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Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Olan ve Normal Gelişim Gösteren Çocukların Üç Boyutlu Animasyon ve Canlı İnsan Model Video Materyalleri Üzerinde Yüz İşlemelerinin Karşılaştırılması

Year 2018, Volume: 19 Issue: 3, 553 - 576, 01.09.2018
https://doi.org/10.21565/ozelegitimdergisi.349440

Abstract

Otizm spektrum bozukluğu (OSB)
olan çocuklar yüz işleme becerilerinde önemli sınırlılıklar sergilemektedirler.
Bu çalışmada, bilgisayar ekranı aracılığıyla
izletilen üç boyutlu (3B) animasyon karakteri ile canlı model tarafından öykü anlatımı
içerikli video sunumunun OSB olan çocuklar ile normal gelişim gösteren
çocukların yüz işleme becerileri değişkenleri olan  toplam
odaklanma süreleri ve b) toplam ziyaret süreleri üzerindeki
etkilerinin

göz izleme yöntemi ile karşılaştırılarak
incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Çalışma grubunu, 5-12 yaş aralığında bulunan 23
normal gelişim gösteren ve 21 OSB olan çocuk oluşturmuştur. Araştırma
sonucunda, normal gelişim gösteren çocuklara göre, OSB olan çocukların insan
yüzüne odaklanmaları üzerinde video modeli ile karşılaştırıldığında 3B
animasyon modeli aracılığıyla sunulan öykü anlatımı lehine etkileri olduğu ve
3B animasyon kullanımında OSB olan çocukların insan yüzlerine daha fazla
odaklandıkları bulgulanmıştır. Bu bulguların yanı sıra, OSB olan çocukların,
normal gelişim gösteren çocuklara oranla sıra dışı yüz işleme becerilerine
sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir.
Araştırma bulguları, OSB olan çocuklarda yüz işleme
becerileri ve
müdahale uygulamalarına olası yansımaları bağlamında alan yazında var
olan ilgili araştırmalar çerçevesinde tartışılmış ve ileride yapılacak
araştırmalara yönelik önerilere yer verilmiştir.

