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Measuring Spiritual Bypass: Development and Validation of a Psychometric Scale for Assessing Spiritual Bypass

Year 2025, Issue: 29, 1 - 12, 20.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.32950/rid.1717925

Abstract

Spiritual bypass is an avoiding mechanism employed to evade difficult emotions, thoughts and behaviors or unmet psychological needs, by excessively relying on religious and spiritual beliefs and practices. Spiritual bypass was first developed by psychiatrist John Welwood in 1984. During his visit to the East Welwood observed that some individuals were participating in spiritual activities such as yoga to cope with difficulties arising from psychological problems. Instead of seeking professional psychological help, these individuals preferred to engage in spiritual practices as a means of dealing with their problems. Welwood also observed similar behaviors among Christian clients. The tendency of spiritual bypass differs from religious coping. Spiritual bypass basically functions as an avoidance mechanism, whereas religious coping is a coping strategy consciously used by religious people. While religious coping involves addressing problems through religious and spiritual values, the aim of spiritual bypass is to ignore or suppress psychological distress. Studies suggest that religious and spiritual individuals may be inclined to utilize spiritual bypass to varying extents. Spiritual bypass serves as a significant example of the complex nature of the relationship between religiosity and spirituality. Measuring the tendency of spiritual bypass which is thought to be used by religious individuals to varying degrees is crucial for contributing to research on religiosity, spirituality and mental health. Although there is a scale for spiritual bypass in the literature, it is not appropriate for the Turkish culture. For this reason, there is a need to develop a locally relevant scale for spiritual bypass. The objective of the study is to develop a scale for measuring individuals’ level of spiritual bypass. To this end, an item pool consisting of 45 items was initially created through literature review. The data of the scale was obtained from a sample group of 253 participants aged 18 and over. Following Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), the scale consisting of 27-items and four dimensions was developed. These dimensions were identified as exaggerated spiritualization, suppression and manipulation of emotions, denial of negative emotions and exaggerated optimism. Exaggerated spiritualization refers to the individual explaining psychological issues through spiritual perspective, detaching them from their original context. Exaggerated spiritualization consists of 11 items. The dimension of suppression and manipulation of emotions refers to individuals categorizing emotions as either negative or positive and suppressing or ignoring negative emotions due to a lack of spirituality. This dimension of suppression and manipulation of emotions includes 8 items. The third dimension of the scale, denial of negative emotions, involves individuals denying feelings such as envy or hatred towards other people and finding spiritual fulfilment in this denial. This dimension consists of 4 items. Finally, the dimension of exaggerated optimism is an attempt to escape from painful emotions by displaying unrealistic optimism in every situation depending on religious and spiritual beliefs. The dimension of exaggerated optimism involves 4 items. Independent groups t-test was applied on the upper-lower %27 groups to assess the reliability of the scale. The result indicated that the items of the scale were distinguished, and the correlation values were significant. The Cronbach’s Alpha coefficient for the Spiritual Bypass scale was calculated to be 0,932. As a result of Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), four-dimensional structure of the scale was confirmed. According to the analysis results, the fit indices were χ²/df=1.38, RMSEA=.039, CFI=.963, TLI=.958, GFI=.891, AGFI=.868 and IFI=.963. In conclusion, a valid and reliable “Spiritual Bypass Scale” that measure individuals’ tendency towards spiritual bypass was developed in this study.

