.2019.1577858
• Carmeli, A., & Weisberg, J. (2006). Exploring turnover intentions among three professional groups of employees. Human Resource Development International, 9(2), 191-206. doi: 10.1080/13678860600616305
• Carpenter, N. C., & Berry, C. M. (2017). Are counterproductive work behavior and withdrawal empirically distinct? A meta-analytic investigation. Journal of Management, 43(3), 834- 863. doi: 10.1177/0149206314544743
• Chan, S. C., Huang, X., Snape, E., & Lam, C. K. (2013). The Janus face of paternalistic leaders: Authoritarianism, benevolence, subordinates’ organization based self-esteem, and performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 34(1), 108-128. doi: 10.1002/job.1797
• Chen, G., Goddard, T., & Casper, W.J. (2004). Examination of the relationships among general and work-specific self-evaluations, work-related control beliefs, and job attitudes, Applied Psychology, 53(3), 349-370. doi: 10.1111/j.1464-0597.2004.00175.x
• Chen, M.F., Ho, H.C., Lin, F.C., Chung, H.M., Chao, C.W., Chou, L.H., & Li, K.C. (2016), Organisationbased self-esteem mediates the effects of social support and job satisfaction on intention to stay in nurses, Journal of Nursing Management, 24(1), 88-96. doi: 10.1111/jonm.12276
• Chen, H. T., & Wang, C. H. (2019). Incivility, satisfaction, and turnover intention of tourist hotel chefs: Moderating effects of emotional intelligence. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 31(5), 2034–2053. doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-02-2018-0164
• Chung, Y. W., & Yang, J. Y. (2017). The mediating effects of organization-based self-esteem for the relationship between workplace ostracism and workplace behaviors. Baltic Journal of Management, 12(2), 255–270. doi: 10.1108/bjm-06-2016-0130
• Coopersmith, S. (1967). The antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
• Costantini, A., Ceschi, A., Viragos, A., Paola, F.D., & Sartori, R. (2019). The role of a new strengthbased intervention on organisation-based self-esteem and work engagement: a three-wave intervention study, Journal of Workplace Learning, 31(3), 194-206. doi: 10.1108/JWL-07-2018-0091
• Crocker, J., & Major, B. (1989). Social stigma and self-esteem: The self-protective properties of stigma. Psychological Review, 96(4), 608-630. doi: 10.1037/0033-295X.96.4.608
• Dai, Y.-D, Hou, Y.-H, Chen, K.-Y, & Zhuang, W.-L. (2018). To help or not to help: Antecedents of hotel employees’ organizational citizenship behavior. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 30(3), 1293–1313. doi:10.1108/IJCHM-03-2016-0160
• De Cremer, D., van Knippenberg, B., van Knippenberg, D., Mullenders, D. and Stinglhamber, F. (2005). Rewarding leadership and fair procedures as determinants of self-esteem, Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(1), 3-12. doi: 10.1037/0021-9010.90.1.3
• Dinger, M., Thatcher, J. B., Stepina, L. P., & Craig, K. (2011). The grass is always greener on the other side: A test of present and alternative job utility on IT professionals’ turnover. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management, 59(3), 364-378. doi:10.1109/TEM.2011.2153204
• Eisenberger, N. I., Lieberman, M. D. & Williams, K. D. (2003). Does rejection hurt? An FMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302(5643), 290–292. doi: 10.1126/science.1089134
• Elloy, D. (2005). The influence of superleader behaviors on organization commitment, job satisfaction and organization self-esteem in a self-managed team, Leadership and Organizational Development Journal, 26(2), 120-127. doi: 10.1108/01437730510582554
• Ferris, D. L., Brown, D. J., Berry, J. W., & Lian, H. (2008). The development and validation of the Workplace Ostracism Scale. Journal of Applied Psychology, 93(6), 1348 –1366. doi:10.1037/a0012743.
