EBEVEYNLERİN PROBLEMLİ VİDEO OYUNU OYNAMAYA YÖNELİK BİLGİ VE FARKINDALIĞININ İNCELENMESİ

Abstract

Problemli video oyunu oynama klinik anlamda yeni tanımlanan bir sorun olup çocuk oyuncuların ebeveynleri de tanı ve tedavi sürecinde aktif yer almalıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, problemli video oyunu oynama davranışına yönelik ebeveynlerin bilgi ve farkındalıklarını incelemektir. Çalışmaya 42 ebeveyn katılmış, Demografik Bilgi Formu ve açık uçlu soruları yazılı olarak cevaplamıştır. Katılımcıların çocuklarının video oyunu oynama davranışını genel olarak iyi takip ettiği görülmüştür. İçerik analizi sonucunda Tanım (Duygusal Boyut [Tolerans, Olumlu Duygulanım, Duygusal Yoksunluk Belirtileri], Sıklık [Davranışsal Boyut, Bilişsel Boyut], Tanımlayamama, Sanal-Gerçek Ayrımı, Patoloji), Tedavi Potansiyeli (Tedavi Edilebilirlik [Tedavi Edilebilir, Belirsizlik, Tedavi Edilemez], Tedavi Kaynakları [Aile Desteği, Hobiler/Aktiviteler, Profesyonel Destek, Süreyi Sınırlandırma]), Nedenler (Sosyal Nedenler [Yetersiz Aile İlişkileri, Çevresel Faktörler, Akran Zorbalığı/Dışlanma], Duygusal Nedenler [Olumsuz Duygudan Kaçış, Olumlu Duyguya Yaklaşma], Öz Denetim [Zamanı Yönetememe, Duygu Denetimi], Kişilik Özellikleri) ve Etkiler (Negatif İşlevsellik, Fizyolojik Etkiler, Sosyal İlişkiler, Psikolojik Etkiler [Olumsuz Psikolojik Etkiler, Olumlu Psikolojik Etkiler]) temalarına ulaşılmıştır. Ebeveynler etkili bilgi kaynakları olabilir.

Keywords

• Video Oyun Bağımlılığı
• Problemli Video Oyun Oynama Davranışı
• İnternette Oyun Oynama Bozukluğu
• Ebeveyn Bilgi Düzeyi
• Ebeveyn Farkındalığı
• Dijital Ebeveynlik

ANALYSIS OF PARENTS’ KNOWLEDGE AND AWARENESS ABOUT THEIR CHILDREN’S PROBLEMATIC VIDEO GAMING BEHAVIORS

Abstract

Problematic video gaming is a newly defined problem in the clinical field, and parents of child gamers should be actively involved in the diagnostic and treatment processes. This study aims to examine parents’ knowledge and awareness regarding problematic video gaming behavior. Forty-two parents provided written answers to the Demographic Information Form and the open-ended questions. The themes obtained from the content analysis were Definition (Emotional Dimension [Tolerance, Positive Affect, Emotional Deprivation Symptoms], Frequency [Behavioral Dimension, Cognitive Dimension], Inability to Identify, Virtual-Real Distinction, Pathology), Treatment Potential (Treatability [Treatable, Uncertainty, Untreatable], Treatment Resources [Family Support, Hobbies/Activities, Professional Support, Limiting Time]), Causes (Social Causes [Inadequate Family Relations, Environmental Factors, Peer Bullying/Exclusion], Emotional Causes [Escape from Negative Emotion, Approach to Positive Emotion], Self-Control [Inability to Manage Time, Emotional Control], Personality Traits) and Effects (Negative Functioning, Physiological Effects, Social Relations, Psychological Effects [Negative Psychological Effects, Positive Psychological Effects]). Parents may constitute effective sources of information.