Project Number

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References

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  • Abdullah Eroğlu. “Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Tekniklerin Varsayımları”. SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri. ed. Şeref Kalaycı. 207-233. Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım, 2018.
  • Ahmad, Salman Shaheen vd. “Spiritual bypass as a moderator of the relationships between religious coping and psychological distress in Muslims living in the United States”. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 15/1 (2023), 32-42.
  • Ahmad, Salman Shaheen vd. “Validation and test–retest reliability of the Spiritual Bypass Scale in Muslims and implications for psychological help-seeking attitudes and self-stigma”. Spirituality in Clinical Practice 10/1 (2023), 62-73.
  • Angell, G. Brent vd. “Spirituality, resilience, and narrative: Coping with parental death”. Families in Society 79/6 (1998), 615-630. https://doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.865
  • Ayten, Ali. Din ve Sağlık; Kavram, Kuram ve Araştırma. İstanbul: Marmara Akademi Yayınları, 2020.
  • Ayten, Ali. Tanrı’ya Sığınmak / Dini Başa Çıkma Üzerine Psiko-Sosyal Bir Araştırma. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2021.
  • Ayten, Ali vd. “Dini Başa Çıkma, Şükür ve Hayat Memnuniyeti İlişkisi: Hastalar, Hasta Yakınları ve Hastane Çalışanları Üzerine Amprik Bir Araştırma”. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi 12/1 (2012), 45-79.
  • Batan, S. Nazlı - Ayten, Ali. “Dinî Başa Çıkma, Psikolojik Dayanıklılık ve Yaşam Doyumu İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma”. Din Bilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi XV/3 (2015), 67-92.
  • Bergan, Anne - McConatha, Jasmin Tahmeseb. “Religiosity and life satisfaction”. Activities, Adaptation & Aging 24/3 (2000), 23-34. https://doi.org/10.1300/J016v24n03_02
  • Bjorck, Jeffrey P. - Thurman, John W. “Negative life events, patterns of positive and negative religious coping, and psychological functioning”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 46/2 (2007), 159-167. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2007.00348.x
  • Büyüköztürk, Şener. Sosyal Bilimler için Veri Analizi El Kitabı İstatistik, Araştırma Deseni SPSS Uygulamaları ve Yorum. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık, 2013.
  • C. Reha Alpar. Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistiksel Yöntemler. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık, 2017.
  • Carpenter, Thomas P. vd. “Religious coping, stress, and depressive symptoms among adolescents: A prospective study”. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 4/1 (2012), 19-30. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023155
  • Cashwell, Craig S. vd. “Spiritual bypass: A preliminary investigation”. Counseling and Values 54/2 (2010), 162-174. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.2010.tb00014.x
  • Cashwell, Craig S. vd. “The Only Way Out is Through: The Peril of Spiritual Bypass”. Counseling and Values 51/2 (2007), 139-148. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.2007.tb00071.x
  • Cashwell, Craig S. vd. “Using the Developmental Counseling and Therapy Model to Work With a Client in Spiritual Bypass: Some Preliminary Considerations”. Journal of Counseling & Development 82/4 (Ekim 2004), 403-409. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00327.x
  • Cattell, Raymond B. The Scientific Use of Factor Analysis in Behavioral and Life Sciences. New York: New York: Plenum, 1978.
  • Chow, Soon Ken vd. “Religious Coping, Depression and Anxiety among Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Malaysian Perspective”. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) 9/1 (15 Ocak 2021), 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010079
