Meslek sosyolojisi çerçevesinde Türkiye’de çevirmenliğin meslekleşme süreci üzerine kapsamlı bir inceleme

Öz

Çeviride meslekleşme çeviribilim literatüründe sosyolojik yaklaşımlar çerçevesinde yakın zamanda irdelenmeye başlanan bir araştırma alanıdır. Meslekleşme bir işin veya çalışma alanının, meslek olma yolunda gerekli olan belirli kriterleri tamamlayarak, mesleksel statüsünün yükseldiği bir süreç olarak tanımlanabilir. Çeviribilim literatüründe çevirmenlik mesleği ve çevirmenlerin farklı ülkelerdeki durumunu inceleyen çalışmaların sayısı fazla değildir. Bu çalışmanın amacı çevirmenliğin Türkiye’deki meslekleşme sürecini meslek sosyolojisi çerçevesinde analiz etmektir. Çevirmenlik, Türkiye’de, dünyanın pek çok ülkesinde olduğu gibi, henüz meslekleşme ölçütlerini tamamlamış bir meslek konumunda değildir. Öte yandan, akademik çeviri eğitimi programları ve farklı çeviri alanlarında faaliyet gösteren çevirmen örgütlerinin varlığı ve resmi düzenlemelere yönelik Mesleki Yeterlilik Kurumunun liderliğinde son yıllarda yapılan çalışmalar Türkiye çevirmenliğin meslekleşme yolunda umut vaat eden bir profil çizdiğini göstermektedir. Özellikle 2013 yılında yayınlanmış olan Çevirmen Ulusal Meslek Standardı ve farklı çeviri alt-alanları için hazırlanmış ve 2019 yılında taslak olarak yayınlanmış olan mesleki yeterlilik belgeleri Türkiye’de yakın zamanda iyi yapılandırılmış bir çevirmen sertifikasyon sisteminin kurulacağını işaret etmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Çevirmenlik mesleği
• çevirmen
• meslekleşme
• meslek sosyolojisi
• çeviri sektörü

An in-depth analysis of the professionalization process of the translation profession in Turkey from the perspective of the sociology of professions

Abstract

Professionalization of translation has emerged as a recent field of research in the sociological approach in the relevant literature in translation studies. Professionalization can simply be described as a process covering several occupational attributes at the end of which an occupation upgrades its status. Studies investigating the translation profession and the status of translators in different countries are not high in number in translation studies literature. The present study aims at analyzing the current status of the translation profession in Turkey, drawing on the the professionalization process in the sociology of professions which aims to describe certain factors (traits, criteria) for an occupation to be accepted as a profession in this process. Translation is currently not a full-fledged profession in Turkey, like in most other countries around the world. However, the existence of translator education programs in universities, various translator associations and other developments related to legal procedures, particularly recent attempts of the Vocational Qualifications Institution suggest that the profession of translation in Turkey is a promising example on the way to professionalization. Especially recent developments linked to the release of a National Professional Standard for Translators/Interpreters established in 2013 and national qualifications in six different fields of translation (draft versions released in 2019) indicate the establishment of a well-founded translator certification system in Turkey soon.

Keywords

• Translation profession
• translator/interpreter
• professionalization
• the sociology of professions
• translation market

