Relationships Between Reasoning, Verbal Working Memory, and Language in Children with Early Cochlear Implantation: A Mediation Effect

Year 2018, Volume: 19 Issue: 3, 485 - 509, 01.09.2018

Hatice Akçakaya , Filiz Aslan Murat Doğan , Esra Yücel

https://doi.org/10.21565/ozelegitimdergisi.365076

Cited By: 2

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine the relationships between reasoning, working memory, and language in children with cochlear implants. A battery of tests of language, working memory, reasoning tasks, and speech perception tests was administered to each child. The participants were twenty-five children with deaf who had cochlear implant surgery before the age of 3. Parallel mediation analysis was conducted. The cause of reasoning is the working memory, however this effect is shown with the indirect effects of receptive and expressive language skills. As a result, activities to improve verbal working memory and receptive and expressive language skills might improve reasoning skills of children with cochlear implants.

Keywords

Reasoning, verbal working memory, cochlear implant, language, hearing loss, deaf, mediation

Erken Yaşta Koklear İmplant Uygulanan Çocuklarda Muhakeme, Sözel Çalışma Belleği ve Dil İlişkisi: Aracılık Etkisi

Abstract

Bu çalışmanın amacı erken yaşta koklear implant olan çocuklarda muhakeme, sözel çalışma belleği ve dil arasındaki ilişkileri incelemektir. Bu çalışmada muhakeme, sözel çalışma belleği, dil, konuşma algısı testi ve zeka testleri yapılmıştır. Çalışmaya üç yaşından önce koklear implant olmuş 25 çocuk katılmıştır. Sözü edilen değişkenlerdeki ilişkileri incelemek için paralel aracılık analizi yapılmıştır. Sonuç olarak koklear implantlı çocuklarda muhakemenin nedeninin alıcı ve ifade edici dil becerileri aracılığıyla sözel çalışma belleği olduğu görülmüştür. Bu sonuç koklear implantlı çocuklarda sözel çalışma belleği ve dil becerilerinin geliştirilmesinin onların muhakeme becerilerini de geliştirebileceğini düşündürmektedir.

Keywords

Muhakeme, sözel çalışma belleği, koklear implant, dil, işitme kaybı, aracılık analizi