  • Cramer, Phebe. Protecting the self: Defense mechanisms in action. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press, 2006.
  • Fox, Jesse vd. “The opiate of the masses: Measuring spiritual bypass and its relationship to spirituality, religion, mindfulness, psychological distress, and personality”. Spirituality in Clinical Practice 4/4 (2017), 274-287. https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000141
  • Fox, Jesse - Picciotto, Gabriela. “The mediating effects of spiritual bypass on depression, anxiety, and stress”. Counseling and Values 64/2 (2019), 227-245. https://doi.org/10.1002/cvj.12116
  • Francis, Benedict vd. “Religious Coping, Religiosity, Depression and Anxiety among Medical Students in a Multi-Religious Setting”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16/2 (17 Ocak 2019), 259. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020259
  • Good, Marie - Willoughby, Teena. “The Role of Spirituality Versus Religiosity in Adolescent Psychosocial Adjustment”. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 35/1 (2006), 41-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-9018-1
  • Guilford, J. P. Psychometric Methods Ed. 2nd. London: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1954.
  • Harrison, Myleme O. vd. “The epidemiology of religious coping: A review of recent literature”. International Review of Psychiatry 13/2 (2001), 86-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260120037317
  • Jansen, Kate L. vd. “Anxiety, Depression and Students’ Religiosity”. Mental Health, Religion & Culture 13/3 (Nisan 2010), 267-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670903352837
  • Kılıç, Selim. “Örnekleme Yöntemleri”, Journal of Mood Disorders 3/1 (2013), 44-46.
  • Kuile, Hagar ter - Ehring, Thomas. “Predictors of changes in religiosity after trauma: Trauma, religiosity, and posttraumatic stress disorder”. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 6/4 (2014), 353-360. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034880
  • Lee, Minsun vd. “Positive and Negative Religious Coping, Depressive Symptoms, and Quality of Life in People with HIV”. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 37/5 (01 Ekim 2014), 921-930. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-014-9552-y
  • Masters, Robert Augustus. Spiritual Bypassing: When Spirituality Disconnects Us from What Really Matters. Berkeley, Calif: North Atlantic Books, Original edition., 2010.
  • McWilliams, Nancy. Psychoanalytic Diagnosis: Understanding Personality Structure in the Clinical Process. New York: The Guilford Press, 2nd edition., 2011.
  • Motiño, Alejandra vd. “Cross-Cultural Analysis of Spiritual Bypass: A Comparison Between Spain and Honduras”. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (06 Mayıs 2021).
  • Muhammad, T. vd. “The association between loneliness and life satisfaction: examining spirituality, religiosity, and religious participation as moderators”. BMC Geriatrics 23/1 (16 Mayıs 2023), 301. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04017-7
  • Nadeem, Sidra vd. “Work-Related Burnout, Mental Health, and Spiritual Bypass: A Mediational Study of Employees”. Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 12/4 (04 Aralık 2024), 3230-3239.
  • Navaneethan, Muraliselvam. Spiritual Bypass: A Defense Against Wholeness. Pacifica Graduate Institute, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2016.
  • Nell, Werner - Rothmann, Sebastiaan. “Hope, religiosity, and subjective well-being”. Journal of Psychology in Africa 28/4 (2018), 253-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2018.1505239
  • Pargament, K. I. vd. “The Many Methods of Religious Coping: Development and Initial Validation of the RCOPE”. Journal of Clinical Psychology 56/4 (2000), 519-543.
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Manevi Baypasın Ölçülmesi: Ölçek Geliştirme, Geçerlik ve Güvenirlik Çalışması

