Selçuk University Journal of Faculty of Letters

SEFAD aims to increase academic knowledge in the field by making qualified scientific studies available to researchers.

Word fileWord fileSelcuk University Faculty of Letters Journal contains original scientific publications. All published articles, except editorials, are subject to a double blind peer review process.

The aim of the journal is to contribute to science by publishing high quality publications of scientific importance. For this purpose, original research articles, reviews, case reports and letters to the editor are published in all fields related to basic or extended clinical experience in health sciences. Selçuk University Journal of the Faculty of Letters is an independent, double-blind peer-reviewed, open access, online journal that aims to publish articles in all fields of language, literature, history, sociology, psychology, philosophy, archaeology and art history. Articles should describe original data that have not been previously published or submitted for publication elsewhere. Manuscripts that are deemed suitable for the submission rules and scope of the Journal of Selçuk University Faculty of Letters are sent to at least two referees who are experts in their fields for scientific evaluation. The members of the Editorial Board of the Journal of Selçuk University Faculty of Letters, who discuss the suitability of the manuscript, then take into account the comments of the referees on each submission. The final decision for all submitted manuscripts belongs to the Editor-in-Chief. The Editorial Board of the Journal of Selçuk University Faculty of Letters is committed to comply with the criteria of the International Council of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE), World Association of Medical Editors (WAME) and Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE).

Subject Category:
Humanities:
Keywords: Language, literature, history, sociology, psychology, philosophy, archaeology, art history

Publication Language
Full Text Publication Language:
- Primary Language: Turkish
- Secondary Language: English
Content Written in English and Latin Alphabet:
- Article Title: Turkish & English
- Author Name: Turkish (in Latin Alphabet)
- Author Address: Turkish (in Latin Alphabet)
- Keywords Turkish & English
- Bibliography: Turkish (in Latin Alphabet)
Full Text Turkish (in Latin Alphabet)

Article Submissions
Submitted manuscripts should be appropriate to the purpose and scope of the journal. Original, unpublished manuscripts that are not in the evaluation process in another journal and whose content and submission have been approved by each author are accepted for evaluation.

Readership
The target readership is members of professions, specialists, researchers, specialty and doctoral students as well as students related to this field in all areas of health. It aims to contribute to the spread of continuous professional development and research culture.

Fee Policy
The publication of articles in the journal and the execution of article processes are not subject to any fee. No processing or submission fee is charged for articles submitted to the journal or accepted for publication. Selçuk University Journal of Faculty of Letters does not accept sponsorship and advertisement in accordance with its publication policies. All expenses of the Journal of Selcuk University Faculty of Letters are covered by the Dean's Office of Selcuk University Faculty of Letters.

Copyright
The copyrights of the works published in the Journal of Selçuk University Faculty of Letters belong to the authors. Authors give permission for their intellectual work to be published by the Journal of Selcuk University Faculty of Letters under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) license.

Originality of Articles
Selçuk University Journal of Faculty of Letters does not accept manuscripts previously published elsewhere. However, published articles in a foreign language may be accepted according to editorial board's decision.

Dear Authors,

Articles that do not comply with our journal template and APA 6 reference format are returned to the author without evaluation.

ARTICLE WRITING RULES
TITLE
* It should be short, clear, and adequately reflect the content of the article; it should be written in bold, with the first letter of each word capitalized, and should not exceed fifteen words.

ARTICLE TYPE
* The type of article (research, compilation, translation, introduction) should be indicated in the relevant section of the template.

AUTHOR INFORMATION
* No personal information about the author(s) should be included in the first Word file submission of the articles to the journal.
* If the submitted article is produced from a symposium, congress proceedings, or theses, this should be indicated in the “Author Comments” section during uploading to the journal system; this information should not be included on the article file.
* When the final corrections are requested by the editor after the manuscript has been peer-reviewed, the author(s) should write the title, name-surname, ORCID number, university/faculty/department, and e-mail information in the relevant place in the article template.
* Master's and doctoral students should definitely indicate the university, institute and department of graduate education.
* All authors in the article must have an ORCID number and this number must be written in http://orcid.org/ format.