• Fox, S. & Stallworth, L. E. (2005). Racial/ethnic bullying: Exploring links between bullying and racism in the US workplace. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 66(3), 438–456. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2004.01.002
• Glambek, M., Matthiesen, S. B., Hetland, J., & Einarsen, S. (2014). Workplace bullying as an antecedent to job insecurity and intention to leave: A 6‐month prospective study. Human Resource Management Journal, 24(3), 255–268. doi: 10.1111/1748-8583.12035
• Gouthier, M.H.J. & Rhein, M. (2011). Organizational pride and its positive effects on employee behaviour. Journal of Service Management, 22(5), 633–649. doi: 10.1108/09564231111174988
• Greenhaus, J. H., & Badin, I. J. (1974). Self‐esteem, performance, and satisfaction: Some tests of a theory, Journal of Applied Psychology, 59(6), 722‐726. doi: 10.1037/h0037459
• Halbesleben, R.B. Jonathon, Neveu, Jean-Pierre, Underdahl, C. Samantha, Westman, Mina (2014). Getting to the “COR”: Understanding the Role of Resources in Conservation of Resources Theory, Journal of Management, 40(5), July 2014, 1334–1364. doi: 10.1177/0149206314527130
• Haldorai, K., Kim, W. G., Phetvaroon, K., & Li, J. J. (2020). Left out of the office “tribe”: The influence of workplace ostracism on employee work engagement. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 32(8), 2717–2735. doi: 10.1108/IJCHM-04-2020-0285
• Heider, F. (1958), The psychology of interpersonal relations, Wiley, New York, NY.
• Hitlan, R. T., & Noel, J. (2009). The influence of workplace exclusion and personality on counterproductive work behaviours: An interactionist perspective, European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 18(4), 477-502. doi: 10.1080/13594320903025028
• Hitlan, R. T., Kelly, M., Schepman, S., Schneider, K. T., & Zarate, M. A. (2006). Language exclusion and the consequences of perceived ostracism in the workplace. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 10(1), 56–70. doi: 10.1037/1089-2699.10.1.56
• Hobfoll, S. E. (1988). The ecology of stress. New York: Hemisphere.
• Hobfoll, S. E. (1989). Conservation of resources: A new attempt at conceptualizing stress. American Psychologist, 44(3), 513–524. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.44.3.513
• Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 50(3), 337–370. doi: 10.1111/1464-0597.00062
• Hobfoll, S. (2002). Social and psychological resources and adaptation. Review of General Psychology, 6, 307–324. 10.1037/1089-2680.6.4.307
• Hobfoll, S. E., Halbesleben, J., Neveu, J.‐P., & Westman, M. (2018). Conservation of resources in the organizational context: The reality of resources and their consequences. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5(1), 103–128. doi: 10.1146/annurev‐orgpsych‐032117‐104640
• Howard, C. Matt (2019). The Measurement, Nomological Net, and Theory of Perceived Self-Esteem Instability: Applying the Conservation of Resources Theory to Understand the Construct, Psychological Reports, 122(3) 1007–1042 doi: 10.1177/0033294118781319
• Howard, M. C., Cogswell, J. E., & Smith, M. B. (2020). The antecedents and outcomes of workplace ostracism: A meta-analysis. Journal of Applied Psychology, 105(6), 577-596. doi: 10.1037/apl0000453
• Jones, E. E., Ramsey, A. T., Wesselmann, E. D., Rosenthal, H. J., & Hesson‐McInnis, M. S. (2020). Being ostracized versus out of the loop: Redundant or unique predictors of variance in workplace outcomes? Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 51(1), 17–31. doi:10.1111/jasp.12712
• Jyoti, Jeevan., Dimple (2021). Fun at workplace and intention to leave: role of work engagement and group cohesion, International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 34(2), 782-807. doi:10.1108/IJCHM-06-2021-0704
• Kessler, R. C., Turner, J. B., & House, R. H. (1988). Effects of unemployment on health in a community survey: Main, mediating, and modifying effects. Journal of Social Issues, 44(4), 69-85. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-4560.1988.tb02092.x
• Korman, A.K. (1971), Organizational achievement, aggression, and creativity: some suggestions toward an integrated theory, Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 6(5), 593-613. doi: 10.1016/S0030-5073(71)80009-0
• Kwan, K.Ho., Li, Miaomiao., Wu, Xiangfan., Xu, Xiaofeng (2021). The need to belong: how to reduce workplace ostracism, The Service Industries Journal, 42(2), 1-22. doi: 10.1080/02642069.2021.1873295
• Lambert, E. G., Lynne Hogan, N., & Barton, S. M. (2001). The impact of job satisfaction on turnover intent: A test of a structural measurement model using a national sample of workers. The Social Science Journal, 38(2), 233-250. doi: 10.1016/S0362-3319(01)00110-0
• Leary, M. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer theory. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology, 32, 1-62. Academic Press. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2601(00)80003-9
• Leary, M. R., Koch, E. J., & Hechenbleikner, N. R. (2001). Emotional responses to interpersonal rejection. In M. R. Leary (Ed.), Interpersonal rejection (pp. 145–166). Oxford University Press.