Year 2025, Issue: 29, 1 - 12, 20.10.2025
https://doi.org/10.32950/rid.1717925

Abstract

Manevi baypas, baş edilmesi zor duygu, düşünce ve davranışlardan veya karşılanmamış psikolojik ihtiyaçlardan kaçmak amacıyla abartılı bir şekilde dinî/manevî inanç ve ritüellere sığınmayı ifade eder. Manevi baypas kavramı ilk olarak psikiyatrist John Welwood tarafından 1984 yılında geliştirilmiştir. Welwood, Doğu ziyaretleri sırasında yoga gibi spiritüel etkinliklere katılan bireylerin bazılarının psikolojik problemlerinden kaynaklanan sıkıntılarının üstesinden gelebilmek için manevi ritüellere başvurduğunu gözlemlemiştir. Bu kişiler, psikolojik sorunlarını çözebilmek için bir ruh sağlığı uzmanına danışmak yerine nispeten daha kolay bir yol olan manevi pratikleri yaparak sıkıntılarından kurtulmayı amaçlıyorlardı. Welwood ayrıca Hristiyan danışanlarının bir kısmının da benzer davranışlarda bulunduklarını gözlemlemiştir. Manevi baypas eğilimi, dini başa çıkmadan farklı bir yapı arz etmektedir. En temelde manevi baypas bir savunma mekanizması olarak tanımlanırken, dini başa çıkma bireylerin bilinçli bir şekilde tercih ettikleri bir başa çıkma tarzını oluşturmaktadır. Dini başa çıkmada dini ve manevi değerlerden yararlanarak problemleri çözmek söz konusu iken, manevi baypasta ruhsal problemleri görmezden gelmek veya bastırmak amaçlanmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmalar dindar bireylerin belirli düzeylerde manevi baypasa başvurma eğilimi gösterdiklerini öne sürmektedir. Manevi baypas, dindarlık ve maneviyat ile ruh sağlığı ilişkisinin göründüğü kadar belirgin olmadığının, tam aksine oldukça kompleks bir yapı arz ettiğine ilişkin önemli bir örnek teşkil etmektedir. Bu anlamda dindar bireylerin belirli düzeylerde başvurduğu düşünülen manevi baypas eğiliminin ölçülmesi, ruh sağlığı ve dindarlık çalışmalarına katkı sunması bakımından önemlidir. Bununla birlikte, manevi baypas eğilimini ölçmeye yönelik literatürde bir ölçek bulunmasına rağmen mevcut ölçek Türk kültürü için yeterli değildir. Bu sebeple yerel bir manevi baypas ölçeğinin geliştirilmesinde yarar vardır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, manevi baypas (MB) ölçeği geliştirmektir. Bu amaçla ilk olarak literatür taraması yapılarak 45 maddelik bir madde havuzu oluşturulmuştur. Oluşturulan ölçeğe ilişkin veriler 253 kişilik bir örneklem grubundan elde edilmiştir. Açımlayıcı Faktör Analizi (AFA) sonucunda dört boyuttan oluşan 27 maddelik ölçek deseni ortaya konulmuştur. Bu boyutlar sırasıyla abartılı maneviyatlaştırma, duyguları bastırma ve manipülasyon, olumsuz duyguların inkârı ve aşırı iyimserlik olarak isimlendirilmiştir. Abartılı maneviyatlaştırma, bireyin psikolojik kökenli sorunlarını manevi yönden açıklayarak bağlamından koparmasını ifade etmektedir. Abartılı maneviyatlaştırma boyutu, 11 maddeden oluşmaktadır. Duyguları bastırma ve manipülasyon boyutu ise, bireylerin öfke gibi duyguları olumsuz olarak nitelendirmesi ve manevi açıdan bu tür duyguların bir maneviyat eksikliği olduğuna düşünerek onları bastırması veya yok saymasıdır. Duyguları bastırma ve manipülasyon boyutu 8 maddeden oluşmaktadır. Ölçeğin olumsuz duyguların inkârı olarak isimlendirilen üçüncü boyutu, bireylerin diğer insanlara karşı hissettikleri haset, nefret gibi duyguları inkâr ederek manevi doyum sağlamasını ifade etmektedir. Bu boyut 4 maddeden oluşmaktadır. Son olarak aşırı iyimserlik boyutu, bireylerin dini ve manevi gerekçelere dayanarak her olumsuz durumda gerçekçi olmayan bir iyimserlik eğilimi göstererek acı veren duygulardan kurtulmak istemesidir. Aşırı iyimserlik boyutu 4 maddeden oluşmaktadır. Ölçeğin güvenirliği için %27’lik alt ve %27’lik üst gruplarına bağımsız gruplar t-testi uygulanmıştır. Ölçek maddelerinin korelasyon değerlerinin anlamlı ve ayırt edici olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Manevi baypas ölçeğinin Cronbach Alpha değerinin 0,932 olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi (DFA) sonucunda ölçeğin dört boyutlu yapısı doğrulanmıştır. Analiz sonucuna göre uyum indeksi değerleri, χ²/df=1.38, RMSEA=.039, CFI=.963, TLI=.958, GFI=.891, AGFI=.868 ve IFI=.963’tür. Sonuç olarak bu çalışmada bireylerin manevi baypas eğilimini ölçen geçerli ve güvenilir “Manevi Baypas” ölçeği geliştirilmiştir.

