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“Ethereal Journeys” of a Wanderer in William Cowper and Yahya Kemal Beyatlı

Year 2024, Issue: 51, 149 - 164, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.21497/sefad.1343464

Abstract

This study investigates the heterotopic representations of home and evening in the selected poems of William Cowper and Yahya Kemal Beyatlı. The study starts with the discussion of William Cowper and Yahya Kemal Beyatlı as unique poets in their national literatures to consolidate their comparable qualities based on their personal lives and their poetic styles and to clarify such a choice for the comparative analysis of the poets. Then, the study elaborates on the significance of the recurrent images related to home and evening since the concept of ‘home’ serves as a powerful metaphor, representing the coexistence of opposite realms in the poetries of Cowper and Beyatlı. Similarly, the transitional moment of evening symbolises the gradual shift in the speakers’ perception as they navigate between different imaginary spaces through observation and imagination, which creates the idea of journey/ wandering and a constant desire for searching in the poems by the two poets. Besides adapting Foucault’s theory of space in “Of Other Spaces” for the comparative analysis of the poems, the study also suggests that the narrators of Cowper and Beyatlı find solace and a sense of renewal within the confines of their homes or the natural landscape providing a recuperative space with the affirming reminiscences. Hence, in Cowper’s long narrative poem, The Task (1785) and Beyatlı’s poems from Our Own Vault of Heaven, The Idea of Journey and Communion (1961) the image of a protected home catalyses the rational boundaries and language, enabling the speakers to cope with their recurring sorrows/ anxieties. The study concludes that an English pre-Romantic/ neo-classical poet and a Turkish neo-classical poet can poeticise similar contradictory feelings of joy and despondence in the natural phenomenon of evening and the comforting space of home.