References

• Ackerman, P. L., Beier, M. E., & Boyle, M. O. (2005). Working memory and intelligence: The same or different constructs? Psychological Bulletin, 131(1), 30-60. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.131.1.30
• Akçakaya, H. (2015). Evaluation of verbal working memory of early cochlear implanted children and its relationship with language. (Master's thesis), Hacettepe University Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara. Retrieved from: http://www.openaccess.hacettepe.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/handle/11655/735
• Akoğlu, G., & Acarlar, F. (2014). Investigation of Turkish Nonword Repetition List for 3-9 years children. Education and Science, 39(173), 13-24. Retrieved from: http://egitimvebilim.ted.org.tr/index.php/EB/article/view/2398/692
• Archibald, L. M. (2013). The language, working memory, and other cognitive demands of verbal tasks. Topics in Language Disorders, 33(3), 190-207. doi: 10.1097/TLD.0b013e31829dd8af
• Aslan, F. (2016). Auditory reasoning skills in early and late cochlear implanted school aged children. (Doctoral dissertation), Hacettepe University Institute of Health Sciences, Ankara.
• AuBuchon, A. M., Pisoni, D. B., & Kronenberger, W. G. (2015). Short-term and working memory impairments in early-implanted, long-term cochlear implant users are independent of audibility and speech production. Ear and hearing, 36(6), 733-737. doi: 10.1097/AUD.0000000000000189
• Baddeley, A. (2003). Working memory and language: An overview. Journal of communication disorders, 36(3), 189-208. doi:10.1016/S0021-9924(03)00019-4
• Baddeley, A. (2007). Working memory, thought, and action (Vol. 45). New York: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198528012.003.0002
• Baddeley, A., Gathercole, S., & Papagno, C. (1998). The phonological loop as a language learning device. Psychological Review, 105(1), 158-173. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.105.1.158
• Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182. Retrieved from: http://webcom.upmf-grenoble.fr/LIP/Perso/DMuller/GSERM/Articles/Journal%20of%20Personality%20and%20Social%20Psychology%201986%20Baron.pdf
• Blamey, P. J., Sarant, J. Z., Paatsch, L. E., Barry, J. G., Bow, C. P., Wales, R. J., et al., (2001). Relationships among speech perception, production, language, hearing loss, and age in children with impaired hearing. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 44(2), 264-285. doi: 10.1044/1092-4388(2001/022)
• Burkholder, R. A., & Pisoni, D. B. (2003). Speech timing and working memory in profoundly deaf children after cochlear implantation. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 85(1), 63-88. doi:10.1016/S0022-0965(03)00033-X
• Burkholder, R. A., & Pisoni, D. B. (2006). Working memory capacity, verbal rehearsal speed, and scanning in deaf children with cochlear implants. Research On Spoken Language Processıng Progress Report No. 26 (2003-2004) Indiana University, 47-70. Retrieved from: http://www.indiana.edu/~srlweb/pr/26/47-Burkholder.pdf Carter, A. K., Dillon, C. M., & Pisoni, D. B. (2002). Imitation of nonwords by hearing impaired children with cochlear implants: Suprasegmental analyses. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 16(8), 619-638. doi:10.1080/02699200021000034958
• Cleary M., Dillon, C., Pisoni D. B. (2002). Imitation of nonwords by deaf children after cochlear implantation: Preliminary findings. The Annals of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology. Supplement, 189(5_suppl), 91-96. Retrieved from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3432908/pdf/nihms-400204.pdf
• Dillon, C., Pisoni, D. B., Cleary, M., & Carter, A. K. (2004). Nonword imitation by children with cochlear implants: Consonant analyses. Archives of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, 130(5), 587-591. doi:10.1001/archotol.130.5.587
• Edwards, L., Figueras, B., Mellanby, J., & Langdon, D. (2010). Verbal and spatial analogical reasoning in deaf and hearing children: The role of grammar and vocabulary. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 16(2), 189-197. doi: 10.1093/deafed/enq051
• Er, S., & Tepeli, K. (2013). Examination of Auditory Reasoning and Processing Skills of 5-6 Year Old Children Having Different Conceptual Tempo. Selçuk University The Journal of Institute of Social Sciences, 30, 117-128. Retrieved from: http://acikerisim.selcuk.edu.tr:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/1463
• Erbay, F. (2009). The investigation of effects of creative drama education on six year old kindergarten students auditory reasoning and processing skills. (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Selçuk University Institute of Social Sciences, Konya.
• Esser-Leyding, B., & Anderson, I. (2012). EARS® (Evaluation of Auditory Responses to Speech): An internationally validated assessment tool for children provided with cochlear implants. ORL, 74(1), 42-51. doi:10.1159/000335054
• Evans, J. S. B., Newstead, S. E., & Byrne, R. M. (1993). Human reasoning: The psychology of deduction. USA: Psychology Press.
• Flanagan, D. P., Ortiz, S. O., & Alfonso, V. C. (2007). Essentials Cross-Battery Assessment. Newyork: Wiley.
• Fry, A. F., & Hale, S. (1996). Processing speed, working memory, and fluid intelligence: Evidence for a developmental cascade. Psychological Science, 7(4), 237-241. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org/stable/40062952
• Gathercole, S. E. (1995). Is nonword repetition a test of phonological memory or long-term knowledge? It all depends on the nonwords. Memory & Cognition, 23(1), 83-94. Retrieved from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758%2FBF03210559?LI=true
• Gathercole, S. E., & Baddeley, A. D. (1989). Evaluation of the role of phonological STM in the development of vocabulary in children: A longitudinal study. Journal of Memory and Language, 28(2), 200-213. doi: 10.1016/0749-596X(89)90044-2