• Lee, J. E. (2013). Women in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields: The importance of the need to belong and self-esteem on the intention to leave a job, Master's Theses. 4348. doi: 10.31979/etd.5hxr-h4jn
• Leung, A. S. M., Wu, L. Z., Chen, Y. Y., & Young, M. N. (2011). The impact of workplace ostracism in service organizations. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(4), 836–844. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.01.004
• Li, D., & Zhang, M. (2019). Are they isolating me? The influence of workplace ostracism on employees’ turnover tendency, Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research, Proceedings of the 5th Annual International Conference on Social Science and Contemporary Humanity Development (SSCHD 2019). doi: 10.2991/sschd-19.2019.54
• Lou, J.-H., Li, R.-H., Yu, H.-Y., & Chen, S.-H., (2010). Relationships among self-esteem, job adjustment and service attitude amongst male nurses: a structural equation model, Journal of Clinical Nursing, 20(5-6), 864–872, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2702.2010.03387.x
• Mahfooz, Z., Arshad, A., Qasim, A. N., Ikram, M., & Azeem, M. (2017). Does workplace incivility & workplace ostracism influence the employees’ turnover intentions? Mediating role of burnout and job stress & moderating role of psychological capital, International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 7(8), 398-413. doi: 10.6007/IJARBSS/v7-i8/3244
• Melamed, S., Shirom, A., Toker, S., Berliner, S., & Shapira, I. (2006). Burnout and risk of cardiovascular disease: Evidence, possible causal paths, and promising research directions, Psychological Bulletin, 132(3) 327-353. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.132.3.327
• Moore, J. E. (2000). One road to turnover: an examination of work exhaustion in technology professionals. MIS Quarterly, 24(1), 141-168. doi: 10.2307/3250982
• Moore, K.A. (2002). Hospital restructuring: Impact on nurses mediated by social support and a perception of challenge, Journal of Health and Human Services Administration, 23(4), 490-517.
• Mor Barak, M., & Levin, A. (2002). Outside of the corporate mainstream and excluded from the work community: A study of diversity job satisfaction, and well-being. Community, Work, and Family, 5(2), 133–157. doi: 10.1080/13668800220146346
• Mossholder, K. W., Bedeian, A. G., & Armenakis, A. A. (1981). Role perceptions, satisfaction, and performance: Moderating efects of self-esteem and organizational level. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 28(2), 224–234. doi: 10.1016/0030-5073(81)90023-4
• Mumford, M.D., Dansereau, F. and Yammarino, F. (2000), Followers, motivations, and levels of analysis: the case of individualized leadership, Leadership Quarterly, 11(3), 313-340. doi: 10.1016/S1048-9843(00)00048-5
• Norman, M. Steven., Gardner, G. Donald., Pierce, L. Jon (2013). Leader roles, organization-based self-esteem, and employee outcomes, Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 36(3), 253-270. doi: 10.1108/LODJ-06-2013-0072
• Nwanzu, C.L. & Babalola, S.S. (2019). Predictive relationship between sustainable organisational practices and organisational effectiveness: the mediating role of organisational identification and organisation-based self-esteem, Sustainability, 11(12), 3440. doi: 10.3390/su11123440
• O'reilly, J., & Robinson, S. L. (2009). The negative impact of ostracism on thwarted belongingness and workplace contributions. In Academy of management proceedings (Vol. 2009, No. 1, pp. 1-7). Briarcliff Manor, NY 10510: Academy of Management.
