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Bir İktisat Emperyalizmi Örneği Olarak Gary Becker’in İktisadi Yaklaşımında Sosyal Antropolojinin Kolonizasyonu

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 902 - 920, 19.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1631656

Abstract

İktisat emperyalizmi, neoklasik iktisadın evrensel oldukları varsayılan kategorilerinin piyasa mübadelesine konu olmayan toplumsal ilişkilere uygulanmasıdır. Toplumsal yaşamın piyasa mübadelesine konu olmayan veçhelerinin ve diğer sosyal bilimlerin geleneksel disiplinel sınırları içinde kalan meselelerin iktisat tarafından massedilebilir olduğu görüşünün açık bir emperyalist vizyon ile dile getirilmesi ve bu vizyon doğrultusunda üretilen yayın çeşitliliği ve sayısının artışı, iktisadın 1960’lı yıllardan sonraki modern tarihine mahsus bir gelişmedir. Bu gelişmenin temel aktörlerinden biri ‘iktisadi yaklaşım’ olarak tarif ettiği analiz çerçevesini kullanan ekonomist Gary Becker’dir. Becker iktisadı, insan davranışının genel geçer bir teorisi olmaya öykünür ve bireyleri mevcut her durumda maddi ve maddi olmayan kısıtlar altında seçim yapan aktörler olarak modeller. Tüm insan davranışının, çıkarcı veya özgeci, rasyonel veya irrasyonel, piyasada veya piyasa toplumunda gerçekleşsin ya da gerçekleşmesin, fayda maksimizasyonuna tabi olduğuna dolayısıyla da örtük bir şekilde ‘iktisadi’ olduğuna hükmeder. Bu yaklaşım farklı zaman ve coğrafyalarda, farklı sosyo-kültürel ilişkiler setinde devinen insanı, tarihsel ve toplumsal konumundan soyutlayarak mevcut her durumda kısıt altında fayda maksimize eden temsili bir birey olarak ele alır ve insanın toplumsallaşma deneyimini bu temsili bireyin varsayılan davranışından türetir. Bu makalede Gary Becker iktisadının insanın toplumsallaşma deneyiminin tarihselliğini ve toplumsal gerçekliklerin otonom statüsünü gözden kaçırdığının gösterilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu doğrultuda, Gary Becker’in, sosyal antropolojinin geleneksel disiplinel sınırları içinde kalan evlilik pratiklerinden polijini ve poliandriyi ele alan analizi örnek bir iktisat emperyalizmi vakası olarak seçilmiştir. Bu iki tarihsel ve toplumsal sistemin, Gary Becker tarafından antropoloji disiplininin kuramsal çerçevesi ve entelektüel tartışmalarına mesafeli, meseleyi antropolojik özgünlüğü ile ele almaktan hayli uzak bir çerçeveye hapsedildiği gösterilmeye çalışılmıştır.