ABSTRACT AND KEYWORDS
* The Turkish abstract should reflect the purpose, scope and results of the study; it should allow the reader to determine the content of the article in a short time and with precision.
* The abstract should be 150–200 words in length and one paragraph.
* Turkish articles should include the abstract, article title and keywords in English.
* In foreign language abstracts, care should be taken to avoid grammatical, expression, and language mistakes.
* Keywords should be able to express the subject and content of the article in the best way and should consist of 5 words. A comma should be placed between keywords and a period should be placed after the last keyword.
* Abstracts and keywords should be in accordance with international standards. For example, sources such as TR Index Key Terms List, Medical Subject Headings, CAB Theasarus, JISCT, ERIC, etc. can be used.

MAIN TEXT
* In the preparation of the article, valid scientific methods should be followed, and information such as the subject, purpose, scope, rationale for preparation, etc. should be given sufficiently and in a certain order.
* The main text of the article should be written in Palatino Linotype font format using Microsoft Word software program, not exceeding 10,000 (ten thousand) words.
* Articles should be written on the template available on the main page of the journal with the SEFAD watermark attached. Manuscripts prepared without using the template will be sent back for correction in the preliminary evaluation.
* Commas and semicolons should be written adjacent to the words before them. A space of one letter should be left after a period, question mark, exclamation mark and colon.
The article must comply with the rules of grammar. The article should be based on the latest TDK Spelling Guide; a clear and simple way of expression should be followed; and unnecessary information that goes beyond the purpose and scope should not be included.
* An article should contain an abstract, sections of the main text (without numbers or letters at the beginning), an extended abstract in English, a bibliography, and appendices (if any). “Introduction” and “Conclusion” sections must be included. The “conclusion” should be appropriate to the purpose and scope of the research and should be concise and to the point. Issues not mentioned in the text should not be included in the "Conclusion.”. In order to provide a certain order, main, sub-headings, and sub-headings (without numbers or letters at the beginning) can be used.

* Main title: It should be written in all capital letters and in bold. No numbers should be placed in the headings.
* Subheadings: The first letter of each word should be capitalized, all in bold, and the end of the title should be carriage return. No numbers should be placed in the headings.
* Sub-headings: The first letter of the first word of the title should be capitalized, the first letter of the following word(s) should be lowercase, and the article should be continued on the same line by placing a colon at the end of the title. No numbers should be placed in the titles.
* Figures, tables and photographs: Figures, tables and photographs should not extend beyond the writing area, and each should be placed on a separate page if necessary. Figures and tables should be numbered and named according to their content. Numbers and titles should be written below the figures and above the tables, capitalizing only the first letters of the words. Tables should be made with the table command in the Microsoft Word program. Microsoft Excel tables can be used when necessary. When necessary, explanatory footnotes or abbreviations should be given immediately below the figures and tables. Figures, tables, and illustrations should not exceed ten pages.
* Footnotes: Footnotes are used in limited numbers only for mandatory explanations and are automatically given with the “FOOTNOTE” command. The references here should be organized with the surname of the author, the year of publication and the page number in parentheses. Example: (Kaya, 2000, p. 15)
* Quotations: Quotations made verbatim in the article should be given in quotation marks and the source should be indicated in parentheses at the end of the quotation. Quotations of less than five lines / forty words should be italicized between sentences, and quotations longer than five lines / forty words should be italicized 2 cm from the right and 1 cm from the left of the page, in blocks, without quotation marks. Non-verbatim quotations should be cited only in parentheses at the end.
* Book introduction and translations: The title, keywords and abstract must be in English. In book introductions, the  bibliography (date of publication, edition, place of publication) should be included at the beginning of the article. In translations, the title of the translated book/publication should be indicated in a footnote.
* In thematic studies based on obtaining data from various sources, these sources can be pointed out in the “Conclusion” section to show whether the data in question has been searched in the relevant sources. If these sources are too numerous, they can also be included in the “Appendices” section.