Keywords

• Video Game Addiction
• Problematic Video Gaming
• Internet Gaming Disorder
• Parents’ Knowledge
• Parents’ Awareness
• Digital Parenting

References

1. American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed., text rev.). American Psychiatric Association. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787
2. Birol, S. Ş., & Birol, E. (2022). “Ebeveynlerin Dijital Oyun Içeriklerine Dair Farkındalık Düzeyleri ve Bilgi Birikimlerinin Mevcut Ölçme Araçları ile Ölçümü”, Bağımlılık Dergisi, 23(4), 530–535. https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1049728
3. Bonnaire, C., Liddle, H.A., Niealsen, P., & Phan, O. (2019). “Why and How to Include Parents in the Treatment of Adolescents Presenting Internet Gaming Disorder?”, Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 8(2), 201–212. http://doi.org/10.1556/2006.8.2019.27
4. Borges, G., Orozco, R., Benjet, C., Martínez, K. I. M., Contreras, E. V., Pérez, A. L. J., ... Ayuso-Mateos, J. E. (2020). “(Internet) Gaming Disorder in DSM–5 and ICD–11: A Case of the Glass Half Empty or Half Full”. The Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 66(5), 477–484. https://doi.org/10.1177/0706743720948431
5. Braun, B., Stopfer, J. M., Müller, K. W., Beutel, M. E., & Egloff, B. (2016). “Personality and Video Gaming: Comparing Regular Gamers, Non-Gamers, and Gaming Addicts and Differentiating between Game Genres”, Computers in Human Behavior, 55, 406–412. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.09.041
6. Canoğlu, B., & Doğan, A. (2025). “Ergenlerin Dijital Oyun Oynama Davranışları ile Ebeveynlik Davranışları Arasındaki İlişki”, Bağımlılık, 26(1), 106–115. https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1452130
7. Chan, G., Huo, Y., Kelly, S., Leung, J., Tisdale, C., & Gullo, M. (2022). “The Impact of eSports and Online Video Gaming on Lifestyle Behaviours in Youth: A Systematic Review”, Computers in Human Behavior, 126, 106974. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.106974
8. Cheah, I., Shimul, A. S., & Phau, I. (2022). “Motivations of Playing Digital Games: A Review and Research Agenda”, Psychology & Marketing, 39(5), 937–950. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.21631