Ethical Statement

Bu çalışmanın hazırlanma sürecinde bilimsel ve etik ilkelere uyulduğu ve yararlanılan tüm çalışmaların kaynakçada belirtildiği beyan olunur

Supporting Institution

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Project Number

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Thanks

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References

  • Abdel-Khalek, Ahmed M. “Religiosity, Happiness, Health, and Psychopathology in a Probability Sample of Muslim Adolescents”. Mental Health, Religion & Culture 10/6 (Kasım 2007), 571-583. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670601034547
  • Abdullah Eroğlu. “Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Tekniklerin Varsayımları”. SPSS Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistik Teknikleri. ed. Şeref Kalaycı. 207-233. Ankara: Asil Yayın Dağıtım, 2018.
  • Ahmad, Salman Shaheen vd. “Spiritual bypass as a moderator of the relationships between religious coping and psychological distress in Muslims living in the United States”. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 15/1 (2023), 32-42.
  • Ahmad, Salman Shaheen vd. “Validation and test–retest reliability of the Spiritual Bypass Scale in Muslims and implications for psychological help-seeking attitudes and self-stigma”. Spirituality in Clinical Practice 10/1 (2023), 62-73.
  • Angell, G. Brent vd. “Spirituality, resilience, and narrative: Coping with parental death”. Families in Society 79/6 (1998), 615-630. https://doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.865
  • Ayten, Ali. Din ve Sağlık; Kavram, Kuram ve Araştırma. İstanbul: Marmara Akademi Yayınları, 2020.
  • Ayten, Ali. Tanrı’ya Sığınmak / Dini Başa Çıkma Üzerine Psiko-Sosyal Bir Araştırma. İstanbul: İz Yayıncılık, 2021.
  • Ayten, Ali vd. “Dini Başa Çıkma, Şükür ve Hayat Memnuniyeti İlişkisi: Hastalar, Hasta Yakınları ve Hastane Çalışanları Üzerine Amprik Bir Araştırma”. Dinbilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi 12/1 (2012), 45-79.
  • Batan, S. Nazlı - Ayten, Ali. “Dinî Başa Çıkma, Psikolojik Dayanıklılık ve Yaşam Doyumu İlişkisi Üzerine Bir Araştırma”. Din Bilimleri Akademik Araştırma Dergisi XV/3 (2015), 67-92.
  • Bergan, Anne - McConatha, Jasmin Tahmeseb. “Religiosity and life satisfaction”. Activities, Adaptation & Aging 24/3 (2000), 23-34. https://doi.org/10.1300/J016v24n03_02
  • Bjorck, Jeffrey P. - Thurman, John W. “Negative life events, patterns of positive and negative religious coping, and psychological functioning”. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion 46/2 (2007), 159-167. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2007.00348.x
  • Büyüköztürk, Şener. Sosyal Bilimler için Veri Analizi El Kitabı İstatistik, Araştırma Deseni SPSS Uygulamaları ve Yorum. Ankara: Pegem Akademi Yayıncılık, 2013.
  • C. Reha Alpar. Uygulamalı Çok Değişkenli İstatistiksel Yöntemler. Ankara: Detay Yayıncılık, 2017.
  • Carpenter, Thomas P. vd. “Religious coping, stress, and depressive symptoms among adolescents: A prospective study”. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality 4/1 (2012), 19-30. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023155
  • Cashwell, Craig S. vd. “Spiritual bypass: A preliminary investigation”. Counseling and Values 54/2 (2010), 162-174. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.2010.tb00014.x
  • Cashwell, Craig S. vd. “The Only Way Out is Through: The Peril of Spiritual Bypass”. Counseling and Values 51/2 (2007), 139-148. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2161-007X.2007.tb00071.x
  • Cashwell, Craig S. vd. “Using the Developmental Counseling and Therapy Model to Work With a Client in Spiritual Bypass: Some Preliminary Considerations”. Journal of Counseling & Development 82/4 (Ekim 2004), 403-409. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6678.2004.tb00327.x
  • Cattell, Raymond B. The Scientific Use of Factor Analysis in Behavioral and Life Sciences. New York: New York: Plenum, 1978.
  • Chow, Soon Ken vd. “Religious Coping, Depression and Anxiety among Healthcare Workers during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Malaysian Perspective”. Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) 9/1 (15 Ocak 2021), 79. https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare9010079
  • Cramer, Phebe. Protecting the self: Defense mechanisms in action. New York, NY, US: Guilford Press, 2006.