• Geers, A. E. (2002). Factors affecting the development of speech, language, and literacy in children with early cochlear implantation. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 33(3), 172-183. doi:10.1044/0161-1461(2002/015)
• Geers, A. E., Nicholas, J. G., & Sedey, A. L. (2003). Language skills of children with early cochlear implantation. Ear and Hearing, 24(1), doi: 46-58. doi:10.1097/01.AUD.0000051689.57380.1B
• Geers, A. E., & Sedey, A. L. (2011). Language and verbal reasoning skills in adolescents with 10 or more years of cochlear implant experience. Ear and Hearing, 32(1 Suppl), 39-48. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3157037/
• Goldstone, R., & Son, J. (2005). Similarity The Cambridge handbook of thinking and reasoning (pp. 14). UK: Cambridge University Press.
• Güven, S., & Topbaş, S. (2014). Adaptation of the Test of Early Language Development-Third Edition (TELD-3) into Turkish: Reliability and validity study. International Journal of Early Childhood Special Education, 6(2), 151-176.
• Harris, M. S., Pisoni, D. B., Kronenberger, W. G., Gao, S., Caffrey, H. M., & Miyamoto, R. T. (2011). Developmental trajectories of forward and backward digit spans in deaf children with cochlear implants. Cochlear Implants International, 12(s1), 84-88. doi:10.1179/146701011X13001035752534
• Hayes, A. F. (2013). Introduction to mediation, moderation, and conditional process analysis: A regression-based approach. New York: Guilford Press.
• Henry, L. (2012). The Working Memory Model. In L. Henry (Ed.), The Development of Working Memory in Children, (pp. 1-37). London: SAGE Publications Ltd. doi:10.4135/9781446251348
• Hodges, A. V., Ash, M. D., Balkany, T. J., Schloffman, J. J., & Butts, S. L. (1999). Speech perception results in children with cochlear implants: Contributing factors. Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, 121(1), 31-34. doi: 10.1016/S0194-5998(99)70119-1
• Holopainen, L., Ahonen, T., Tolvanen, A., & Lyytinen, H. (2000). Two alternative ways to model the relation between reading accuracy and phonological awareness at preschool age. Scientific Studies of Reading, 4(2), 77-100. doi: 10.1207/ S1532799XSSR0402_01
• Kyllonen, P. C., & Christal, R. E. (1990). Reasoning ability is (little more than) working-memory capacity?! Intelligence, 14(4), 389-433. doi: 10.1016/S0160-2896(05)80012-1
• Lee, Y., Yim, D., & Sim, H. (2012). Phonological processing skills and its relevance to receptive vocabulary development in children with early cochlear implantation. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 76(12), 1755-1760. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2012.08.016
• Marshall, C., Jones, A., Denmark, T., Mason, K., Atkinson, J., Botting, N., et al., (2015). Deaf children's non-verbal working memory is impacted by their language experience. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(527), 1-12. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00527
• Masoura, E. V., & Gathercole, S. E. (1999 ). Phonological Short‐term Memory and Foreign Language Learning. International Journal of Psychology, 34(5-6), 383-388. Retrieved from: http://blogs.sch.gr/stelam/files/2011/06/memory-and-vocabulary-learning.pdf
• McGrew, K. S. (2005). The Cattell-Horn-Carroll Theory of cognitive abilities: Past, present, and future. In D. P. Flanagan & P. L. Harrison (Eds.), Contemporary intellectual assessment: Theories, tests, and issues (pp. 136-181). New York, NY, US Guilford Press.
• Miyamoto, R. T., Osberger, M. J., Todd, S. L., Robbins, A. M., Stroer, B. S., Zimmerman‐Phillips, S., et al., (1994). Variables affecting implant performance in children. The Laryngoscope, 104(9), 1120-1124. doi: 10.1288/00005537-199409000-00012
• Papagno, C., & Vallar, G. (1995). Verbal short-term memory and vocabulary learning in polyglots. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology, 48(1), 98-107. doi: 10.1080/14640749508401378
• Pisoni, D. B., & Cleary, M. (2003). Measures of working memory span and verbal rehearsal speed in deaf children after cochlear implantation. Ear and Hearing, 24(1 Suppl), 106-120. doi:10.1097/01.AUD.0000051692.05140.8E
• Reynolds, C. R., Vannest, K. J., & Fletcher-Janzen, E. (2013). Encyclopedia of Special Education, Advance Online Publication. In D.P. Flanagan & S. G. Dixon (Eds.), The Cattell‐Horn‐Carroll Theory of cognitive abilities (pp. 1-13) John Wiley &Sons, Inc. doi:10.1002/9781118660584.ese0431
• Rose, N. S., & Craik, F. I. (2012). A processing approach to the working memory/long-term memory distinction: Evidence from the levels-of-processing span task. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 38(4), 1019-1029. doi: 10.1037/a0026976
• Savaşır, I., & Şahin, N. (1995). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R) handbook. Ankara: Turkish Psychological Association Publications.
• Soleymani, Z., Amidfar, M., Dadgar, H., & Jalaie, S. (2014). Working memory in Farsi-speaking children with normal development and cochlear implant. International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, 78(4), 674-678. doi:10.1016/j.ijporl.2014.01.035
• Süß, H. M., Oberauer, K., Wittmann, W. W., Wilhelm, O., & Schulze, R. (2002). Working memory capacity explains reasoning ability and a little bit more. Intelligence, 30(3), 261-288. doi: 10.1016/S0160-2896(01)00100-3
• Vernon, M. (2005). Fifty years of research on the intelligence of deaf and hard-of-hearing children: A review of literature and discussion of implications. Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 10(3), 225-231. doi: 10.1093/deafed/eni024
• Watson, D., Titterington, J., Henry, A., & Toner, J. (2006). Auditory sensory memory and working memory processes in children with normal hearing and cochlear implants. Audiology and Neurotology, 12(2), 65-76. doi:10.1159/000097793
• Willstedt-Svensson, U., Löfqvist, A., Almqvist, B., & Sahlén, B. (2004). Is age at implant the only factor that counts? The influence of working memory on lexical and grammatical development in children with cochlear implants. International Journal of Audiology, 43(9), 506-515. doi: 10.1080/14992020400050065