9. Choo, H., Sim, T., Liau, A. K., Gentile, D. A., & Khoo, A. (2015). “Parental Influences on Pathological Symptoms of Video-Gaming among Children and Adolescents: A Prospective Study”, Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24, 1429–1441. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-014-9949-9
10. Chu, J., & Schulz, L. E. (2020). “Play, Curiosity, and Cognition”, Annual Review of Developmental Psychology, 2(1), 317–343. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-devpsych-070120-014806
11. Chung, U. S., Kim, S., Jin, J., & Han, D. H. (2021). “Development and Verification of An Internet Game Literacy Scale”, Journal of Korean Medical Science, 36(35), e2019. https://doi.org/10.3346/jkms.2021.36.e216
12. Corrigan, P. W. (2000). “Mental Health Stigma as Social Attribution: Implications for Research Methods and Attitude Change”, Clinical Psychology, 7, 48–67.
13. Cotler, J., Fryling, M., & Rivituso, J. (2016). “Causes of Cyberbullying in Multi-Player Online Gaming Environments: Gamer Perceptions”, Proceedings of the Conference on Information Systems Applied Research, 2167, 1–11.
14. Delen, E., Kaya, F., Ritter, N. L., & Sahin, A. (2015). “Understanding Parents’ Perceptions of Communication Technology Use”, International Online Journal of Educational Sciences, 7(4), 22–36. https://doi.org/10.15345/iojes.2015.04.003
15. De Lepeleere, S., De Bourdeaudhuij, I., Cardon, G., & Verloigne, M. (2017). “The Effect of An Online Video Intervention ‘Movie Models’ on Specific Parenting Practices and Parental Self-Efficacy Related to Children’s Physical Activity, Screen-Time and Healthy Diet: A Quasi Experimental Study”, BMC Public Health, 17, 366. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-017-4264-1
16. Demetrovics, Z., Urbán, R., Nagygyörgy, K., Farkas, J., Zilahy, D., Mervó, B., Reindl, A., Ágoston, C., Kertész, A., & Harmath, E. (2011). “Why Do You Play? The Development of the Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ)”, Behavior Research Methods, 43(3), 814–825. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0091-y
17. Estupiñá, F. J., Bernaldo‐de‐Quirós, M., Vallejo‐Achón, M., Fernández‐Arias, I., & Labrador, F. (2024). “Emotional Regulation in Gaming Disorder: A Systematic Review”, The American Journal on Addictions, 33(6), 605–620. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajad.13621
18. Evren, C., Evren, B., Dalbudak, E., Topçu, M., & Kutlu, N. (2020). “Psychometric Validation of the Turkish Motives for Online Gaming Questionnaire (MOGQ) across University Students and Video Game Players”, Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 7(2), 81–89. https://doi.org/10.5152/ADDICTA.2020.19093
19. Feindel, H. (2019). İnternet Bağımlılığı: Bağımlılar ve Aileleri için El Kitabı. İletişim Yayınları.
20. Freţian, A. M., Graf, P., Kirchhoff, S., Glinphratum, G., Bollweg, T. M., Sauzet, O., & Bauer, U. (2021). “The Long-Term Effectiveness of Interventions Addressing Mental Health Literacy and Stigma of Mental Illness in Children and Adolescents: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”, International Journal of Public Health, 66, 1604072. https://doi.org/10.3389/ijph.2021.1604072
21. Granic, I., Lobel, A., & Engels, R. C. M. E. (2014). “The Benefits of Playing Video Games”, American Psychologist, 69(1), 66–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034857 Greitemeyer, T., & Mügge, D. O. (2014). “Video Games Do Affect Social Outcomes: A Meta-Analytic Review of the Effects of Violent and Prosocial Video Game Play”, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 40(5), 578–589. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167213520459 Gu, Y., Shan, J., Huang, T., Yu, C., Wu, H., Hu, X., ... Zhao, D. (2024). “Exploring the Interplay Between Addiction and Time Perception: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”, Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 111104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2024.111104
22. Halbrook, Y. J., O’Donnell, A. T., & Msetfi, R. M. (2019). “When and How Video Games Can Be Good: A Review of the Positive Effects of Video Games on Well-Being”, Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(6), 1096–1104. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691619863807
23. Han, D. H., Kim, S. M., Lee, Y. S., & Renshaw, P. F. (2012). “The Effect of Family Therapy on the Changes in the Severity of On-line Game Play and Brain Activity in Adolescents with On-line Game Addiction”, Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging, 202, 126–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pscychresns.2012.02.011
