Research Article
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Development and Initial Validation of Micromanagement Scale for School Principals

Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 123 - 140, 01.01.2021
https://doi.org/10.17275/per.21.7.8.1

Abstract

The aim of this study is to develop a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used to measure the level of school principals’ micromanagement behavior. After a comprehensive literature review, a candidate item pool with 52 items was created. While writing the items, micro-manager behaviors defined in the literature were adapted to school principals. The items were submitted to the expert opinion and necessary corrections were made in the items in line with the feedback from the experts. Candidate items were applied to two different samples to carry out validity and reliability analysis. Data obtained from the first sample of 304 teachers were used for exploratory factor analysis. The second sample group consisted of 353 teachers and the data obtained from this group was used for confirmatory factor analysis and reliability analysis. The findings support the four-dimensional structure of the scale with 27 items. The first dimension was named as “unable to subordinate self (15 items)”, the second dimension was “time manipulation (5 items)”, the third dimension was “excessive control over methodology (4 items)” and the fourth dimension was “excessive reporting (3 items)”. Findings from reliability analyses were also satisfactory. To determine the reliability of the scale Cronbach’s Alpha internal consistency coefficients were calculated. It was .958 for the first factor, .831 for the second, .776 for the third and .743 for the fourth and .959 for the total scale. In this context, it can be stated that the scale is valid and reliable. It can be used to determine the level of school principals’ micromanagement behavior and to associate this behavior with different organizational variables.

References

  • Alizor, J. O. (2013). Leadership: Understanding theory, style, and practice. Bloomington: WestBow Press.
  • Balcı, A. (2019). Açıklamalı eğitim yönetimi terimleri sözlüğü. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Bergstrom, P. & Raknes, L. P. (2016). Prosperous micromanagement: A qualitative study of leadership behaviour in high performing retail stores (Unpublished master thesis). BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway.
  • Bielaszka-DuVernay, C. (2008). Micromanage at your peril. Harvard Business Review, February. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2008/02/micromanage-at-your-peril.html on 23.04.2020.
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Bursalıoğlı, Z. (2010). Okul yönetiminde yeni yapı ve davranışlar. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2011). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Chambers, H. E. (2004). My way or the highway: The micromanagement survival guide. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
  • Clearly, M., Hungerford, C., Lopez, V. & Cutcliffe, J. R. (2015). Towards effective management in psychiatric-mental health nursing: The dangers and consequences of micromanagement. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 36(6), 424-429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2014.968694
  • Collins, S. K. & Collins, K. S. (2002). Micromanagement: A costly management style. Radiology Management, 24(6), 32-35.
  • Costello, A. B. & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9.
  • Delgado, O., Strauss, E. M. & Ortega, M. A. (2015). Micromanagement: When to avoid it and how to use it effectively. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 72(May), 772-776. http://dx.doi.org/102146/ajhp140125
  • DeVellis, R. F. (2017). Scale development theory and applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using spss. Sage Publications: Los Angeles.
  • Fracaro, K. E. (2007). The consequences of micromanaging. Journal of Contract Management, July, 4–8
  • Hills, L. (2017). Are you micromanaging your team? How to find out and how to stop. The Journal of Medical Practice Management, 32(6), 394-398.
  • Huck, S. W. (2012). Reading statistics and research. Boston: Pearson Education.
  • Hume, H. (2019). Micromanagement scale: Development and validation (Unpublished master dissertation). Illinois State University, the USA.
  • Hutcheson, G. D. & Sofroniou, N. (1999). The multivariate social scientist. London: Sage Publications.
  • Jazzar, M. (2005). Tales of micromanagement, part 1. American School Board Journal, 192(8), 31.
