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Effect of Pandemic on Long Term Unemployment in Türkiye

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 1017 - 1025, 19.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1615848

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused major changes in the global labour market. During the pandemic, unemployment increased while employment decreased, with working hours in 2020 losing the equivalent of 255 million full-time jobs compared to the last quarter of 2019. This loss is four times the magnitude of the 2008 global financial crisis. Job search times have lengthened, and long-term unemployment rates have risen significantly. In Turkey, long-term unemployed accounted for 23 percent of the total unemployed in 2019, while this rate reached 31 percent by the end of 2022. This study analyses the determinants of long-term unemployment before and after the pandemic. In the logistic regression analysis based on 2019-2023 data, long-term unemployment is used as the dependent variable, and factors such as gender, age, education, and work experience are used as independent variables. The mismatch between the quality of labour supply and the quality of labour demand, which is one of the most important problems of the Turkish labour market, is also observed in this study. The educated population is more likely to be in long-term unemployment. The problem of the Turkish labour market in creating jobs for women is also revealed in this study, and it is found that women are more likely to be in long-term unemployment than men.

References

  • Acar, S., & Güneş, B. (2022). Fear of unemployment and contextual factors: A case study among disadvantaged university students. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(24), 311–321.
  • Acun, S. (2021). Türkiye'de eğitim-işsizlik ilişkisi: 2000'li yıllarda üniversiteli işsizliğinin analizi. In Ş. Karabulut (Ed.), Türkiye ekonomisinin dünü, bugünü ve yarını Gazi Kitabevi.
  • Browning, M., & Crossley, T. F. (2001). Unemployment insurance benefit levels and consumption changes. Journal of Public Economics, 80(1), 1–23.
  • Classen, T. J., & Dunn, R. A. (2012). The effect of job loss and unemployment duration on suicide risk in the United States: A new look using mass‐layoffs and unemployment duration. Health Economics, 21(3), 338–350.
  • Dedeoğlu, S. (2009). Eşitlik mi ayrımcılık mı? Türkiye’de sosyal devlet, cinsiyet eşitliği politikaları ve kadın istihdamı. Çalışma ve Toplum, 2(21), 41–54.
  • Diette, T. M., Goldsmith, A. H., Hamilton, D., & Darity Jr, W. (2012). Causality in the relationship between mental health and unemployment. In Reconnecting to work: Policies to mitigate long-term unemployment and its consequences (pp. 63–94).
  • Garrouste, C., Kozovska, K., & Arjona Perez, E. (2010). Education and long-term unemployment. Online Resource.
  • Godofsky, J., Van Horn, C., & Zukin, C. (2010). American workers assess an economic disaster. New Brunswick, NJ: John J. Heldrich Center for Workforce Development, Rutgers University.
  • Hornstein, A., & Lubik, T. (2015). The rise in long-term unemployment: Potential causes and implications. SSRN.
  • Hosmer, D. W., & Lemeshow, S. (2000). Applied logistic regression. Wiley.
  • International Labour Organization (ILO). (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on jobs and incomes in G20 economies.
  • International Labour Organization (ILO) https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@europe/@ro-geneva/@ilo-ankara/documents/briefingnote/wcms_769693.pdf erişim tarihi: 12 Mart 2025
  • Marx, K., & Kapital, C. (2011). Kapital I (M. Selik & N. Satlıgan, Trans.). İstanbul: Yordam Kitap.
  • McQuaid, R. W., & Lindsay, C. (2005). The concept of employability. Urban Studies, 42(2), 197–219.
  • Milner, A., Page, A., & LaMontagne, A. D. (2013). Long-term unemployment and suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE, 8(1), e51333. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051333
  • Nichols, A., Mitchell, J., & Lindner, S. (2013). Consequences of long-term unemployment. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.
  • OECD. (2019). Skills matter: Additional insights from the survey of adult skills.
  • Rothstein, D. S. (2016). An analysis of long-term unemployment. Monthly Labor Review.
  • Tansel, A., & Taşçı, H. (2010). Hazard analysis of unemployment duration by gender in a developing country: The case of Turkey. Labour Economics.
  • Tunalı, İ. (2003). Employment and unemployment in Turkey. Turkish Economic Association Discussion Papers.
  • Von Wachter, T., Song, J., & Manchester, J. (2009). Long-term earnings losses due to mass layoffs during the 1982 recession: An analysis using US administrative data from 1974 to 2004. Unpublished paper. Columbia University.