24. Hülquist, J., Fangerau, N., Thomasius, R., & Paschke, K. (2022). “Resource-Strengthening Training for Parents of Adolescents with Problematic Gaming (Res@T-P): A Clinical Pilot Study”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(15), 9495. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159495
25. İnan Kaya, G., Mutlu Bayraktar, D., & Yılmaz, Ö. (2018). “Dijital Ebeveynlik Tutum Ölçeği: Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”, Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 46, 149–173. https://doi.org/10.21764/ maeuefd.390626
26. Jeong, H., Yim, H. W., Lee, S. Y., Lee, H. K., Potenza, M. N., Kwon, J. H., Koo, H. J., Kweon, Y. S., Bhang, S., & Choi, J. S. (2018). “Discordance between Self-Report and Clinical Diagnosis of Internet Gaming Disorder in Adolescents”, Scientific Reports, 8, 10084. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-28478-8
27. Jett, K. (2002). “Making the Connection: Seeking and Receiving Help by Elderly African Americans”, Qualitative Health Research, 12(3), 373–387.
28. Kabakçı Yurdakul, I., Dönmez, O., Yaman, F., & Odabaşı, H. F. (2013). “Dijital Ebeveynlik ve Değişen Roller”, Gaziantep Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 12(4), 883–896.
29. Kaya, İ., & Mutlu-Bayraktar, D. (2021). “Türkiye’de Yapılan Dijital Ebeveynlik Araştırmalarına Yönelik bir İçerik Analizi Çalışması”, İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 22(2), 1046–1082. https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.928805
30. Kim, H. S., Son, G., Roh, E. B., Ahn, W. Y., Kim, J., Shin, S. H., ... Choi, K. H. (2022). “Prevalence of Gaming Disorder: A Meta-Analysis”. Addictive Behaviors, 126, 107183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2021.107183
31. Kim, N. R., Hwang, S. S. H., Choi, J. S., Kim, D. J., Demetrovics, Z., Király, O., Nagygyörgy, K., Griffiths, M. D., Hyun, S. Y., Youn, H. C., & Choi, S. W. (2016). “Characteristics and Psychiatric Symptoms of Internet Gaming Disorder among Adults Using Self-Reported DSM–5 Criteria”, Psychiatry Investigation, 13(1), 58–66. https://doi.org/10.4306/pi.2016.13.1.58
32. Király, O., Potenza, M. N., Stein, D. J., King, D. L., Hodgins, D. C., Saunders, J. B., ... Demetrovics, Z. (2020). “Preventing Problematic Internet Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Consensus Guidance”. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 100, 152180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2020.152180
33. Király, O., Sleczka, P., Pontes, H. M., Urbán, R., Griffiths, M. D., & Demetrovics, Z. (2017). “Validation of the Ten-Item Internet Gaming Disorder Test (IGDT–10) and Evaluation of the Nine DSM–5 Internet Gaming Disorder Criteria”, Addictive Behaviors, 64, 253–260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.11.005
34. Komis, V., Karachristos, C., Mourta, D., Sgoura, K., Misirli, A., & Jaillet, A. (2021). “Smart Toys in Early Childhood and Primary Education: A Systematic Review of Technological and Educational Affordances”, Applied Sciences, 11(18), 8653. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188653
35. Korkın Varanok, Ö. & Şahin, E. S. (2024). “Oyunlara Katılım Amaçları Ölçeği’nin (ÇOKAÖ) Geliştirilmesi ve Psikometrik Özelliklerinin Sınanması”, Bağımlılık Dergisi, 25(1), 43–55. https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1281643
36. Krarup, K. B., & Krarup, H. B. (2020). “The Physiological and Biochemical Effects of Gaming: A Review”, Environmental Research, 184, 109344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.109344
37. Lee, S. Y., Lee, H. K., & Choo, H. (2017). “Typology of Internet Gaming Disorder and Its Clinical Implications”, Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 71(7), 479–491. https://doi.org/10.1111/pcn.12457
38. Lemmens, J. S., Valkenburg, P. M., & Gentile, D. A. (2015). “The Internet Gaming Disorder Scale”, Psychological Assessment, 27(2), 567–582. https://doi.org/10.1037/pas0000062
39. Lemmens, J. S., Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2011). “Psychosocial Causes and Consequences of Pathological Gaming”, Computers in Human Behavior, 27(1), 144–152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2010.07.015