References

  • Adolphs, R., Sears, L., & Piven, J. (2001). Abnormal processing of social information from faces in autism. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13(2), 232–240.
  • Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği. (2013). Ruhsal Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal Elkitabı, Beşinci Baskı (DSM-5),Tanı Ölçütleri Başvuru Elkitabı (Çev. Ed.: E Köroğlu) Hekimler Yayın Birliği, Ankara.
  • Bekele, E., Zheng, Z., Swanson, A., Crittendon, J., Warren, Z., & Sarkar, N. (2013). Understanding how adolescents with autism respond to facial expressions in virtual reality environments. IEEE Transactions on Visualizition and Computer Graphics, 19(4), 711-720.
  • Bradshaw, J., Shic, F., & Chawarska, K. (2011). Brief report: Face-specific recognition deficits in young children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 41(10), 1429-1435. Castelli, F. (2005). Understanding emotions from standardized facial expressions in autism and normal development. Autism, 9(4), 428-449.
  • Chawarska, K., Klin, A., & Volkmar, F. (2003). Automatic attention cueing through eye movement in 2-year-old children with autism. Child Development, 74(4), 1108–1122.
  • Chawarska K, & Shic F. (2009). Looking but not seeing: atypical visual face scanning and recognition of faces 2 and 4-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(12), 1663-1672.
  • Chawarska, K., & Volkmar, F. (2007). Impairments in monkey and human face recognition in 2-year-old toddlers with autism spectrum disorder and developmental delay. Developmental Science, 10(2), 266–279.
  • Chawarska, K., Volkmar, F., & Klin, A. (2010). Limited attentional bias for faces in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(2), 178-185.
  • Dalton, K. M., Nacewicz, B. M., Johnstone, T., Schaefer, H. S., Gernsbacher, M. A., & Goldsmith, H. H. (2005). Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism. Nature Neuroscience, 8(4), 519-526.
  • Dawson, G., Carver, L., Meltzoff, A.N., Panagiotides, H., McPartland, J., & Webb, S.J. (2002). Neural correlates of face and object recognition in young children with autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay and typical development. Child Development, 73(3), 700–717.
  • Dawson, G., Meltzoff, A.N., Osterling, J., Rinaldi, J., & Brown, E. (1998). Children with autism fail to orient to naturally occurring social stimuli. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 28(6), 479–485.
  • Dawson, G., Webb, S.J., & McPartland, J. (2005). Understanding the nature of face processing impairment in autism: Insights from behavioral and electrophysiological studies. Developmental Neuropsychology, 27(3), 403–424. Diken, I. H., Ardic, A., Diken, O, & Gilliam, J. E. (2012). Exploring validity and reliability of Turkish Version of Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-2. Education and Science, 37(166), 318-328.
  • Dundas, E., Gastgeb, H., & Strauss, S. M. (2012). Left visual field biases when infants process faces: A comparison of infants at high- and low-risk for autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(12), 2659–2668.
  • Falck-Ytter, T., Fernell, E., Lundholm, Å., von Hofsten, C., & Gillberg, C. (2012). Gaze performance in children with autism spectrum disorder when observing communicative actions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(10), 2236-2245.
  • Grelotti, D. J., Gauthier, I., & Schultz, R. T. (2002). Social interest and the development of cortical face specialization: What autism teaches us about face processing. Developmental Psychobiology, 40(5), 213–22.
  • Hobson, R. P., Ouston, J., & Lee, A. (1988). What’s in a Face? The Case of Autism. British Journal of Psychology, 79(4), 441–53.
  • Hourcade, J. P., Bullock-Rest, N. E., & Hansen, T. E. (2012). Multitouch tablet applications and activities to enhance the social skills of children with autism spectrum disorders. Personal Ubiquitous Computing, 16(2), 157–168.
  • Ingersoll, B. (2008). The social role of imitation in autism: Implications for the treatment of imitation deficits. Infants & Young Children, 21(2), 107-119.
  • Kaba, F. (1992). Animasyonun eğitim amaçlı kullanımı. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir.
  • Kana, R. K., Keller, T. A., Cherkassky, V. L., Minshew, N. J., & Adam Just, M. (2009). Atypical frontal-posterior synchronization of Theory of Mind regions in autism during mental state attribution. Social Neuroscience, 4(2), 135-152.
  • Klin, A., Jones, W., Schultz, R., Volkmar, F., & Cohen, D. (2002). Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59(9), 809–816.
  • Klin, A., Sparrow, S.S., de Bildt, A., Cicchetti, D.V., Cohen, D.J., & Volkmar, F.R. (1999). A normed study of face recognition in autism and related disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29(6), 499–508.