References

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  • Becker, G. S. (1976). The economic approach to human behaviour. The University of Chicago Press.
  • Becker, G. S. (1981). Altruism in the family and selfishness in the market place. Economica, 48(189), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.2307/2552939
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  • Becker, G. S. (1993b). A treatise on the family: Enlarged Edition. Harvard University Press. (Orijinal eserin basımı 1981).
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  • Berreman, G. D. (1962). Pahari polyandry: A comparison. American Anthropologist, 64(1), 60–75. https://www.jstor.org/stable/666727
  • Bilir, H. (2019). Neoklasik iktisat: Anaakım mı, Ortodoks mu? Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (19)2, 65-80. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.566690
  • Blaug, M. (2003). The formalist revolution of the 1950s. Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 25(2), 145-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/1042771032000083309
  • Bonanno, A. (2017). The legitimation crisis of neoliberalism: The state, will formation, and resistance. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Boulding, K. E. (1969). Economics as a moral science. The American Economic Review, 59(1), 1–12. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1811088
  • Boserup, E. (2011). Women’s role in economic development. Earthscan. (Orijinal eserin basımı 1989).
  • Bourdieu, P. (2015). Ayrım: Beğeni yargısının toplumsal eleştirisi (A. G. Berkkurt & D. F. Şannan, Çev.). Heretik. (Orijinal eserin basımı 1979).
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  • Cassidy, M. L. & Lee, G. R. (1989). The study of polyandry: A critique and synthesis. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 20(1), 1–11. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41601990
  • Clastres, P. (2011). Devlete karşı toplum (M. Sert & N. Demirtaş, Çev.). Ayrıntı Yayınları. (Orijinal eserin basımı 1974).
  • Coase, R. H. (1978). Economics and contiguous disciplines. The Journal of Legal Studies, 7(2), 201–211. http://www.jstor.org/stable/724212
  • Coase, R. (1998). The new institutional economics. The American Economic Review, 88(2), 72–74. http://www.jstor.org/stable/116895
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  • Foucault, M. (2019). Biyopolitikanın doğuşu: College de France dersleri (1978-1979) (A. Tayla, Çev.). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. (Orijinal eserin basımı 1978-1979).
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  • Goody, J. (1973). Polygyny, economy and the role of woman. J. Goody (Der.), The character of kiinship (s. 175- 190). Cambridge University Press.
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  • Groenewegen, P. D. (2005). Was John Stuart Mill A Classical Economist? History of Economic Ideas, 13(3), 9–31. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23722899
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  • Hodgson, G. M. (2001). How economics forgot history? The problem of historical specificity in social sciences. Routledge.
  • Hollis, M. (1989). The cunning of reason. Cambridge University Press.
  • Hunt, E. K. & Lautzenheiser, M. (2011). History of economic thought: A critical perspective. M. E. Sharpe.
  • Holy, L. (2016). Antropolojinin akrabalık yaklaşımları (Ç. Enneli, Çev.). Heretik. (Orijinal eserin basımı 1996).
  • Hylland Eriksen, T. (2004). What is anthropology? Pluto Press.
  • Jevons, W. S. (2013). The theory of political economy. Palgrave Macmillan. (Orijinal eserin basımı 1871).
  • Kırmızıaltın, E. (2017). Derleyenin Notu E. Kırmızıaltı (Der.), Thorstein Bunde Veblen Seçilmiş Makaleler (s. 7-9). Heretik.
  • Kırmızıaltın, E. (2024). Anaakım, ortodox ve heteredox iktisat tanımları üzerine. Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 8(2), 362-369. https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1464793
  • Kreps, D. M. (1997). The current position. Daedalus (126)1, 59-85. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20027409
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  • Levine, N. E. & Sangree, W. H. (1980). Conclusion: Asian and African systems of polyandry. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 11(3), 385–410. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41601145
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Colonization of Social Anthropology in Gary Becker's Economic Approach as an Example of Economics Imperialism

Year 2025, Volume: 9 Issue: 3, 902 - 920, 19.09.2025
https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1631656

Abstract

Economics imperialism refers to the application of neoclassical economic categories, assumed to be universally valid, to model social relationships that lie outside the domain of market exchange. It represents a relatively recent intellectual movement, marked by a growing body of publications since the late 1960s that reflect this imperialistic vision. One of the central figures in this development is economist Gary Becker, renowned for his distinctive economic approach. Beckerian economics aspires to be a universal theory of human behavior, portraying individuals as decision-makers who make choices under material and immaterial constraints in any given context. This framework implicitly claims that all human behavior—whether self-interested or altruistic, rational or irrational, occurring or not occurring in the market or within market society—is fundamentally oriented toward utility maximization and, therefore, inherently "economic" in nature. This article aims to demonstrate that Becker’s approach overlooks the historicity of human socialization and the autonomous nature of social phenomena. To illustrate, Gary Becker’s analysis of polygyny and polyandry - marriage practices that have been discussed within the traditional disciplinary boundaries of social anthropology- is examined as a case of economics imperialism. Becker’s framework confines these two complex historical and social systems within a model distant from anthropology’s theoretical foundations and intellectual debates. As a result, it fails to capture their anthropological specificity and uniqueness.

