Terapötik Süreçte Aktarım ve Karşı-Aktarım

Year 2021, Volume: 2 Issue: 3, 28 - 40, 31.07.2021

Hümeyra Saraç

Abstract

Bu çalışmada psikolojik danışma sürecinde danışman-danışan ilişkisinde sık karşılaşılan durumlardan olan aktarım ve karşı-aktarım kavramlarının açıklanması, yaşanan aktarım ve karşı-aktarım durumlarının özellikleri, nedenleri, belirtileri, türleri ve nasıl baş edilebileceğinin literatürde yapılmış araştırmalar kapsamında ele alınması amaçlanmaktadır. Aktarım, psikolojik danışma sürecinde danışanın daha önce başkasına ya da başka bir nesneye yönelik deneyimlemiş olduğu duygu, düşünce ve davranışları psikolojik danışmana aktarmasıdır. Karşı-aktarım ise psikolojik danışmanın daha önce deneyimlemiş olduğu duygu, düşünce ve davranışları danışana aktarması olarak tanımlanmaktadır. İlgili alan yazın incelendiğinde, psikoterapide danışan ve danışman arasındaki aktarımın danışma sürecini önemli ölçüde etkilediği görülmektedir. Dolayısıyla, bu çalışma da aktarım ve karşı-aktarım ile ilgili ele alınan bilgilerin alan yazına katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Keywords