  • Kuhl, P.K., Williams, K.A., Lacerda, F., Stevens, K.N., & Lindblum, B. (1992). Linguistic experience alters phonetic perception in infants by 6 months of age. Science, 255(5044), 606–608.
  • Lacava, P.G., Golan,O., Baron-Cohen, S., & Smith-Myles, B. (2007). Using assistive technology to teach emotion recognition to students with Asperger Syndrome. Remedial and Special Education, 28(3), 174-181.
  • Langdell, T. (1978). Recognition of faces: An approach to the study of autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 19(3), 255–268.
  • Leppanen, J.M., & Nelson, C.A. (2009). Tuning the developing brain to social signals of emotions. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(1), 37–47.
  • Litras, S., Moore, D. W., & Anderson, A. (2010). Using video self-modelled social stories to teach social skills to a young child with autism. Autism Research and Treatment, 210(1)1-9.
  • Lo´pez, B., Donnelly, N., Hadwin, J. A., & Leekam, S. R. (2004). Face-processing in high-functioning adults with autism: Evidence for weak central coherence. Visual Cognition, 11(6), 673–688.
  • Luyster, R. J., Wagner, J. B., Vogel-Farley, V., Tager-Flusberg, H., & Nelson, C. A. (2011). Neural correlates of familiar and unfamiliar face processing in infants at risk for autism spectrum disorders. Brain Topography, 24(3), 220–228.
  • McGonigle-Chalmers, M., Alderson-Day, B., Fleming, J., & Monsen, K. (2013). Profound expressive language impairment in low functioning children with autism: An investigation of syntactic awareness using a computerised learning task. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(9), 2062–2081.
  • Miranda, J.S., Alvarez, X., Orvalho, J., Gutierrez, D., Sousa, A. A., & Orvalho, V. (2012). Sketch Express: A sketching interface for facial animation. Computers & Graphics, 36(6), 585-595.
  • Ozdemir, S. (2008a). The effectiveness of social stories on decreasing disruptive behaviors of children with autism: Three case studies. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(9), 1689-1696.
  • Ozdemir, S. (2008b). Using multimedia social stories to increase appropriate social engagement in young children with autism. The Turkish Online Journal of Education Technology, 7(3), 80-88.
  • Pascalis, O., Scott, L., Kelly, D., Shannon, R., Nicholson, E., Coleman, M., & Nelson, C. (2005). Plasticity of face processing in infancy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(14), 5297–5300.
  • Pembecioğlu N. (2002). İletişim ve Çocuk: İletişim Ortamlarında Çocuk ve Reklam Etkileşimi. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
  • Santos, A., Chaminade, T., Da Fonseca, D., Silva, C., Rosset, D., & Deruelle, J. (2012). Just another social scene: Evidence for decreased attention to negative social scenes in high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(9), 1790–1798.
  • Scherf, K.S., Behrmann, M., Minshew, N., & Luna, B. (2008). Atypical development of face and freeble recognition in autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(8), 838-847.
  • Schmider, E., Ziegler, M., Danay, E., Beyer, L., & Bühner, M. (2010). Is it really robust? Reinvestigating the Robustness of ANOVA Against Violations of the Normal Distribution Assumption. Methodology, 6, 147-151.
  • Schultz, R.T. (2005). Developmental deficits in social perception in autism: the role of the amygdala and fusiform face area. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 23(2–3), 125–141.
  • Shic, F., Bradshaw, J., Klin, A., Scassellati, B., & Chawarska, K. (2011). Limited activity monitoring in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder. Brain Research, 1280(1380), 246–254.
  • Töret, G., Özdemir, S., Gürel-Selimoğlu Ö., & Özkubat, U. (2014a). Otizmli çocuğa sahip olan ebeveynlerin çocuklarının günlük yaşam özllikleri, günlük oyun etkileşimleri, problem davranışlar ve iletişim stillerine ilişkin görüşleri. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 15(1), 1-44.
  • Töret, G., Özdemir, S., Gürel-Selimoğlu, Ö., & Özkubat, U. (2014b). Otizmli çocuğa sahip olan ebevynlerin görüşleri: Otizm tanımlamaları ve otizin nedenleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 15(1), 1-14.
  • Van der Geest, J. N., Kemner, C., Camfferman, G., Verbaten, M.N., & van Engeland, H. (2002). Looking at images with human figures: Comparison between autistic and normal children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32(2), 69–75.
  • Young, G.S., Merin, N., Rogers, S.J., & Ozonoff, S. (2009). Gaze behavior and affect at 6 months: Predicting clinical outcomes and language development in typically developing infants and infants at risk for autism. Developmental Science, 12(5), 798-814.
Year 2018, Volume: 19 Issue: 3, 553 - 576, 01.09.2018
https://doi.org/10.21565/ozelegitimdergisi.349440