  • Kaskey, R. R. (2015). Factors contributing to the retention and turnover of school principals in Pennsylvania (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Widener University, Pennsylvania, the U.S.A.
  • Kline, R. B. (2009). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Küçükçayır, G. A. & Güçlü, N. (2017). Eğitim örgütlerinin yapıları ve örgütsel bir sorun: yıldırma. 12.Uluslararası Eğitim Yönetimi Kongresi, Kızılcahamam, Ankara
  • Lampton, J. A. (2002). An analysis reasons for governing board micromanagement of administrative affairs in public community colleges (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Saint Louis University, Missouri, the U.S.A.
  • Lester, P. E., Inman, D. & Bishop, L. (2014). Handbook of tests and measurement in education and the social sciences. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. Lewis, J. O. (2014). Why micromanage? Leaders in quality should be the example (Unpublished master’s thesis). California State University Dominguez Hills, California, the U.S.A.
  • Li, J. & Khalid U. (2015) Micromanaging behaviour and engineering management: A quantitative study of micromanaging behaviour of engineering managers (Unpublished master’s thesis). Lund University, the Sweden.
  • Meyers, E. F. & Richardson, M. D. (2014). School board micromanagement: Apprehension for superintendents. The Journal of Teaching, Learning, and Research in Educational Leadership, 4(3).
  • Ullman, J. B. (2013). Structural Equation Modeling. In (Eds.) B. G. Tabachnick, & L. S. Fidell, Using multivariate statistics (pp. 681-785). Boston: Pearson.
  • Pallant, J. (2007). Spss survival manual a step by step guide to data analysis using spss for windows. Berkshire: McGraw Hill.
  • Plemons, R. (2014). Staff perceptions of work-environment factors affecting morale in Southeastern registrars offices (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Western Kentucky University, Kentucky, the U.S.A.
  • Prosper, P. (2012). The effects of network-centric warfare on micromanagement, centralized control, and decentralized execution in combat (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Phoenix, the U.S.A.
  • Saenz, C. S. (2005). School governance: A study of the effect of micromanagement on decision-making processes of school superintendents (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Capella University, Minnesota, the U.S.A.
  • Schuster, E. N. (2019). Who’s the boss? The role of management style and communication in the workplace. IU Southeast Student Conference, April 18-19, 2019.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H. & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models:tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Scott, D. A. (2010). The influence of principal leadership characteristics and actions on teacher retention: Teachers’ lived experience (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Phoenix, Arizona, the U.S.A.
  • Serrat, O. (2010). The travails of micromanagement. Wahington, D.C.: Asian Development Bank.
  • Sidhu, A. S. (2012). Micromanagement: A project management tool in crisis. International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 1(12), 71-77.
  • Sledge, J. C. (2016). Motivation and retention of generation y employees in the workplace (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Argosy University, Phoenix, the U.S.A.
  • Sulphey, M. M. & Upadhyay, Y. K. (2019). Construction and validation of micromanagement questionnaire. Int. J. Environment, Workplace and Employment 5(3), 193-205.
  • Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal eşitlik modelleri: temel kavramlar ve örnek uygulamalar. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 3(6), 49-74.
  • Şencan, H. (2005). Sosyal ve davranışsal ölçümlerde güvenirlik ve geçerlik. Ankara: Seçkin.
  • White, R.D. (2010). The micromanagement disease: symptoms, diagnosis, and cure. Public Personnel Management, 39(1), 71-76.
  • Wright, R.F. (2000). Strategies for avoiding the micro management trap. Management Decision, 38(5), 362-364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251740010340544
  • Worthington, R. L. & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research a content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806-838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127
  • Villarreal, L.P. (2003). An analysis of ethics in Texas school governance (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Texas A&M University, Kingsville, the U.S.A.
  • Yılmaz, A. İ. ve Beycioğlu, K. (2017). Okullardaki bürokratik yapıya ilişkin öğretmen görüşleri. Anadolu Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(2), 1-23.
Year 2021, Volume: 8 Issue: 1, 123 - 140, 01.01.2021
https://doi.org/10.17275/per.21.7.8.1