40. Li, A. Y. L., Chau, C. L., & Cheng, C. (2019). “Development and Validation of a Parent-Based Program for Preventing Gaming Disorder: The Game Over Intervention”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(11), 1984. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111984
41. Liddle, H. a., Rowe, C., Dakof, G., &Lyke, J. (1998). “Translating Parenting Research into Clinical Interventions for Families of Adolescents”, Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 3, 419–443. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104598033007
42. Liu, Q. X., Fang, X. Y., Yan, N., Zhou, Z. K., Yuan, X. J., Lan, J., & Liu, C. Y. (2015). “Multi-Family Group Therapy for Adolescent Internet Addiction: Exploring the Underlying Mechanisms”, Addictive Behaviors, 42, 1–8. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.10.021
43. Maier, C. (2020). “Overcoming Pathological IT Use: How and Why IT Addicts Terminate Their Use of Games and Social Media”, International Journal of Information Management, 51, 102053. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.102053
44. Manap, A., & Durmuş, E. (2020). “Dijital Ebeveynlik Farkındalık Ölçeğinin Geliştirilmesi”, İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(2), 978–993. https://doi.org/10.17679/inuefd.711101
45. Martín-Fernández, M., Matalí, J. L., García-Sánchez, S., Pardo, M., Lleras, M., & Castellano-Tejedor, C. (2017). “Adolescents with Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD): Profiles and Treatment Response”, Adicciones, 29(2), 125–133.
46. McInroy, L. B., & Mishna, F. (2017). “Cyberbullying on Online Gaming Platforms for Children and Youth”, Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 34, 597–607. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10560-017-0498-0
47. Meriläinen, M., & Ruotsalainen, M. (2023). “The Light, the Dark, and Everything Else: Making Sense of Young People’s Digital Gaming”, Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1164992. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1164992
48. Myrseth, H., Notelaers, G., Strand, L. Å., Borud, E. K., & Olsen, O. K. (2017). “Introduction of a New Instrument to Measure Motivation for Gaming: The Electronic Gaming Motives Questionnaire”, Addiction, 112(9), 1658–1668. https://doi.org/10.1111/add.13874
49. Neumayer, F., Jantzer, V., Lerch, S., Resch, F., & Kaess, M. (2023). “Traditional Bullying and Cyberbullying Victimization Independently Predict Changes in Problematic Internet Gaming in a Longitudinal Sample”, Journal of Adolescent Health, 73(2), 288–295. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.03.013
50. Nielsen, P., Favez, N., & Rigter, H. (2020). “Parental and Family Factors Associated with Problematic Gaming and Problematic Internet Use in Adolescents: A Systematic Literature Review”, Current Addiction Reports, 7, 365–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-020-00320-0
51. Özdemir, Y., & Çok, F. (2011). “Ergenlikte Özerklik Gelişimi”, Turkish Psychological Counseling & Guidance Journal, 4(36), 125–133.
52. Pazarcıkcı, F., & Efe, E. (2022). “Annelerin Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığına Ilişkin Farkındalıklarını Etkileyen Faktörler”, Bağımlılık Dergisi, 23(4), 421–429. https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.1063521
53. Pontes, H. M., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). “Measuring DSM–5 Internet Gaming Disorder: Development and Validation of a Short Psychometric Scale”, Computers in Human
54. Behavior, 45, 137–143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.12.006
55. Pontes, H. M., Király, O., Demetrovics, Z., & Griffiths, M. D. (2014). “Conceptualisation and Measurement of DSM–5 Internet Gaming Disorder: The Development of the IGD-20 Test”, PLoS ONE, 9(10), e110137. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0110137
56. Pontes, H. M., Schivinski, B., Kannen, C., & Montag, C. (2022). “The Interplay between Time Spent Gaming and Disordered Gaming: A Large-Scale World-Wide Study”, Social Science & Medicine, 296, 114721. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114721
57. Pujol, J., Fenoll, R., Forns, J., Harrison, B. J., Martínez‐Vilavella, G., Macià, D., Alvarez-Pedredol, M., Blanco-Hinojo, L., González-Ortiz, S., Deus, J., & Sunyer, J. (2016). “Video Gaming in School Children: How Much Is Enough?,” Annals of Neurology, 80(3), 424–433.
58. Rehbein, F., & Baier, D. (2013). “Family-, Media-, and School-Related Risk Factors of Video Game Addiction: A 5-Year Longitudinal Study”, Journal of Media Psychology, 25(3), 118–128. https://doi.org/10.1027/1864-1105/a000093