References

  • Akgül, L. H. (2002). Yahya Kemal ve tarihe bakışı [Yahya Kemal and his view of history]. Erdem, 14(40), 1-26.
  • Aydemir, Y. (2009). Yahya Kemal: A poet who improved and transformed tradition. Divan Edebiyatı Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3, 1-28.
  • Ayhan, E. (2016). Bir şiirin bakır çağı [The copper age of a poetry]. İstanbul: YKY.
  • Ayvazoğlu, B. (2007). Yahya Kemal’in bir siyasetçi olarak portresi [A portrait of Yahya Kemal as a politician]. Muhafazar Düşünce, 4(13-14), 9-24.
  • Beyatlı, Y. K. (1965). Selected poems (S. B. Toygar, Trans.). İstanbul: Sermet.
  • Beyatlı, Y. K. (1980). Yahya Kemal’in dünyası [The world of Yahya Kemal]. S. Ünver (Ed.). İstanbul: Tercüman.
  • Beyatlı, Y. K. (1986). Çocukluğum, gençliğim, Siyasi ve edebi hatıralarım [My Childhood, My Youth, My Political and Literary Memoir], İstanbul: İstanbul Fetih Cemiyeti.
  • Beyatlı, Y. K. (2005). Kendi gök kubbemiz [Our own vault of heaven]. İstanbul: YKY.
  • Bilgi, L. (2011). Queries on the existence and nonexistence in Yahya Kemal poems. CBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(2), 407-415.
  • Çetindaş, D. (2010). Yahya Kemal’s mother’s influence on his world of feeling and thought. AU Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi TAED, 42, 133-145.
  • Cowper, W. (1835). The poems of William Cowper, Esq: Of the inner temple. NY: C. Wells.
  • Cowper, W. (1927). The task, Book IV. In T. P. Cross and C. T. Goode (Eds.), Heath readings in the literature of England (pp. 649-658). NY: D.C. Heath.
  • Cowper, W. (1969). William Cowper, 1731-1800. In W. Peacock (Ed.), English verse, Volume III (pp. 364-396). London: Oxford UP.
  • Darcy, J. (2009). Religious melancholy in the romantic period: William Cowper as test case. Romanticism, 15(2), 144-155.
  • Eliade, M. (1987). The Sacred and the profane: The nature of religion (W. R. Trask, Trans.). NY: Harcourt.
  • Erzen, M. (2016). Yahya Kemal ve Ahmet Haşim’de “anne” imajı [The image of “mother” in Yahya Kemal and Ahmet Haşim]. Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 35, 55-79.
  • Foucault, M. (1986). Of other spaces (J. Miskowiec, Trans.). Diacritics, 16(1), 22-27.
  • Foucault, M. (2014). Heterotopias. AA Files, 69, 18-22.
  • Gilman, P. (2003). William Cowper and the “Taste of Critic Appetite.” ELH, 70(1), 89-115.
  • Griffin, D. (1990). Redefining Georgic: Cowper’s task. ELH, 57(4), 865-879.
  • Hartley, L. (1949). The worm and the thorn: A study of Cowper’s “Olney Hymns.” The Journal of Religion, 29(3), 220-229.
  • Heller, D. (1995). Cowper’s task and the writing of a poet’s salvation. Studies in English literature, 1500-1900, 35(3), 575-598.
  • Hutchings, W. B. (1989). William Cowper and 1789. The Yearbook of English Studies, 19, 71-93.
  • Kaplan, M. (1987). Türk edebiyatı üzerinde araştırmalar 2 [Research on Turkish literature 2]. İstanbul: Dergah.
  • Karabulut, M. (2018). “Mother” image in Yahya Kemal’s memories and poems. Hikmet Journal of Academic Literature, 4(8), 28-36.
  • Koçak, M. (2023). The Limitations of Yahya Kemal aesthetics or alternative modernity: An evaluation on Dergah magazine. DEA, 27, 291-317.
  • Kroitor, H. P. (1964). The influence of popular science on William Cowper. Modern Philology, 61(4), 281-287
  • Marshall, W. G. (1987). The presence of “The Word” in Cowper’s the Task. Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, 27(3), 475-487.
  • Musser, J. F. (1979). William Cowper’s rhetoric: The Picturesque and the personal. Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, 19(3), 515-531.
  • Ordu, F. (2023). Yahya Kemal’in huzursuzluğu [Restlessness of Yahya Kemal]. DEU Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2), 533-553.
  • Özdemir, M. (2020). A study on the universe and elements of religious socialization in Yahya Kemal. Marife Turkish Journal of Religious Studies, 20(2), 463-484.
  • Öztürk, D. (2020). The poet directed Republican poetry: Yahya Kemal Beyatlı. Iğdır U. Journal of Social Sciences, 24, 147-162.
  • Packer, B. (1999). Hope and despair in the writings of William Cowper. Social Research, 66(2), 545-564.
  • Paley, M. D. (1968). Cowper as Blake’s spectre. Eighteenth-Century Studies, 1(3), 236-252.
  • Quinlan, M. J. (1943). William Cowper and the unpardonable sin. The Journal of Religion, 23(2), 110-116.
  • Samsakçı, M. (2017). “Grant neither equality nor freedom” Yahya Kemal and power. Journal of Turkish Language and Literature, 57(57), 213-236.
  • Tanpınar, A. H. (1977). Edebiyat üzerine makaleler [Articles on literature]. İstanbul: Dergah.
  • Tanpınar, A. H. (1992). Yahya Kemal. İstanbul: Dergah.
  • Terry, R. (1994). “Meaner Themes”: Mock-Heroic and providentialism in Cowper’s poetry. Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, 34(3), 617-634.
  • Tolley, M. J. Preromanticism. In D. Wu (Ed.), A companion to romanticism (pp. 12-22). Oxford and Massachusetts: Blackwell.
  • Yamanouchi, H. (2001). The fair commands the song: William Cowper and women. The Wordsworth Circle, 32(2), 101-106.
  • Yücel, G. (2022). The reflection of romanticism in Dergah journal: Yahya Kemal’s Discussions (1921-1923). Journal of Nationalism Studies, 4(2), 71-107.
  • Zavotçu, G. (2003). Yahya Kemal Beyatlı’s neo-classical poems. Kocaeli U. Journal of Social Sciences, 6(2), 137-143.
  • Vidler, A. (2014). Introduction. Heterotopias. AA Files, 69, 18-19.

William Cowper ve Yahya Kemal Beyatlı’da Bir Avare’nin “Uhrevi Yolculuklar”ı

Year 2024, Issue: 51, 149 - 164, 30.06.2024
https://doi.org/10.21497/sefad.1343464