  • Fox, Jesse vd. “The opiate of the masses: Measuring spiritual bypass and its relationship to spirituality, religion, mindfulness, psychological distress, and personality”. Spirituality in Clinical Practice 4/4 (2017), 274-287. https://doi.org/10.1037/scp0000141
  • Fox, Jesse - Picciotto, Gabriela. “The mediating effects of spiritual bypass on depression, anxiety, and stress”. Counseling and Values 64/2 (2019), 227-245. https://doi.org/10.1002/cvj.12116
  • Francis, Benedict vd. “Religious Coping, Religiosity, Depression and Anxiety among Medical Students in a Multi-Religious Setting”. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16/2 (17 Ocak 2019), 259. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16020259
  • Good, Marie - Willoughby, Teena. “The Role of Spirituality Versus Religiosity in Adolescent Psychosocial Adjustment”. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 35/1 (2006), 41-55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-005-9018-1
  • Guilford, J. P. Psychometric Methods Ed. 2nd. London: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1954.
  • Harrison, Myleme O. vd. “The epidemiology of religious coping: A review of recent literature”. International Review of Psychiatry 13/2 (2001), 86-93. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540260120037317
  • Jansen, Kate L. vd. “Anxiety, Depression and Students’ Religiosity”. Mental Health, Religion & Culture 13/3 (Nisan 2010), 267-271. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670903352837
  • Kılıç, Selim. “Örnekleme Yöntemleri”, Journal of Mood Disorders 3/1 (2013), 44-46.
  • Kuile, Hagar ter - Ehring, Thomas. “Predictors of changes in religiosity after trauma: Trauma, religiosity, and posttraumatic stress disorder”. Psychological Trauma: Theory, Research, Practice, and Policy 6/4 (2014), 353-360. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0034880
  • Lee, Minsun vd. “Positive and Negative Religious Coping, Depressive Symptoms, and Quality of Life in People with HIV”. Journal of Behavioral Medicine 37/5 (01 Ekim 2014), 921-930. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10865-014-9552-y
  • Masters, Robert Augustus. Spiritual Bypassing: When Spirituality Disconnects Us from What Really Matters. Berkeley, Calif: North Atlantic Books, Original edition., 2010.
  • McWilliams, Nancy. Psychoanalytic Diagnosis: Understanding Personality Structure in the Clinical Process. New York: The Guilford Press, 2nd edition., 2011.
  • Motiño, Alejandra vd. “Cross-Cultural Analysis of Spiritual Bypass: A Comparison Between Spain and Honduras”. Frontiers in Psychology 12 (06 Mayıs 2021).
  • Muhammad, T. vd. “The association between loneliness and life satisfaction: examining spirituality, religiosity, and religious participation as moderators”. BMC Geriatrics 23/1 (16 Mayıs 2023), 301. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12877-023-04017-7
  • Nadeem, Sidra vd. “Work-Related Burnout, Mental Health, and Spiritual Bypass: A Mediational Study of Employees”. Pakistan Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences 12/4 (04 Aralık 2024), 3230-3239.
  • Navaneethan, Muraliselvam. Spiritual Bypass: A Defense Against Wholeness. Pacifica Graduate Institute, Yüksek Lisans Tezi, 2016.
  • Nell, Werner - Rothmann, Sebastiaan. “Hope, religiosity, and subjective well-being”. Journal of Psychology in Africa 28/4 (2018), 253-260. https://doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2018.1505239
  • Pargament, K. I. vd. “The Many Methods of Religious Coping: Development and Initial Validation of the RCOPE”. Journal of Clinical Psychology 56/4 (2000), 519-543.
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There are 48 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Religious Studies (Other)
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Şule Çiçek 0000-0002-1480-5681

Ali Ayten 0000-0002-2787-2429

Project Number yok
Early Pub Date October 15, 2025
Publication Date October 20, 2025
Submission Date June 11, 2025
Acceptance Date August 25, 2025
Published in Issue Year 2025 Issue: 29

Cite

ISNAD Çiçek, Şule - Ayten, Ali. “Manevi Baypasın Ölçülmesi: Ölçek Geliştirme, Geçerlik Ve Güvenirlik Çalışması”. Rize İlahiyat Dergisi 29 (October2025), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.32950/rid.1717925.