References

  • Akerlof, G. A. (1984). An economic theorist’s book of tales: Essay that entertain the consequences of new assumptions in economic theory. Cambridge University Press.
  • Becker, G. S. (1957). The economics of discrimination. The University of Chicago Press.
  • Becker, G. S. (1976). The economic approach to human behaviour. The University of Chicago Press.
  • Becker, G. S. (1981). Altruism in the family and selfishness in the market place. Economica, 48(189), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.2307/2552939
  • Becker, G. S. (1993a). Nobel Lecture: The economic way of looking at behaviour. Journal of Political Economy, 101(3), 385–409. https://doi.org/10.1086/261880
  • Becker, G. S. (1993b). A treatise on the family: Enlarged Edition. Harvard University Press. (Orijinal eserin basımı 1981).
  • Bentham, J. (1948). An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation. Hafner Publishing (Orijinal eserin basımı 1789).
  • Berreman, G. D. (1962). Pahari polyandry: A comparison. American Anthropologist, 64(1), 60–75. https://www.jstor.org/stable/666727
  • Bilir, H. (2019). Neoklasik iktisat: Anaakım mı, Ortodoks mu? Anadolu Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, (19)2, 65-80. https://doi.org/10.18037/ausbd.566690
  • Blaug, M. (2003). The formalist revolution of the 1950s. Journal of the History of Economic Thought, 25(2), 145-156. https://doi.org/10.1080/1042771032000083309
  • Bonanno, A. (2017). The legitimation crisis of neoliberalism: The state, will formation, and resistance. Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Boulding, K. E. (1969). Economics as a moral science. The American Economic Review, 59(1), 1–12. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1811088
  • Boserup, E. (2011). Women’s role in economic development. Earthscan. (Orijinal eserin basımı 1989).
  • Bourdieu, P. (2015). Ayrım: Beğeni yargısının toplumsal eleştirisi (A. G. Berkkurt & D. F. Şannan, Çev.). Heretik. (Orijinal eserin basımı 1979).
  • Buchanan, J. M. & Tullock, G. (1962). The calculus of concent. University of Michigan Press.
  • Buğra, A. (2013). İktisatçılar ve insanlar: Bir yöntem çalışması. İletişim Yayınları.
  • Cassidy, M. L. & Lee, G. R. (1989). The study of polyandry: A critique and synthesis. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 20(1), 1–11. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41601990
  • Clastres, P. (2011). Devlete karşı toplum (M. Sert & N. Demirtaş, Çev.). Ayrıntı Yayınları. (Orijinal eserin basımı 1974).
  • Coase, R. H. (1978). Economics and contiguous disciplines. The Journal of Legal Studies, 7(2), 201–211. http://www.jstor.org/stable/724212
  • Coase, R. (1998). The new institutional economics. The American Economic Review, 88(2), 72–74. http://www.jstor.org/stable/116895
  • Coleman, J. S. & Fararo, T. J. (1992). Introduction. J. S. Coleman ve T. J. Fararo (Der.), Rational choice theory: Advocacy and critique (s. ix – xxii). Sage Publications.
  • Demsetz, H. (1997). The primacy of economics: An explanation of the comparative success of economics in the social sciences: Western Economic Association International 1996 Presidental Address, Economic Inquiry, 35(1),1-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1465-7295.1997.tb01890.x
  • Downs, A. (1957). An economic theory of democracy. Harper & Bros.
  • Emiroğlu, K. & Aydın, S. (2003). Antropoloji sözlüğü. Bilim ve Sanat Yayınları.
  • Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (2004). Social Anthropology. Routledge. (Orijinal eserin basımı 1951).
  • Fine, B. & Milonakis, D. (2014). İktisat emperyalizminden acayip iktisada: İktisat ve diğer sosyal bilimler arasında değişen sınırlar (E. Kırmızıaltın & H. Bilir, Çev.). Heretik.
  • Foley, D. K. (2004). Rationality and ideology in economics. Social Research, 71(2), 329–342. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40971698
  • Foucault, M. (2019). Biyopolitikanın doğuşu: College de France dersleri (1978-1979) (A. Tayla, Çev.). İstanbul Bilgi Üniversitesi Yayınları. (Orijinal eserin basımı 1978-1979).
  • Friedman, M. (1953). Essays in positive economics. The University of Chicago Press.
  • Godelier, M. (2022). İnsan toplumlarının temelinde. Antropolojinin bize öğrettikleri (L. Ünsaldı, Çev.). Heretik. (Orijinal eserin basımı 2007).
  • Goody, J. (1973). Polygyny, economy and the role of woman. J. Goody (Der.), The character of kiinship (s. 175- 190). Cambridge University Press.
  • Gough, K. (1965). 23 [Review of A Study of Polyandry., by Prince Peter of Greece and Denmark]. Man, 65, 30–31. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2796054