• Ozcelik, H., & Barsade, S. G. (2018). No employee an island: Workplace loneliness and job performance, Academy of Management Journal, 61(6), 2343–2366, doi: 10.5465/amj.2015.1066
• Özer, G., & Günlük, M. (2010). The effects of discrimination perception and job satisfaction on Turkish public accountants’ turnover intention, African Journal of Business Management, 4(8), 1500-1509. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=1975737
• Payne, H. J. (2007). The role of organization-based self-esteem in employee dissent expression. Communication Research Reports, 24(3), 235-240. doi: 10.1080/08824090701446609
• Peng, A.C. & Zeng, W. (2017). Workplace ostracism and deviant and helping behaviors: The moderating role of 360-degree feedback, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 38(6), 833-855. doi: 10.1002/job.2169
• Pierce, J.L. & Gardner, D.G. (2004). Self-esteem within the work and organizational context: A review of the organization-based self-esteem literature, Journal of Management, 30(5), 591-622. doi: 10.1016/j.jm.2003.10.001
• Pierce, J. L., Gardner, D. G., Dunham, R. B., & Cummings, L. L. (1993). Moderation by organization-based self-esteem of role condition-employee response relationships. Academy of Management Journal, 36(2), 271-288. doi: 10.5465/256523
• Price, J. L. (2001). Reflections on the determinants of voluntary turnover. International Journal of Manpower, 22(7), 600–624. doi: 10.1108/EUM0000000006233
• Robinson, R. N., & Beesley, L. G. (2010). Linkages between creativity and intention to quit: An occupational study of chefs. Tourism Management, 31(6), 765–776. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2009.08.003
• Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
• Schuler, R. S. (1977). Role perceptions, satisfaction and performance moderated by organization level and participation in decision making. The Academy of Management Journal, 20(1), 159–165. doi: 10.2307/255471
• Scott, K. L., & Duffy, M. K. (2015). Antecedents of workplace ostracism: New directions in research and intervention. In P. Perrewe, J. Halbes- Leben, & C. Rosen (Eds.), Mistreatment in organizations (pp. 137–165). Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited. doi: 10.1108/S1479-355520150000013005
• Scott, K.L., Restubog, S.L.D. & Zagenczyk, T.J. (2013). A Social Exchange-Based Model of the Antecedents of Workplace Exclusion. Journal of Applied Psychology, 98(1), 37-48. doi: 10.1037/a0030135
• Sharma, N., & Dhar, R.L. (2022). From curse to cure of workplace ostracism: A systematic review and future research agenda, Human Resource Management Review, 32(3), 100836. doi: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2021.100836
• Shin, Minjung., Back, Ki-Joon., Lee, Choong-Ki., Lee, Young-Sub (2022). The Loyalty Program for Our Self-Esteem: The Role of Collective Self-Esteem in Luxury Hotel Membership Programs, Cornell Hospitality Quarterly, 63(1) 19–32. doi: 10.1177/19389655211017449
• Shirom, A. (1989). Burnout in work organizations. In C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology 1989, 25–48. John Wiley & Sons.