References

1. Abraham-Barna, C. G. & Abraham-Barna, T. (2016). Current trends in the translation market. Studii de Ştiintaşi Cultura, 12(3), 33-44. Retrieved from, https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=430163.
2. Arı, S. (2014). Çeviri Sosyolojisi. İstanbul: Aylak Adam.
3. Bildik, C. (2015). Akademik çeviri eğitimi ve çevirmen Yeterlilikleri (Master’s Thesis). University of İstanbul, İstanbul, Turkey.
4. Budin, G., Krajcso, Z., & Lommel, A. (2013). The transcert project: ensuring that transnational transator certification meets stakeholder needs. Translation and Interpreting, 5(1), 143- 155. Retrieved from, http://www.transint.org/index.php/transint/article/view/237.
5. Chan, A. L. J. (2008). Information economics, the translation profession and translator certification (Doctoral thesis). University of Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.
6. Chan, A. L. J. (2013). Signal jamming in the translation market and the complementary roles of certification and diplomas in developing multilateral signaling mechanisms. Translation and Interpreting, 5(1), 211-221. Retrieved from, http://www.trans-int.org/index.php/transint/issue/view/21.
7. Chesterman, A. (2009). The Name and Nature of Translation Studies. Hermes- Journal of Language and Communication Studies, 42, 13-22. Retrieved from, https://doi.org/10.7146/hjlcb.v22i42.96844.
8. Conker, N. (2020). Sign language interpreting in the Turkish public service domains in the 21st century. Journal of Translation Studies, 29, 42-60. Retrieved from, https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/1346800.