Covid-19 Salgının Türkiye’de Uzun Dönemli İşsizliğe Etkileri

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 1017 - 1025, 19.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1615848

Abstract

COVID-19 salgını, küresel iş gücü piyasasında büyük değişimlere neden olmuştur. Salgın döneminde işsizlik artarken istihdam azalmış, 2020 yılında çalışma süreleri 2019’un son çeyreğine kıyasla 255 milyon tam zamanlı işe eşdeğer bir kayıp yaşamıştır. Bu kayıp, 2008 küresel finansal krizindekinin dört katı büyüklüğündedir. İş arama süreleri uzamış ve uzun dönemli işsizlik oranları ciddi oranda yükselmiştir. Türkiye’de 2019 yılında uzun dönemli işsizler toplam işsizlerin %23’ünü oluştururken, bu oran 2022 sonunda %31’e ulaşmıştır. Bu çalışmada, salgın öncesi ve sonrası uzun dönemli işsizliğin belirleyicileri incelenmiştir. 2019-2023 verilerine dayalı lojistik regresyon analizinde bağımlı değişken olarak uzun dönemli işsizlik; bağımsız değişkenler olarak cinsiyet, yaş, eğitim, iş deneyimi gibi faktörler kullanılmıştır. Türkiye emek piyasasının en önemli sorunlarından biri olan emek arzının niteliğiyle emek talebinin niteliği arasındaki uyuşmazlık bu çalışmada da görülmüştür. Eğitimli nüfusun uzun dönemli işsizlikte olma olasılığı daha fazladır. Türkiye emek piyasasının kadına iş yaratmadaki sıkıntısı bu çalışmada da ortaya çıkmış ve kadınların uzun dönemli işsizlikte olma olasılığı erkeklere göre daha fazla olduğu bulunmuştur.

References

  • Acar, S., & Güneş, B. (2022). Fear of unemployment and contextual factors: A case study among disadvantaged university students. Dicle Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 12(24), 311–321.
  • Acun, S. (2021). Türkiye'de eğitim-işsizlik ilişkisi: 2000'li yıllarda üniversiteli işsizliğinin analizi. In Ş. Karabulut (Ed.), Türkiye ekonomisinin dünü, bugünü ve yarını Gazi Kitabevi.
  • Browning, M., & Crossley, T. F. (2001). Unemployment insurance benefit levels and consumption changes. Journal of Public Economics, 80(1), 1–23.
  • Classen, T. J., & Dunn, R. A. (2012). The effect of job loss and unemployment duration on suicide risk in the United States: A new look using mass‐layoffs and unemployment duration. Health Economics, 21(3), 338–350.
  • Dedeoğlu, S. (2009). Eşitlik mi ayrımcılık mı? Türkiye’de sosyal devlet, cinsiyet eşitliği politikaları ve kadın istihdamı. Çalışma ve Toplum, 2(21), 41–54.
  • Diette, T. M., Goldsmith, A. H., Hamilton, D., & Darity Jr, W. (2012). Causality in the relationship between mental health and unemployment. In Reconnecting to work: Policies to mitigate long-term unemployment and its consequences (pp. 63–94).
  • Garrouste, C., Kozovska, K., & Arjona Perez, E. (2010). Education and long-term unemployment. Online Resource.
  • Godofsky, J., Van Horn, C., & Zukin, C. (2010). American workers assess an economic disaster. New Brunswick, NJ: John J. Heldrich Center for Workforce Development, Rutgers University.
  • Hornstein, A., & Lubik, T. (2015). The rise in long-term unemployment: Potential causes and implications. SSRN.
  • Hosmer, D. W., & Lemeshow, S. (2000). Applied logistic regression. Wiley.
  • International Labour Organization (ILO). (2020). The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on jobs and incomes in G20 economies.
  • International Labour Organization (ILO) https://www.ilo.org/sites/default/files/wcmsp5/groups/public/@europe/@ro-geneva/@ilo-ankara/documents/briefingnote/wcms_769693.pdf erişim tarihi: 12 Mart 2025
  • Marx, K., & Kapital, C. (2011). Kapital I (M. Selik & N. Satlıgan, Trans.). İstanbul: Yordam Kitap.
  • McQuaid, R. W., & Lindsay, C. (2005). The concept of employability. Urban Studies, 42(2), 197–219.
  • Milner, A., Page, A., & LaMontagne, A. D. (2013). Long-term unemployment and suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS ONE, 8(1), e51333. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051333
  • Nichols, A., Mitchell, J., & Lindner, S. (2013). Consequences of long-term unemployment. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.
  • OECD. (2019). Skills matter: Additional insights from the survey of adult skills.
  • Rothstein, D. S. (2016). An analysis of long-term unemployment. Monthly Labor Review.
  • Tansel, A., & Taşçı, H. (2010). Hazard analysis of unemployment duration by gender in a developing country: The case of Turkey. Labour Economics.
  • Tunalı, İ. (2003). Employment and unemployment in Turkey. Turkish Economic Association Discussion Papers.
  • Von Wachter, T., Song, J., & Manchester, J. (2009). Long-term earnings losses due to mass layoffs during the 1982 recession: An analysis using US administrative data from 1974 to 2004. Unpublished paper. Columbia University.
There are 21 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Labor Economics
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Serdar Acun 0000-0001-7627-9894

Early Pub Date September 13, 2025
Publication Date September 19, 2025
Submission Date January 8, 2025
Acceptance Date April 19, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 9 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Acun, S. (2025). Covid-19 Salgının Türkiye’de Uzun Dönemli İşsizliğe Etkileri. Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 9(3), 1017-1025. https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1615848

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.