EXTENDED SUMMARY IN ENGLISH
* After the conclusion of the study, there should be an extended abstract in English, which should be approximately 10-15% of the word count of the article text.
* The extended abstract should include the purpose, problem, method, findings and results of the research, as in the “abstract”. The information given should be expressed a little more broadly than in the “abstract”. It should not contain any findings or results that are not included in the research text.
* The extended abstract should not refer to information in the text (e.g. as stated on page 3).
* Articles written in English do not need to have a Summary.
* The Summary section must comply with English language rules in terms of grammar and expression. Articles that do not comply with these conditions will be returned to the author for “proofreading”.

CITING SOURCES
APA 6th version was taken as the basis for in-text references (citations) and bibliography writing.
A. In-text References (Citations)
* Citations should be given in parentheses immediately after the relevant section, in the order of the surname of the author, the year of publication of the work/study and the page number, using commas “,” between them. A full stop indicating the completion of the sentence should be placed after the parenthesis.
* Footnotes should not be used to make in-text references but to provide additional information or expand on important information given in the text. Articles with footnotes that contain unnecessary details in terms of the content of the article may be rejected at the preliminary review stage.

1. Single Author, Single Study
* The surname of the author, the year of publication of the study and the page number are given immediately after the relevant section to be cited in the text. Page numbers are abbreviated as “s.” in Turkish articles and “p.” in English articles.
Example: The labor process consists in the transformation of this conception and design in the mind of the worker into a concrete effort (Marx, 1999, p. 27).

* If the author's name is mentioned in the relevant sentence, it is sufficient to indicate the date and page in parentheses.
Example: Altbach (2001, p. 11) argues that many higher education systems in the world...
Example: Altbach states that there are many higher education systems in the world... (2001, p. 11).

* If the author and year of publication are given in the sentence, the author and date are not given in parentheses.
Example: Üçok's 2004 study on the subject can be cited as an example.

* If the entire study is to be referred to, the surname of the author and the year of publication are written in parentheses.
Example: Social capital is formed by strong ties between people in similar situations, such as family members, neighbors, or ethnic groups (Harper, 2002).

* If referring to the same study for the second time in a paragraph, it is sufficient to give the surname of the author for the second time; there is no need to add the year of publication.
Example: Frederick W. Taylor (1997) argues that at the heart of scientific management is the integration of the interests of workers and management... Taylor argues that by not sharing with the employer the knowledge about the job they hold, workers can use this knowledge as a means of 'shirking' from work.

* If the cited source consists of volumes, the volume number is written before the page number and indicated with the abbreviation “C.”. In English articles, the abbreviation “Vol.” is used for volume.
Example: (Okay, 1990, Vol. 2, p. 30)

2. Studies with Two or More Authors
For a study with two authors, the surnames of both authors should be included in each reference. The surnames of the authors in the sentence are connected with the conjunction "and,” and the “&” sign is used in parentheses.
Example: Şafak and Öz (2003, p. 15) have written...
Example: (Şafak & Öz, 2003, p. 15)
Note: In English articles, the conjunction “and” should be replaced by “and” in the sentence and “&” in parentheses.

* When referring to works with three, four or five authors, the surnames of all authors are written only in the first reference. For subsequent references, the abbreviation “et al.” is used after the surname of the first author.
Example: First reference in a paragraph: Ercan, Bakırlı, Selçuk et al. (2013, p. 25) argue that the studies exhibiting this approach...

Second and subsequent references within the paragraph: Ercan et al. (2013, p. 25) argue that studies exhibiting this approach...
Example: First reference in parentheses: (Üçok, Vardar, & Aksan, 2004, p. 20)
Second and subsequent references are in parentheses: (Üçok et al., 2004, p. 20)

* When referring to studies with six or more authors, only the surname of the first author is indicated.
Example: In a sentence: Şener et al. (2000, p. 50)
In parentheses: (Şencan et al., 2000, p. 50)
Note: In English articles, the abbreviation “et al.” is used instead of “et al.” when referring to studies with three, four, five, six, or more authors.