9. Çeviribilim (n.d.) Çevirmen yargılama ilkelliğine son verilsin [Blog post]. Consulted on February 20, 2020. Retrieved from, http://ceviribilim.com/?p=336>.
10. Dam V. H. & Zethsen, K. K.. (2016). “I think it is a wonderful job” - On the solidity of the translation profession. The Journal of Specialized Translation, 25. Retrieved from, https://www.jostrans.org/issue25/art_dam.php.
11. Dam V. H. & Zethsen, K. K. (2008). Translator status: A study of Danish company translators. The Translator, 14(1), 71-96. Retrieved from, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13556509.2008.10799250.
12. Dam V. H. & Zethsen, K. K. (2009). Who said low status: A study on factors affecting the perception of translator status. The Journal of Specialized Translation, 12, 2-36. Retrieved from, https://www.jostrans.org/issue12/art_dam_zethsen.pdf
13. Dam V. H. & Zethsen, K. K. (2011). The status of professional business translators on the Danish market: A comparative study of company, agency and freelance translators. Meta, 56(4), 976-997. Retrieved from, https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/meta/2011-v56-n4-meta0154/1011263ar/
14. Dam V. H. & Zethsen, K. K. (2016). The translation profession: centres and peripheries. The Journal of Specialised Translation, 25, 2-13. Retrieved from, https://www.jostrans.org/issue25/art_intro.pdf
15. Ersoy, H. and Erkurt, G. Ş. (2014). Kültür planlayıcısı olarak çevirmenin ve çevirinin erek kültür/toplumda sosyal değişimlere etkisi ve bu bağlamda geliştirilmesi gereken devlet politikaları. Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 7(33), 120-134. Retrieved from, http://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/cilt7/sayi33_pdf/1dil_edebiyat/ersoy_huseyin_vd.pdf
16. Eruz, S. (2012). Çeviri derneği ve Türkiye’de çevirmenlik mesleğinin statüye kavuş(a)maması üzerine on üç yıllık gelgitli bir öykü. Avrupa Birliği Bakanlığı Çeviri Platformu Bildirileri. İstanbul. 17-23. Consulted on October 11, 2019. Retrieved from https://www.ab.gov.tr/files/ceb/Ceviri_Platformu_Resimleri/platform_bildirileri.pdf
17. Eser, O. (2013). Çeviri eğitiminde edinç kavramının değerlendirilmesi (Phd thesis). University of İstanbul, İstanbul, Turkey.
18. Esteves, L. M.R. (2005). Intellectual Property and Copyright: The Case of Translators. Translation Journal, 9(3). Retrieved from, http://accurapid.com/journal/33copyright.htm
19. Gılıç, R. Z. (2020). Çeviri eğitimine yönelik yeti temelli çeviri süreci ilişkisi. RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 21, 915-932. DOI: 10.29000/rumelide.843015.
20. Godbout, M. (2012). Looking to the sociology to trace a more successful path towards the professionalization of translation. Paper presented in the Eight Symposium on Translation, Interpretation and Terminology. Havana, Cuba. (11-13 December 2012).
21. Godbout, M. (2016). Lack of status- are translators the authors of their own misfortune? Circuit 131. Consulted on July 24, 2019. Retrieved fromhttps://www.circuitmagazine.org/dossier-131/lack-of-status-are-translators-the-authors-of-their-own-misfortune>.
22. Gouadec, D. (2007). Translation as a Profession. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.
23. Gouanvic, J. M. (2005). A Bourdieusian theory of translation, or the coincidence of practical instances: Field,‘habitus’, capital and ‘illusio’. The translator, 11(2), 147-166.
24. Hanisch, A.. (2017). Official sworn translators in Turkey [blog post], October 17, 2017. Consulted on July 27, 2019. Retrieved from, https://yellali.com/blogs/article/558/official-sworn-translators-in-turkey
25. Hlavac, J. (2013). A cross-national overview of translator and interpreter certification procedures. Translation and Interpreting 5(1), 32-65. Retrieved from, http://www.trans-int.org/index.php/transint/article/view/184
26. Inghilleri, M. (2005). The sociology of Bourdieu and the construction of the ‘object’in translation and interpreting studies. The translator, 11(2), 125-145
27. Kafi, M., Khoshsaligheh, M.&Hashemi, M.R. (2018). Translation profession in Iran: Current challenges and future prospects. The Translator, 24(1), 89-103. Retrieved from, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13556509.2017.1297693
28. Kang, M.S. & Shunmugam, K. (2014). The translation profession in Malaysia: The translator’s status and self-perception. Journal of Language Studies, 14(3), 191-2015. Retrieved from, http://ejournals.ukm.my/gema/article/view/5829/2956