Abstract

Bu çalışma William Cowper ve Yahya Kemal Beyatlı’nın seçilmiş şiirlerinde ev ve akşamın heterotopik temsilleri üzerinde yoğunlaşmaktadır. Çalışma, şairlerin karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmesindeki tercihi açıklığa kavuşturmak amacıyla, William Cowper ve Yahya Kemal Beyatlı’nın kendi ulusal edebiyatlarında eşsiz şairler olarak tartışılmasıyla ve kişisel yaşamlarıyla şiir üslupları temelinde karşılaştırılabilir niteliklerinin gösterilmesiyle başlamaktadır. Çalışma daha sonra, Cowper ve Beyatlı’nın şiirlerinde karşıt dünyaların bir arada varoluşunu temsil eden ‘ev’ kavramının güçlü bir metafor işlevi görmesi sebebiyle ev ve akşama ilişkin tekrarlanan imgelerin önemi üzerinde durmaktadır. Benzer şekilde, akşamın geçiş anı, konuşmacıların gözlem ve hayal gücü aracılığıyla farklı hayali mekanlar arasında gezinirken algılarındaki kademeli değişimi sembolize eder, bu da iki şairin şiirlerinde yolculuk/ amaçsızca gezinme fikrini ve sürekli bir arayış arzusunu yaratır. Şiirlerin karşılaştırmalı analizi için Foucault’nun “Başka Mekânlara Dair” adlı eserindeki mekân teorisinin uyarlanmasının yanı sıra, çalışma Cowper ve Beyatlı’nın anlatıcılarının teselliyi ve yenilenme duygusunu evlerinin sınırları içinde veya kendilerine huzur veren doğal manzaralarda bulduklarını da önermektedir. Dolayısıyla, Cowper’ın uzun anlatımlı şiiri The Task (Vazife) ve Beyatlı’nın Kendi Gök Kubbemiz, Yol Düşüncesi ve Vuslat’tan seçilen şiirlerde korunaklı ev imgesi rasyonel sınırlar ve dille birleşerek şiir kişilerinin tekrarlanan üzüntülerinden/ kaygılarından kurtulmasını sağlar. Çalışma, bir İngiliz romantik-öncesi/ neo-klasik şairi ile bir Türk neo-klasik şairinin akşam olgusu ve evin rahatlatıcı alanında çelişik neşe ve umutsuzluk duygusunu şiirleştirebildikleri sonucuna varmaktadır.