Aktarım, Karşı-aktarım, Psikolojik danışma

References

• Aggarwal, N. (2015). Transference in psychoanalysis: classical, contemporary, and cultural contexts. International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences. 24(2) 545-548. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-097086-8.27072-4
• Ain, S. (2008). Chipping away at the blank screen: therapist self-disclosure and the real relationship (M.S. Thesis). College Park/ University of Maryland.
• Akdoğan, R., & Ceyhan, E. (2011). Terapötik ilişkide insan faktörü. Psikiyatride Güncel Yaklaşımlar, 3(1), 117-141.
• Büyükgöze Kavas, A. (2019). Terapötik İlişki. F. Bacanlı ve G. Yüksel (Çev. Ed.) Yardım Sanatını Öğrenme: Temel Yardım Becerileri ve Teknikleri içinde. (ss. 53-59). Ankara: Pegem Akademi.
• Coleman E & Schaefer S. (1986). Boundaries of sex and intimacy between client and counselor. J Couns Dev. 64: 341-344. doi: 10.1002/j.1556-6676.1986.tb01128.x
• Coren, A. (2001). Short term psychotherapy: A psychodynamic approach. Basingstoke, England: Palgrave.
• Corey, G., Corey, M. S., Corey, C., & Callanan, P. (2014). Issues and ethics in the helping professions, updated with 2014 ACA codes. Cengage Learning.
• Cutler, R. L. (1958). Countertransference effects in psychotherapy. Journal of Consulting Psychology. 22(5), 349–356.
• Deffenbacher, J. L. (1985). A cognitive-behavioral response and a modest proposal. The Counseling Psychologist, 13(2), 261-269.
• Doschek, E. E. (2006). Women counselors’ countertransference reactions to women clients with body image disturbance (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of Maryland, Maryland, USA.
• Ernsberger, C. (1979). Countertransference: From obstacle to therapeutic instrument. (Doctoral dissertation). Union Institute and University, New York.
• Freud, S. (1910). The future prospects of psycho-analytic therapy. Collected Papers. 1(2), 285-296. https://readingsinpsych.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/freud-future-prospects-of-psychoanalytic-therapy4.pdf
• Freud. S. (1912), The Dynamics of Transference. Standard Edition. 12:97-108. London: Hogarth Press. https://readingsinpsych.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/freud-dynamics-of-transference.pdf
• Freud, S. (1914b). Remembering, repeating and working-through (Further recommendations on the technique of psycho-analysis II). (pp. 145-156). https://marcuse.faculty.history.ucsb.edu/classes/201/articles/1914FreudRemembering.pdf
• Friedman, S.M., & Gelso, C.J. (2000). The development of the inventory of countertransference behavior. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 56, 1221-1235.
• Gelso, C. J., & Hayes, J. A. (2007). Countertransference and the therapist's inner experience: Perils and possibilities. Manwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
• Gelso, C. J., Fassinger, R. E., Gomez, M. J., & Latts, M. G. (1995). Countertransference reactions to lesbian clients: The role of homophobia, counselor gender, and countertransference management. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 42(3), 356–364. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0022-0167.42.3.356
• Goldstein WN. (2000). The transference in psychotherapy: the old vs. the new, analytic vs. dynamic. Am J Psychother. 54(2):167-71. doi: 10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2000.54.2.167. PMID: 10928242.
• Greenberg, T. M. (2016). Transference and countertransference considerations. In Psychodynamic Perspectives on Aging and Illness (pp. 109-136). Springer, Cham.
• Harbin, J. M. (2004). Countertransference reactions in a cross racial dyad: The role of therapist universal diverse orientation and presentation of client strengths (Unpublished master’s thesis). University of Maryland, Maryland, USA.
• Hayes, J. A., McCracken, J. E., McClanahan, M. K., Hill, C. E., Harp, J. S., & Carozzoni, P. (1998). Therapist perspectives on countertransference: Qualitative data in search of a theory. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(4), 468–482.
• Hayes, J. A., & Gelso, C. J. (1993). Counselors' discomfort with gay and HIV infected clients. Journal of Counseling Psychology. 40(1), 86–93. doi: 10.1037/0022-0167.40.1.86
• Heid LS, Parish MT. (1997). The nature of self-integrated authenticity in counselors and therapists. 6th proceedings of the international conference on counseling in the 21st century. Beijing, China.
• Jung, C. (1954). The Practice of psychology: Essays on the psychology of transference and other subjects. New York: Pantheon Books.
• Kardeş, F. G. (2021). Transferans, arzu ve bildiği varsayılan özne: Transferansa lacancı perspektiften bir bakış. Türkiye Bütüncül Psikoterapi Dergisi, 4(7), 49-54.
• Kohut, H. (1968). The psychoanalytic treatment of narcissistic personality disorders: Outline of a systematic approach. The psychoanalytic study of the child, 23(1), 86-113.
• Latts, M. G., & Gelso, C. J. (1995). Countertransference behavior and management with survivors of sexual assault. Psychotherapy, 32(3), 405– 415. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-3204.32.3.405
• Mann, D. (1997). Psychotherapy and an erotic relationship: Transference and counter-transference passions. London: Routledge.
• Markin, R. D., McCarthy, K. S., & Barber, J. P. (2013). Transference, countertransference, emotional expression, and session quality over the course of supportive expressive therapy: The raters' perspective. Psychotherapy Research, 23(2), 152-168.
• Odağ C. (1999). Nevrozlar-1. Ege Üniversitesi Basım Evi, İzmir, 49-60.
• Öztürk, M. O. (1989). Psikanaliz ve psikoterapi (2.Baskı). İstanbul.
• Rolf, H. (2001). Patterns of consistency and deviation in therapists’ counter-transference feelings. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice Research, 10, 104–116.
• Sarles, R. M. (1994). Transference-countertransference issues with adolescents: Personal reflections. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 48(1), 64-74.
• Schaeffer, J. A. (1998). Transference and countertransference interpretations: Harmful or helpful in short-term dynamic therapy?. American journal of psychotherapy, 52(1), 1-17.
• Tellides C. The manifestation of transferans in the formation of the therapeutic relationship (Ph D. Thesis). Montreal, McGill University, 2006.
• Tura, S. M. (2000). Günümüzde psikoterapi. Metis Yayınları.
• Waldman, J. (2003). New mother/old therapist: Transference and countertransference challenges in the return to work. American journal of psychotherapy, 57(1), 52-63.
• Watkins, C. E. (1985). Countertransference: Its impact on the counseling situation. Journal of Counseling & Development, 63(6), 356–359. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1985.tb02718.x
• Wedding, D. (2010). Current psychotherapies. The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology, 1-4.
• Winnicott, D.W. (1949). Hate in the counter-transference. International Journal of Psycho-analysis, 30, 69–74