29. Kang, M.S.. (2015). A Comparative Study of the Translation Profession in Malaysia and Korea. (PhD dissertation), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
30. Katan, D. (2009). Translation theory and professional practice: A global survey of the great divide. Hermes 42, 111-154. Retrieved from, https://tidsskrift.dk/her/article/view/96849
31. Katan, D. (2011). Occupation or profession: A survey of the translators’ world. Translation and Interpreting Studies 4(2), 187-209 https://doi.org/10.1075/tis.4.2.04kat
32. Kobya, S. and Karabacak, F. (Eds). (2015). Çeviri kitabı. İstanbul: Universal. Consulted on June 25, 2019. Retrieved from, https://www.cevirikitabi.com/cevirmenler-ne-isler ceviriyor/turk-ceviri-sektoru-kimlik-karti/
33. Köktürk,Ş.&Türkmen, G. (2020) . Çevirmen edinci ve bileşenleri önerisi. International Journal of Languages Education and Teaching, 8(1), 188-197. DOI : 10.29228/ijlet.39606
34. Massardo, I. and Van Der Meer, J. (2017). The translation industry in 2022. The Netherlands: TAUS BV, De Rijp. Consulted on August 15, 2019. Retrieved from, https://cdn2.hubspot.net/hubfs/2734675/Reports,%20ebooks/The%20Translation%20Industry%20in%202022.pdf
35. Nimdzi 100. (2018). The size and the state of the language services industry, including ranking of top 100 LSPs by revenue. Consulted on August 15, 2019. Retrieved from, https://www.nimdzi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/2018-Nimdzi-100-First-Edition.pdf
36. Öner-Bulut, S. (2019). Integrating machine translation into translator training: towards ‘human translator competence’?. TransLogos 2(2), 1-26. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.29228/transLogos.11
37. Öner, S. (2012). Çevirmenlik “mesleği”-çeviri eğitimi ilişkisi bağlamında Türkiye’de çeviri alanına bakış. İstanbul. 17-23. Consulted on October 11, 2019. Retrieved from https://www.ab.gov.tr/files/ceb/Ceviri_Platformu_Resimleri/platform_bildirileri.pdf
38. Ören, T. (2020).Türkiye’de Çeviribilim Bölümlerinde Teknoloji Edincini Kazandırmaya Yönelik Derslerin İncelenmesiİstanbul Üniversitesi Çeviribilim Dergisi - Istanbul University Journal of Translation Studies 12, 77-108 DOI: 10.26650/iujts.2020.12.0005
39. Paloposki, O. (2016). Translating and translators before the professional project. The Journal of Specialized Translation, 25. Retrieved from, https://www.jostrans.org/issue25/art_paloposki.php
40. Pym, A., Grin, F., Sfreddo, C. & Chan, A.L.J. (2012). The status of the translation profession in the European Union, studies on translation and multilingualism, Final Report. Brussels: The European Commission’s Directorate- General for Translation. Consulted on September 25, 2019. Retrieved from, https://www.ocpe.nl/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/The-Status-of-the-translation-profession-in-the-EU.pdf
41. Pym, A., Orrego-Carmona, D. & Torres- Simon, E. (2016). Status and technology in the professionalization of translators. Market disorder and the return of hierarchy. The Journal of Specialized Translation 25. Retrieved from, https://www.jostrans.org/issue25/art_pym.php
42. Romaine, M. & Richardson, J. (2009). State of the translation industry 2009, smarter, more casual. My Gengo. Consulted on July 18, 2019. Retrieved from, https://workfortranslators.files.wordpress.com/2009/10/mygengo_state_of_translationindustry_2009.pdf
43. Ruokonen, M. (2013). Studying translator status: Three points of view. HaasteenaNakökulma, Perspektivet Som Utmanig, Point of View as Challenge, Perspektivitat als Hearusforderung. VAKKI-Symposium XXXIII 7-8 February 2013. Vaasa: VAKKI, 327-338.
44. Ruokonen, M. (2016). Realistic but not pessimistic: Finnish translation students’ perspectives of translator status. Journal of Specialized Translation, 25, 33-53. Retrieved from https://www.jostrans.org/issue25/art_ruokonen.pdf
45. Seguinot, C. (2007). Translation and the changing profession: a cross-disciplinary perspective. Translation, Terminologie, Redaction. 20(1), 171-191. Retrieved from, https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/ttr/2007-v20-n1-ttr2280/018502ar/
46. Sela-Sheffy, R. (2016). Professional identity and status. In Angelelli, Claudia V. & Baer, Brian James (Eds.), Researching Translation and Interpreting (131-145). Milton Park and New York: Routledge.
47. Setton, R., & Liangliang, A.G. (2011). Attitudes to role, status and professional identity in interpreters and translators with Chinese in Shanghai and Taipei. In R. Sela-Sheffy&M. Shlesinger (Eds.) Identity and Status in the Translational Professions (89–117). Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