• Singh, L. B., & Srivastava, S. (2021). Linking workplace ostracism to turnover intention: A moderated mediation approach, Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 46, 244-256. doi: 10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.12.012
• Spector, P. E., Fox, S., Penney, L. M., Bruursema, K., Goh, A., & Kessler, S. (2006). The dimensionality of counterproductivity: Are all counterproductive behaviors created equal?, Journal of Vocational Behavior, 68(3), 446–460. doi: 10.1016/j.jvb.2005.10.005
• Srivastava, Shalini., Bajpai, Lata (2019). Linking conservation of resource perspective to personal growth initiative and intention to leave: role of mediating variables, Personnel Review, 50(2), 686-708, doi:10.1108/PR-10-2019-0548
• Takhsha, M., Barahimi, N., Adelpanah, A., & Salehzadeh, R. (2020). The effect of workplace ostracism on knowledge sharing: the mediating role of organization-based self-esteem and organizational silence, Journal of Workplace Learning, 32(6), 417-435, doi: 10.1108/JWL-07-2019-0088
• Tavakoli, A., Jamali Kapak, S. & Khorasani, V. (2014), Designing an ostracism model in selected banks, Journal of Public Administration Perspective, 20, 15-43.
• Tetteh, S.D., Osafo, J., Nyarko, M.A. & Tawiah, K.A. (2019). Interpersonal fairness, willingness-tostay and organisation-based self-esteem: the mediating role of affective commitment, Frontiers in Psychology, 10(1315), 1-10. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01315
• Turkoglu, N., & Dalgic, A. (2019). The effect of ruminative thought style and workplace ostracism on turnover intention of hotel employees: The mediating effect of organizational identification. Tourism & Management Studies, 15(3), 17–26. doi: 10.18089/tms.2019.150302
• Walasek, L., Matthews, W.J. & Rakow, T. (2015), The need to belong and the value of belongings: Does ostracism change the subjective value of personal possessions?, Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics, 58(3), 195-204. doi: 10.1016/j.socec.2015.04.012
• Waters, L. E., & Moore, K. A. (2002). Self‐esteem, appraisal and coping: a comparison of newemployed and re‐employed people. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 23(5), 593-604. doi: 10.1002/job.156
• Vandenberg, R. J., & Nelson, J. B. (1999). Disaggregating the motives underlying turnover intentions: When do intentions predict turnover behavior? Human Relations, 52(10), 1313-1336. doi: 10.1023/A:1016964515185
• Vui-Yee, K., & Yen-Hwa, T. (2020). When does ostracism lead to turnover intention? The moderated mediation model of job stress and job autonomy. IIMB Management Review, 32(3), 238–248. doi: 10.1016/j.iimb.2019.10.007
• Wang, L., Huang, J., Chu, X. and Wang, X. (2010), “A multilevel study on antecedents of manager voice in Chinese context”, Chinese Management Studies, 4(3), 212-230, doi: 10.1108/17506141011074110
• Williams, K. D. (2001). Ostracism: The power of silence. New York, NY: Guilford.
• Williams, K. D. (2007). Ostracism. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 425–452. doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085641
• Wu, L.-Z., Ferris, D. L., Kwan, H. K., Chiang, F., Snape, E., & Liang, L. H. (2015). Breaking (or making) the silence: How goal interdependence and social skill predict being ostracized. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 131, 51–66. doi: 10.1016/j.obhdp.2015.08.001
• Wu, C. H., Liu, J., Kwan, H. K., & Lee, C. (2016). Why and when workplace ostracism inhibits organizational citizenship behaviors: An organizational identification perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 101(3), 362–378. doi: 10.1037/apl0000063
• Wu, L., Wei, L. & Hui, C. (2011). Dispositional antecedents and consequences of workplace ostracism: an empirical examination, Frontiers of Business Research in China, 5(1), 23-44. doi: 10.1007/s11782-011-0119-2
• Xia, Aijing, Wang, Bin., Song ,Baihe., Zhang ,Wei., Qian , Jing (2018). How and when workplace ostracism influences task performance: Through the lens of conservation of resource theory, Human Resource Management Journal, 29(3), 353–370, doi: 10.1111/1748-8583.12226
• Zheng, X., Yang, J., Ngo, H.-Y, Liu, X.-Y, & Jiao. W. (2016). Workplace ostracism and its negative outcomes: Psychological capital as a moderator. Journal of Personnel Psychology, 15(4), 143- 151. doi: 10.1027/1866-5888/a000147