Abstract

References

  • Adolphs, R., Sears, L., & Piven, J. (2001). Abnormal processing of social information from faces in autism. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 13(2), 232–240.
  • Amerikan Psikiyatri Birliği. (2013). Ruhsal Bozuklukların Tanısal ve Sayımsal Elkitabı, Beşinci Baskı (DSM-5),Tanı Ölçütleri Başvuru Elkitabı (Çev. Ed.: E Köroğlu) Hekimler Yayın Birliği, Ankara.
  • Bekele, E., Zheng, Z., Swanson, A., Crittendon, J., Warren, Z., & Sarkar, N. (2013). Understanding how adolescents with autism respond to facial expressions in virtual reality environments. IEEE Transactions on Visualizition and Computer Graphics, 19(4), 711-720.
  • Bradshaw, J., Shic, F., & Chawarska, K. (2011). Brief report: Face-specific recognition deficits in young children with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 41(10), 1429-1435. Castelli, F. (2005). Understanding emotions from standardized facial expressions in autism and normal development. Autism, 9(4), 428-449.
  • Chawarska, K., Klin, A., & Volkmar, F. (2003). Automatic attention cueing through eye movement in 2-year-old children with autism. Child Development, 74(4), 1108–1122.
  • Chawarska K, & Shic F. (2009). Looking but not seeing: atypical visual face scanning and recognition of faces 2 and 4-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 39(12), 1663-1672.
  • Chawarska, K., & Volkmar, F. (2007). Impairments in monkey and human face recognition in 2-year-old toddlers with autism spectrum disorder and developmental delay. Developmental Science, 10(2), 266–279.
  • Chawarska, K., Volkmar, F., & Klin, A. (2010). Limited attentional bias for faces in toddlers with autism spectrum disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 67(2), 178-185.
  • Dalton, K. M., Nacewicz, B. M., Johnstone, T., Schaefer, H. S., Gernsbacher, M. A., & Goldsmith, H. H. (2005). Gaze fixation and the neural circuitry of face processing in autism. Nature Neuroscience, 8(4), 519-526.
  • Dawson, G., Carver, L., Meltzoff, A.N., Panagiotides, H., McPartland, J., & Webb, S.J. (2002). Neural correlates of face and object recognition in young children with autism spectrum disorder, developmental delay and typical development. Child Development, 73(3), 700–717.
  • Dawson, G., Meltzoff, A.N., Osterling, J., Rinaldi, J., & Brown, E. (1998). Children with autism fail to orient to naturally occurring social stimuli. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 28(6), 479–485.
  • Dawson, G., Webb, S.J., & McPartland, J. (2005). Understanding the nature of face processing impairment in autism: Insights from behavioral and electrophysiological studies. Developmental Neuropsychology, 27(3), 403–424. Diken, I. H., Ardic, A., Diken, O, & Gilliam, J. E. (2012). Exploring validity and reliability of Turkish Version of Gilliam Autism Rating Scale-2. Education and Science, 37(166), 318-328.
  • Dundas, E., Gastgeb, H., & Strauss, S. M. (2012). Left visual field biases when infants process faces: A comparison of infants at high- and low-risk for autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(12), 2659–2668.
  • Falck-Ytter, T., Fernell, E., Lundholm, Å., von Hofsten, C., & Gillberg, C. (2012). Gaze performance in children with autism spectrum disorder when observing communicative actions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(10), 2236-2245.
  • Grelotti, D. J., Gauthier, I., & Schultz, R. T. (2002). Social interest and the development of cortical face specialization: What autism teaches us about face processing. Developmental Psychobiology, 40(5), 213–22.
  • Hobson, R. P., Ouston, J., & Lee, A. (1988). What’s in a Face? The Case of Autism. British Journal of Psychology, 79(4), 441–53.
  • Hourcade, J. P., Bullock-Rest, N. E., & Hansen, T. E. (2012). Multitouch tablet applications and activities to enhance the social skills of children with autism spectrum disorders. Personal Ubiquitous Computing, 16(2), 157–168.
  • Ingersoll, B. (2008). The social role of imitation in autism: Implications for the treatment of imitation deficits. Infants & Young Children, 21(2), 107-119.
  • Kaba, F. (1992). Animasyonun eğitim amaçlı kullanımı. Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi, Anadolu Üniversitesi, Eskişehir.
  • Kana, R. K., Keller, T. A., Cherkassky, V. L., Minshew, N. J., & Adam Just, M. (2009). Atypical frontal-posterior synchronization of Theory of Mind regions in autism during mental state attribution. Social Neuroscience, 4(2), 135-152.
  • Klin, A., Jones, W., Schultz, R., Volkmar, F., & Cohen, D. (2002). Visual fixation patterns during viewing of naturalistic social situations as predictors of social competence in individuals with autism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 59(9), 809–816.
  • Klin, A., Sparrow, S.S., de Bildt, A., Cicchetti, D.V., Cohen, D.J., & Volkmar, F.R. (1999). A normed study of face recognition in autism and related disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 29(6), 499–508.
  • Kuhl, P.K., Williams, K.A., Lacerda, F., Stevens, K.N., & Lindblum, B. (1992). Linguistic experience alters phonetic perception in infants by 6 months of age. Science, 255(5044), 606–608.