48. Stejkal, J. (2004). Certification of Translators and Interpreters: Seminar on Standards and Certifications in the T&I Industry. Consulted on August 02, 2019. Retrieved from, http://www.jtpunion.org/getattachment/O-profesi-Akce/Odborne/Neco-ke cteni/Credentialing-of-Translators-and-Interpreters-An-I/IMG-ppt certif.ppt.aspx
49. Stejkal, J. (2005) Survey of the FIT committee for information on the status of the translation & interpretation profession. Consulted on August 02, 2020. Retrieved from, http://www.uta.org.ua/data/loads/fit_survey_report-2005-07.pdf.
50. Svahn, E., Ruokonen, M. & Salmi, L. (2018). Boundaries around, boundaries within: Introduction to the thematic section on the translation profession, translator status and identity. Hermes – Journal of Language and Communication in Business, 58, 7-17. Retrieved from, https://www.jiaotongbakercentre.org/2019/01/02/new-publication-hermes-journal-of-language-and-communication-in-business-no-58/
51. Tahir-Gürçağlar, Ş. (2011). Çevirinin ABC’si. İstanbul: Say.
52. Tekgül, D. (2008). Türkiye’de Çeviri Eğitimi Veren Üniversite Bölümleri In Çeviri Seçkisi I: Çeviriyi Düşünenler (60-63). İstanbul: Sel.
53. The Prime Ministry Directorate For Administration Development [PMDGAD]. (2015). The translation profession in Turkey, Research Consulted on July 12, 2019. Retrieved from, http://www.ankaced.org/images/cevirmenlikraporu.pdf
54. The Prime Ministry Directorate For Administration Development [PMDGAD]. (2011). The translation profession in Turkey, Research Report.Consulted on July 12, 2019. Retrieved from, http://www.konsolostercume.com/Turkiyede%20Cevirmenlik%20Meslegi%20-%20Arastirma%20Raporu.pdf
55. Turkey Legal Gazette. (2004). Criminal Code. Consulted on June 21, 2019. Retrieved from, http://www.shb.gen.tr/uploads/mevzuat/CRIMINAL_CODE.pdf Türkmen, B. (2019). Çeviri eğitiminde teknoloji ve dijital medya. Ankara: Gece Kitaplığı.
56. Uysal, N.M., Odacıoğlu, C. and Köktürk, Ş. (2015). Meslekleşme açısından Türkiye’de çevirmenliğin mevcut durumu, sorunlar ve çözüm önerileri Uluslararası Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 8(36), 257-266. Retrieved from, http://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/cilt8/sayi36_pdf/1dil_edebiyat/uysal_muge_cemodacioglu.pdf
57. Uysal, N.M. (2017a). Çevirmenlikte meslekleşme ve çevirmen sertifikasyonu. Ankara: Gece Kitaplığı
58. Uysal, N.M. (2017b): Türkiye’de Çevirmenlik Mesleği ve Çevirmen Sertifikasyon Sistemi (Doctoral Thesis). Sakarya: University of Sakarya.
59. Uysal, N.M. (2020). Çevirilerin resmi olarak onaylanması: Ülkemizde yeminli tercümanlık müessesesi ve dünyadaki yeminli/tasdikli çeviri uygulamaları üzerine genel bir değerlendirme. RumeliDE Dil ve Edebiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 18, 709-724. Retrieved from, https://doi.org/10.29000/rumelide.706503
60. Venuti, L. (1986). The translator's invisibility. Criticism, 28(2), 179-212.
61. Vigier, F. J. & Way, C. (2009). Comparing European Qualifications in the Realm of Official Translating and Interpreting. In Ian Kemble (Ed.) The Changing Face of Translation: Proceedings of the Eighth Annual Portsmouth Translation Conference (143-153). University of Portsmouth. Retrieved from, http://www2.port.ac.uk/media/contacts-and-departments/slas/events/tr08-vigier.pdf
62. Vocational Qualifications Institution [VQI]. (n.d). Türkiye Yeterlilikler Çerçevesi Tanıtım Broşürü. Consulted on September 12, 2019. Retrieved from, https://www.myk.gov.tr/images/articles/TYC/tyc_brosur.pdf)>
63. Vocational Qualifications Institution [VQI]. (2015a). Vocational Qualifications System. Consulted on September 12, 2019,
64. Vocational Qualifications Institution [VQI]. (2015b). Ulusal Meslek Standardı, Çevirmen Seviye 6. Consulted on October 11, 2019. Retrieved from, file:///C:/Users/pc/Downloads/12UMS02746%20Rev%2000%20%C3%87evirmen%20(1).pdf
65. Vocational Qualifications Institution [VQI]. (2018). Ulusal Yeterlilik, Özel Alan Çevirmeni, Seviye 6 Consulted on June 25, 2019. Retrieved from, .
66. Wolf, M. & Fukari, A. (Eds.). (2007). Constructing a Sociology of Translation. Amsterdam: John’s Publishing Co.
67. Yılmaz-Gümüş, V. (2018). Solidity and professionalization of translation: Turkey as a case in point. Hermes-Journal of Language and Communication in Business, 58, 44-60. Retrieved from https://tidsskrift.dk/her/article/view/111661