Abstract

References

  • Alizor, J. O. (2013). Leadership: Understanding theory, style, and practice. Bloomington: WestBow Press.
  • Balcı, A. (2019). Açıklamalı eğitim yönetimi terimleri sözlüğü. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Bergstrom, P. & Raknes, L. P. (2016). Prosperous micromanagement: A qualitative study of leadership behaviour in high performing retail stores (Unpublished master thesis). BI Norwegian Business School, Oslo, Norway.
  • Bielaszka-DuVernay, C. (2008). Micromanage at your peril. Harvard Business Review, February. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2008/02/micromanage-at-your-peril.html on 23.04.2020.
  • Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Bursalıoğlı, Z. (2010). Okul yönetiminde yeni yapı ve davranışlar. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2011). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık.
  • Chambers, H. E. (2004). My way or the highway: The micromanagement survival guide. San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler Publishers.
  • Clearly, M., Hungerford, C., Lopez, V. & Cutcliffe, J. R. (2015). Towards effective management in psychiatric-mental health nursing: The dangers and consequences of micromanagement. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 36(6), 424-429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/01612840.2014.968694
  • Collins, S. K. & Collins, K. S. (2002). Micromanagement: A costly management style. Radiology Management, 24(6), 32-35.
  • Costello, A. B. & Osborne, J. W. (2005). Best practices in exploratory factor analysis: Four recommendations for getting the most from your analysis. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 10(7), 1-9.
  • Delgado, O., Strauss, E. M. & Ortega, M. A. (2015). Micromanagement: When to avoid it and how to use it effectively. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy, 72(May), 772-776. http://dx.doi.org/102146/ajhp140125
  • DeVellis, R. F. (2017). Scale development theory and applications. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
  • Field, A. (2009). Discovering statistics using spss. Sage Publications: Los Angeles.
  • Fracaro, K. E. (2007). The consequences of micromanaging. Journal of Contract Management, July, 4–8
  • Hills, L. (2017). Are you micromanaging your team? How to find out and how to stop. The Journal of Medical Practice Management, 32(6), 394-398.
  • Huck, S. W. (2012). Reading statistics and research. Boston: Pearson Education.
  • Hume, H. (2019). Micromanagement scale: Development and validation (Unpublished master dissertation). Illinois State University, the USA.
  • Hutcheson, G. D. & Sofroniou, N. (1999). The multivariate social scientist. London: Sage Publications.
  • Jazzar, M. (2005). Tales of micromanagement, part 1. American School Board Journal, 192(8), 31.
  • Kaskey, R. R. (2015). Factors contributing to the retention and turnover of school principals in Pennsylvania (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Widener University, Pennsylvania, the U.S.A.
  • Kline, R. B. (2009). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling. New York: The Guilford Press.
  • Küçükçayır, G. A. & Güçlü, N. (2017). Eğitim örgütlerinin yapıları ve örgütsel bir sorun: yıldırma. 12.Uluslararası Eğitim Yönetimi Kongresi, Kızılcahamam, Ankara
  • Lampton, J. A. (2002). An analysis reasons for governing board micromanagement of administrative affairs in public community colleges (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Saint Louis University, Missouri, the U.S.A.
  • Lester, P. E., Inman, D. & Bishop, L. (2014). Handbook of tests and measurement in education and the social sciences. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. Lewis, J. O. (2014). Why micromanage? Leaders in quality should be the example (Unpublished master’s thesis). California State University Dominguez Hills, California, the U.S.A.
  • Li, J. & Khalid U. (2015) Micromanaging behaviour and engineering management: A quantitative study of micromanaging behaviour of engineering managers (Unpublished master’s thesis). Lund University, the Sweden.
  • Meyers, E. F. & Richardson, M. D. (2014). School board micromanagement: Apprehension for superintendents. The Journal of Teaching, Learning, and Research in Educational Leadership, 4(3).
  • Ullman, J. B. (2013). Structural Equation Modeling. In (Eds.) B. G. Tabachnick, & L. S. Fidell, Using multivariate statistics (pp. 681-785). Boston: Pearson.
  • Pallant, J. (2007). Spss survival manual a step by step guide to data analysis using spss for windows. Berkshire: McGraw Hill.
  • Plemons, R. (2014). Staff perceptions of work-environment factors affecting morale in Southeastern registrars offices (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Western Kentucky University, Kentucky, the U.S.A.
  • Prosper, P. (2012). The effects of network-centric warfare on micromanagement, centralized control, and decentralized execution in combat (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Phoenix, the U.S.A.
  • Saenz, C. S. (2005). School governance: A study of the effect of micromanagement on decision-making processes of school superintendents (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Capella University, Minnesota, the U.S.A.
  • Schuster, E. N. (2019). Who’s the boss? The role of management style and communication in the workplace. IU Southeast Student Conference, April 18-19, 2019.
  • Schermelleh-Engel, K., Moosbrugger, H. & Müller, H. (2003). Evaluating the fit of structural equation models:tests of significance and descriptive goodness-of-fit measures. Methods of Psychological Research Online, 8(2), 23-74.
  • Scott, D. A. (2010). The influence of principal leadership characteristics and actions on teacher retention: Teachers’ lived experience (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). University of Phoenix, Arizona, the U.S.A.
  • Serrat, O. (2010). The travails of micromanagement. Wahington, D.C.: Asian Development Bank.
  • Sidhu, A. S. (2012). Micromanagement: A project management tool in crisis. International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences, 1(12), 71-77.
  • Sledge, J. C. (2016). Motivation and retention of generation y employees in the workplace (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Argosy University, Phoenix, the U.S.A.
  • Sulphey, M. M. & Upadhyay, Y. K. (2019). Construction and validation of micromanagement questionnaire. Int. J. Environment, Workplace and Employment 5(3), 193-205.
  • Sümer, N. (2000). Yapısal eşitlik modelleri: temel kavramlar ve örnek uygulamalar. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 3(6), 49-74.
  • Şencan, H. (2005). Sosyal ve davranışsal ölçümlerde güvenirlik ve geçerlik. Ankara: Seçkin.
  • White, R.D. (2010). The micromanagement disease: symptoms, diagnosis, and cure. Public Personnel Management, 39(1), 71-76.
  • Wright, R.F. (2000). Strategies for avoiding the micro management trap. Management Decision, 38(5), 362-364. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/00251740010340544
  • Worthington, R. L. & Whittaker, T. A. (2006). Scale development research a content analysis and recommendations for best practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806-838. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000006288127
  • Villarreal, L.P. (2003). An analysis of ethics in Texas school governance (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Texas A&M University, Kingsville, the U.S.A.
  • Yılmaz, A. İ. ve Beycioğlu, K. (2017). Okullardaki bürokratik yapıya ilişkin öğretmen görüşleri. Anadolu Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 1(2), 1-23.
There are 46 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects Other Fields of Education
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

İbrahim Limon 0000-0002-5830-7561

Ümit Dilekçi 0000-0002-6205-1247

Publication Date January 1, 2021
Acceptance Date September 4, 2020
Published in Issue Year 2021 Volume: 8 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Limon, İ., & Dilekçi, Ü. (2021). Development and Initial Validation of Micromanagement Scale for School Principals. Participatory Educational Research, 8(1), 123-140. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.21.7.8.1