  • Lacava, P.G., Golan,O., Baron-Cohen, S., & Smith-Myles, B. (2007). Using assistive technology to teach emotion recognition to students with Asperger Syndrome. Remedial and Special Education, 28(3), 174-181.
  • Langdell, T. (1978). Recognition of faces: An approach to the study of autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 19(3), 255–268.
  • Leppanen, J.M., & Nelson, C.A. (2009). Tuning the developing brain to social signals of emotions. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(1), 37–47.
  • Litras, S., Moore, D. W., & Anderson, A. (2010). Using video self-modelled social stories to teach social skills to a young child with autism. Autism Research and Treatment, 210(1)1-9.
  • Lo´pez, B., Donnelly, N., Hadwin, J. A., & Leekam, S. R. (2004). Face-processing in high-functioning adults with autism: Evidence for weak central coherence. Visual Cognition, 11(6), 673–688.
  • Luyster, R. J., Wagner, J. B., Vogel-Farley, V., Tager-Flusberg, H., & Nelson, C. A. (2011). Neural correlates of familiar and unfamiliar face processing in infants at risk for autism spectrum disorders. Brain Topography, 24(3), 220–228.
  • McGonigle-Chalmers, M., Alderson-Day, B., Fleming, J., & Monsen, K. (2013). Profound expressive language impairment in low functioning children with autism: An investigation of syntactic awareness using a computerised learning task. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(9), 2062–2081.
  • Miranda, J.S., Alvarez, X., Orvalho, J., Gutierrez, D., Sousa, A. A., & Orvalho, V. (2012). Sketch Express: A sketching interface for facial animation. Computers & Graphics, 36(6), 585-595.
  • Ozdemir, S. (2008a). The effectiveness of social stories on decreasing disruptive behaviors of children with autism: Three case studies. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 38(9), 1689-1696.
  • Ozdemir, S. (2008b). Using multimedia social stories to increase appropriate social engagement in young children with autism. The Turkish Online Journal of Education Technology, 7(3), 80-88.
  • Pascalis, O., Scott, L., Kelly, D., Shannon, R., Nicholson, E., Coleman, M., & Nelson, C. (2005). Plasticity of face processing in infancy. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102(14), 5297–5300.
  • Pembecioğlu N. (2002). İletişim ve Çocuk: İletişim Ortamlarında Çocuk ve Reklam Etkileşimi. Ankara: Nobel Yayınları.
  • Santos, A., Chaminade, T., Da Fonseca, D., Silva, C., Rosset, D., & Deruelle, J. (2012). Just another social scene: Evidence for decreased attention to negative social scenes in high-functioning autism. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 42(9), 1790–1798.
  • Scherf, K.S., Behrmann, M., Minshew, N., & Luna, B. (2008). Atypical development of face and freeble recognition in autism. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 49(8), 838-847.
  • Schmider, E., Ziegler, M., Danay, E., Beyer, L., & Bühner, M. (2010). Is it really robust? Reinvestigating the Robustness of ANOVA Against Violations of the Normal Distribution Assumption. Methodology, 6, 147-151.
  • Schultz, R.T. (2005). Developmental deficits in social perception in autism: the role of the amygdala and fusiform face area. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience, 23(2–3), 125–141.
  • Shic, F., Bradshaw, J., Klin, A., Scassellati, B., & Chawarska, K. (2011). Limited activity monitoring in toddlers with autism spectrum disorder. Brain Research, 1280(1380), 246–254.
  • Töret, G., Özdemir, S., Gürel-Selimoğlu Ö., & Özkubat, U. (2014a). Otizmli çocuğa sahip olan ebeveynlerin çocuklarının günlük yaşam özllikleri, günlük oyun etkileşimleri, problem davranışlar ve iletişim stillerine ilişkin görüşleri. Ege Eğitim Dergisi, 15(1), 1-44.
  • Töret, G., Özdemir, S., Gürel-Selimoğlu, Ö., & Özkubat, U. (2014b). Otizmli çocuğa sahip olan ebevynlerin görüşleri: Otizm tanımlamaları ve otizin nedenleri. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 15(1), 1-14.
  • Van der Geest, J. N., Kemner, C., Camfferman, G., Verbaten, M.N., & van Engeland, H. (2002). Looking at images with human figures: Comparison between autistic and normal children. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 32(2), 69–75.
  • Young, G.S., Merin, N., Rogers, S.J., & Ozonoff, S. (2009). Gaze behavior and affect at 6 months: Predicting clinical outcomes and language development in typically developing infants and infants at risk for autism. Developmental Science, 12(5), 798-814.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Gökhan Töret 0000-0001-8801-2310

Selda Özdemir 0000-0002-3925-2702

Ömür Gürel Selimoğlu This is me 0000-0003-3212-713X

Publication Date September 1, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 19 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Töret, G., Özdemir, S., & Gürel Selimoğlu, Ö. (2018). Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu Olan ve Normal Gelişim Gösteren Çocukların Üç Boyutlu Animasyon ve Canlı İnsan Model Video Materyalleri Üzerinde Yüz İşlemelerinin Karşılaştırılması. Ankara Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Fakültesi Özel Eğitim Dergisi, 19(3), 553-576. https://doi.org/10.21565/ozelegitimdergisi.349440

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