59. Schneider, L. A., King, D. L., & Delfabbro, P. H. (2017). “Family Factors in Adolescent Problematic Internet Gaming: A Systematic Review”, Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 6(3), 321–333. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.6.2017.035
60. Sharma, R., & Weinstein, A. M. (2024). “Recent Treatment and Novel Imaging Studies Evaluating Treatment of Internet Gaming Disorder: A Narrative Review”, Frontiers in Psychiatry 15, 1408560. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1408560
61. Shin, Y. B., Kim, H., Kim, S. J., & Kim, J. J. (2021). “A Neural Mechanism of the Relationship between Impulsivity and Emotion Dysregulation in Patients with Internet Gaming Disorder”, Addiction Biology, 26(3), e12916. https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.12916
62. Sickel, A. E., Seacat, J. D., & Nabors, N. A. (2014). “Mental Health Stigma Update: A Review of Consequences”, Advances in Mental Health, 12(3), 202–215. https://doi.org/10.1080/18374905.2014.11081898
63. Small, G. W., Lee, J., Kaufman, A., Jalil, J., Siddarth, P., Gaddipati, H., Moody, T. D., & Bookheimer, S. Y. (2020). “Brain Health Consequences of Digital Technology Use”, Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 22(2), 179–187. https://doi.org/10.31887/DCNS.2020.22.2/gsmall
64. Stevanović, D., Đoric, A., Balhara, Y. P. S., Ćirović, N., Arya, S., Ransing, R., ... Knez, R. (2020). “Assessing the Symptoms of Internet Gaming Disorder Among College/University Students: An International Validation Study of a Self-Report”. Psihologija, 53(1), 43–63. https://doi.org/10.2298/PSI190421015S
65. Szkody, E., Spence, A., Özdoğru, A., Tushir, B., Chang, F., Akkaş, H., ... Cascalheira, C. J. (2024). “Social Support And Help-Seeking Worldwide”. Current Psychology, 43, 20165–20181. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-024-05764-5
66. Tekkurşun Demir, G., & Cicioğlu, H. İ. (2020). “Dijital Oyun Bağımlılığına Ilişkin Farkındalık Ölçeği (DOBİFÖ): Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”, Avrasya Spor Bilimleri ve Eğitim Dergisi, 2(1), 1–17.
67. Tiryaki, S. (2023). “Riskler ve Olanaklar Arasında Dijital Ebeveynlik: Bibliyometrik Bir Analiz”, TRT Akademi, 8(19), 746–765 https://doi.org/10.37679/trta.1324472
68. Ustundag, A. (2024). “The Predictive Role of Media Literacy on Internet Addiction among Turkish Adolescents”, Journal of Research and Health, 14(1), 19–30. http://doi.org/10.32598/JRH.14.1.2365.1
69. Vidal, C., & Meshi, D. (2023). “Behavioral Addictive Disorders in Children and Adolescents”, Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 62(5), 512–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2022.07.819
70. Werner, M., Kapetanovic, S., Nielsen, M., Gurdal, S., Andersson, M. J., Panican, A., & Claesdotter-Knutsson, E. (2024). “When the Relationship Is at Stake: Parents’ Perception of the Relationship with a Child with Problematic Gaming and Their Perceived Need for Support”, Healthcare, 12, 851. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare12080851
71. Wittek, C. T., Finserås, T. R., Pallesen, S., Mentzoni, R. A., Hanss, D., Griffiths, M. D., & Molde, H. (2016). “Prevalence and Predictors of Video Game Addiction: A Study Based on a National Representative Sample of Gamers”, International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction, 14, 672–686. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11469-015-9592-8
72. World Health Organization. (2021). ICD–11: International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (11th ed.). World Health Organization. https://icd.who.int/
73. Yang, X., Jiang, X., Mo, P. K. H., Cai, Y., Ma, L., & Lau, J. T. F. (2020). “Prevalence and Interpersonal Correlates of Internet Gaming Disorders among Chinese Adolescents”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(2), 579. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020579
74. Yen, J. Y., Yeh, Y. C., Wang, P. W., Liu, T. L., Chen, Y. Y., & Ko, C. H. (2018). “Emotional Regulation in Young Adults with Internet Gaming Disorder”, International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15010030
75. Zhuang, X., Zhang, Y., Tang, X., Ng, T. K., Lin, J., & Yang, X. (2023). “Longitudinal Modifiable Risk and Protective Factors of Internet Gaming Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis”, Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 12(2), 375–392. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.2023.00017