References

  • Akgül, L. H. (2002). Yahya Kemal ve tarihe bakışı [Yahya Kemal and his view of history]. Erdem, 14(40), 1-26.
  • Aydemir, Y. (2009). Yahya Kemal: A poet who improved and transformed tradition. Divan Edebiyatı Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3, 1-28.
  • Ayhan, E. (2016). Bir şiirin bakır çağı [The copper age of a poetry]. İstanbul: YKY.
  • Ayvazoğlu, B. (2007). Yahya Kemal’in bir siyasetçi olarak portresi [A portrait of Yahya Kemal as a politician]. Muhafazar Düşünce, 4(13-14), 9-24.
  • Beyatlı, Y. K. (1965). Selected poems (S. B. Toygar, Trans.). İstanbul: Sermet.
  • Beyatlı, Y. K. (1980). Yahya Kemal’in dünyası [The world of Yahya Kemal]. S. Ünver (Ed.). İstanbul: Tercüman.
  • Beyatlı, Y. K. (1986). Çocukluğum, gençliğim, Siyasi ve edebi hatıralarım [My Childhood, My Youth, My Political and Literary Memoir], İstanbul: İstanbul Fetih Cemiyeti.
  • Beyatlı, Y. K. (2005). Kendi gök kubbemiz [Our own vault of heaven]. İstanbul: YKY.
  • Bilgi, L. (2011). Queries on the existence and nonexistence in Yahya Kemal poems. CBÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(2), 407-415.
  • Çetindaş, D. (2010). Yahya Kemal’s mother’s influence on his world of feeling and thought. AU Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi TAED, 42, 133-145.
  • Cowper, W. (1835). The poems of William Cowper, Esq: Of the inner temple. NY: C. Wells.
  • Cowper, W. (1927). The task, Book IV. In T. P. Cross and C. T. Goode (Eds.), Heath readings in the literature of England (pp. 649-658). NY: D.C. Heath.
  • Cowper, W. (1969). William Cowper, 1731-1800. In W. Peacock (Ed.), English verse, Volume III (pp. 364-396). London: Oxford UP.
  • Darcy, J. (2009). Religious melancholy in the romantic period: William Cowper as test case. Romanticism, 15(2), 144-155.
  • Eliade, M. (1987). The Sacred and the profane: The nature of religion (W. R. Trask, Trans.). NY: Harcourt.
  • Erzen, M. (2016). Yahya Kemal ve Ahmet Haşim’de “anne” imajı [The image of “mother” in Yahya Kemal and Ahmet Haşim]. Selçuk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 35, 55-79.
  • Foucault, M. (1986). Of other spaces (J. Miskowiec, Trans.). Diacritics, 16(1), 22-27.
  • Foucault, M. (2014). Heterotopias. AA Files, 69, 18-22.
  • Gilman, P. (2003). William Cowper and the “Taste of Critic Appetite.” ELH, 70(1), 89-115.
  • Griffin, D. (1990). Redefining Georgic: Cowper’s task. ELH, 57(4), 865-879.
  • Hartley, L. (1949). The worm and the thorn: A study of Cowper’s “Olney Hymns.” The Journal of Religion, 29(3), 220-229.
  • Heller, D. (1995). Cowper’s task and the writing of a poet’s salvation. Studies in English literature, 1500-1900, 35(3), 575-598.
  • Hutchings, W. B. (1989). William Cowper and 1789. The Yearbook of English Studies, 19, 71-93.
  • Kaplan, M. (1987). Türk edebiyatı üzerinde araştırmalar 2 [Research on Turkish literature 2]. İstanbul: Dergah.
  • Karabulut, M. (2018). “Mother” image in Yahya Kemal’s memories and poems. Hikmet Journal of Academic Literature, 4(8), 28-36.
  • Koçak, M. (2023). The Limitations of Yahya Kemal aesthetics or alternative modernity: An evaluation on Dergah magazine. DEA, 27, 291-317.
  • Kroitor, H. P. (1964). The influence of popular science on William Cowper. Modern Philology, 61(4), 281-287
  • Marshall, W. G. (1987). The presence of “The Word” in Cowper’s the Task. Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, 27(3), 475-487.
  • Musser, J. F. (1979). William Cowper’s rhetoric: The Picturesque and the personal. Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, 19(3), 515-531.
  • Ordu, F. (2023). Yahya Kemal’in huzursuzluğu [Restlessness of Yahya Kemal]. DEU Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi, 10(2), 533-553.
  • Özdemir, M. (2020). A study on the universe and elements of religious socialization in Yahya Kemal. Marife Turkish Journal of Religious Studies, 20(2), 463-484.
  • Öztürk, D. (2020). The poet directed Republican poetry: Yahya Kemal Beyatlı. Iğdır U. Journal of Social Sciences, 24, 147-162.
  • Packer, B. (1999). Hope and despair in the writings of William Cowper. Social Research, 66(2), 545-564.
  • Paley, M. D. (1968). Cowper as Blake’s spectre. Eighteenth-Century Studies, 1(3), 236-252.
  • Quinlan, M. J. (1943). William Cowper and the unpardonable sin. The Journal of Religion, 23(2), 110-116.
  • Samsakçı, M. (2017). “Grant neither equality nor freedom” Yahya Kemal and power. Journal of Turkish Language and Literature, 57(57), 213-236.
  • Tanpınar, A. H. (1977). Edebiyat üzerine makaleler [Articles on literature]. İstanbul: Dergah.
  • Tanpınar, A. H. (1992). Yahya Kemal. İstanbul: Dergah.
  • Terry, R. (1994). “Meaner Themes”: Mock-Heroic and providentialism in Cowper’s poetry. Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900, 34(3), 617-634.
  • Tolley, M. J. Preromanticism. In D. Wu (Ed.), A companion to romanticism (pp. 12-22). Oxford and Massachusetts: Blackwell.
  • Yamanouchi, H. (2001). The fair commands the song: William Cowper and women. The Wordsworth Circle, 32(2), 101-106.
  • Yücel, G. (2022). The reflection of romanticism in Dergah journal: Yahya Kemal’s Discussions (1921-1923). Journal of Nationalism Studies, 4(2), 71-107.
  • Zavotçu, G. (2003). Yahya Kemal Beyatlı’s neo-classical poems. Kocaeli U. Journal of Social Sciences, 6(2), 137-143.
  • Vidler, A. (2014). Introduction. Heterotopias. AA Files, 69, 18-19.
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Subjects British and Irish Language, Literature and Culture, Modern Turkish Literature in Turkiye Field
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Şafak Altunsoy 0000-0002-5573-1121

Early Pub Date June 25, 2024
Publication Date June 30, 2024
Submission Date August 15, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2024 Issue: 51

Cite

APA Altunsoy, Ş. (2024). “Ethereal Journeys” of a Wanderer in William Cowper and Yahya Kemal Beyatlı. Selçuk Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi(51), 149-164. https://doi.org/10.21497/sefad.1343464

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