  • Groenewegen, P. D. (2005). Was John Stuart Mill A Classical Economist? History of Economic Ideas, 13(3), 9–31. http://www.jstor.org/stable/23722899
  • Hannan, M. T. (1982). Families, markets, and social structures: An essay on Becker’s A Treatise on the Family. Journal of Economic Literature, 20(1), 65–72. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2724660
  • Harvey, D. (2007). Neoliberalism as creative destruction. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 610, 22-44. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716206296780
  • Hirshleifer, J. (1985). The expanding domain of economics. The American Economic Review, 75(6), 53–68. http://www.jstor.org/stable/1914329
  • Hodgson, G. M. (1994). Some remarks on “economic imperialism” and international political economy. Review of International Political Economy, 1(1), 21–28. http://www.jstor.org/stable/4177088
  • Hodgson, G. M. (2001). How economics forgot history? The problem of historical specificity in social sciences. Routledge.
  • Hollis, M. (1989). The cunning of reason. Cambridge University Press.
  • Hunt, E. K. & Lautzenheiser, M. (2011). History of economic thought: A critical perspective. M. E. Sharpe.
  • Holy, L. (2016). Antropolojinin akrabalık yaklaşımları (Ç. Enneli, Çev.). Heretik. (Orijinal eserin basımı 1996).
  • Hylland Eriksen, T. (2004). What is anthropology? Pluto Press.
  • Jevons, W. S. (2013). The theory of political economy. Palgrave Macmillan. (Orijinal eserin basımı 1871).
  • Kırmızıaltın, E. (2017). Derleyenin Notu E. Kırmızıaltı (Der.), Thorstein Bunde Veblen Seçilmiş Makaleler (s. 7-9). Heretik.
  • Kırmızıaltın, E. (2024). Anaakım, ortodox ve heteredox iktisat tanımları üzerine. Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 8(2), 362-369. https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1464793
  • Kreps, D. M. (1997). The current position. Daedalus (126)1, 59-85. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20027409
  • Lawson, T. (2016). What is this ‘school’ called neoclassical economics? J. Morgan (Der.), What is neoclassical economics: Debating the origins, meanings and significance (s. 30 – 80). Routledge.
  • Lazear, E. P. (2000). Economic imperialism. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(1), 99–146. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355300554683
  • Lee, G. R. (1982). Family structure and interaction: A comparative analysis. University of Minnesota Press.
  • Leslie, G. R. (1979). The family in social context. Oxford University Press.
  • Levine, N. E. (1988). The dynamics of polyandry: Kinship, domesticity, and the population on the Tibetan border. The University of Chicago Press.
  • Levine, N. E. & Sangree, W. H. (1980). Conclusion: Asian and African systems of polyandry. Journal of Comparative Family Studies, 11(3), 385–410. https://www.jstor.org/stable/41601145
  • Mäki, U. (2009). Economics imperialism: Concept and constraints. Philosophy of the Social Sciences, 39(3), 351-380. https://doi.org/10.1177/0048393108319023
  • Malinowski, B. (1929). The Sexual life of savages in North-Western Melanesia. Harcourt, Brace & World.
  • Malinowski, B. (2002). Argonauts of the Western Pacific. Routledge. (Orijinal eserin basımı 1922).
  • Marchionatti, R. & Cedrini, M. (2017). Economics as social science: Economics imperialism and the challenge of interdisciplinarity. Routledge.
  • Mauss, M. (2002). The gift: The form and reason for exchange in archaic societies (W. D. Halls, Çev). Routledge. (Orijinal eserin basımı 1925).
  • Polanyi, K. (2017). Büyük dönüşüm: Çağımızın siyasal ve ekonomik kökenleri (A. Buğra, Çev.). İletişim. (Orijinal eserin basımı 1944).
  • Procter, I. (2000). ‘I do’: a theoretical critique of Becker’s rational choice approach to marriage decisions. M. S. Archer ve J. Q. Tritter (Der.), Rational Choice Theory: Resisting Colonizatin (s. 147 - 166). Routledge.
  • Robbins, L. (1932). An essay on the nature and significance of economic science. Macmillan.
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Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Theory of Economy, Economic Anthropology
Journal Section Makaleler
Authors

Ummuhan Berna Kucukoglu 0000-0003-4157-6340

Early Pub Date September 13, 2025
Publication Date September 19, 2025
Submission Date February 2, 2025
Acceptance Date March 29, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Volume: 9 Issue: 3

Cite

APA Kucukoglu, U. B. (2025). Bir İktisat Emperyalizmi Örneği Olarak Gary Becker’in İktisadi Yaklaşımında Sosyal Antropolojinin Kolonizasyonu. Politik Ekonomik Kuram, 9(3), 902-920. https://doi.org/10.30586/pek.1631656

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