* When referring to two different authors whose surnames and first letters of their first names are the same, the names and surnames of the authors are written without abbreviation.
Example: (Gözde Doğan, 1996)
(Güleda Doğan, 2010)

3. Studies with Legal Entity Authors
* If a work belongs to a legal entity (government agencies, organizations, associations, working groups, etc.), the name should be written clearly and concisely in the citation. In some cases, the name of a legal entity may be abbreviated. If the name of the legal entity is long and has a well-known abbreviation, both the full name and the abbreviation are used in the first reference, and only the abbreviation is used in subsequent references. If the legal entity name is short and not easily understood by everyone when abbreviated, it is written without abbreviation wherever it is mentioned.
Example: First reference in a paragraph: Scientific and Technical Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK, 2015)...

* In subsequent references within a paragraph: TÜBİTAK (2015). .
Example: First reference in parentheses: (Türk Dil Kurumu [TDK], 2012, p. 38)
For subsequent references in parentheses, see (TDK, 2012, p. 38).

4. Works with Unknown Authors
* If there is no author or legal entity name in a study, the first few words in the author field (usually from the title) and the year are used in the citation. In references, the title of the article, chapter title or name of the web page should be in quotation marks, while the title of the book, journal, brochure or report should be italicized.
Example: (“Coffee in the Ottoman Period”, 2000, p. 18)
(Renewable Energy Opportunities, 2000)

5. Works by Authors with the Same Surname
* If there is more than one author with the same surname in the bibliography, the first letter of their names is abbreviated before their surnames and used in all references, whether the study was conducted in the same year or in different years.
Example: (A. Demir, 2003, p. 46)... (H. Demir, 2003, p. 27)

6. Referring to more than one work
* If more than one work is to be referred to in the same parenthesis, they should be in alphabetical order according to the surnames of the authors and separated by semicolons.
Example: Gökyay, 1982, p. 120; Okay, 1990, p. 28; Tuna, 2000, p. 40.

* If referring to different studies by the same author, the publication year is followed in order from the oldest dated to the most recent one and the surname of the author is written once at the beginning of the reference.
Example: (Kılıç, 2000, 2002, 2004)

* The works of an author in the same year are distinguished by adding the letters a, b, c... after the year.
Example: (İlhan, 2003a, p. 25)... (İlhan, 2003b, p. 58)

7. Quoting or Citing Sources (Secondary Sources)
* In studies, it is essential to reach primary sources, but if they cannot be reached due to some difficulties, the cited or quoted source is indicated in the reference.
Example: In Köprülü's work (as cited in Çobanoğlu, 2004).

8. Referring to a Certain Part of a Source
* When referring to a certain part of a source, the section, page, table and figure number of the item in question are indicated. When citing a source in this way, the abbreviations “s.” are used for pages and pages, “Böl.” for section, and “para.” for paragraph.
Example: (Öztürk, 2011, p. 45), (Öztürk, 2012, chap. 3), (Öztürk, 2012, Table 2), (Öztürk, 2019, para. 2),

* If there is a reference to consecutive pages in a study, a hyphen (-) is placed between the page numbers, and a comma (,) is placed if there is a reference to different pages. In English articles, the abbreviation “pp.” is used to indicate the page range.
Example: This increases the productivity of both individuals and groups (Putnam, 2000, pp. 16-19)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            Example: In contrast, salep was mostly a drink for the poor and was also used to feed soldiers (Işın, 2014, pp. 23, 24, 30).

9. Personal Communications
* Information based on e-mail, telephone, face-to-face or other forms of personal communication is cited in the text but not in the bibliography.
Example: (M. Doan, personal communication, December 1, 2001)

10. Verses and Hadiths
* When citing verses, the sura number and verse number are given in order.
Example: (Quran 5:3–4)

* Hadiths should be cited according to the Concordance method.
Example: (Bukhari, As-Sahih, Iman 1)

11. Laws and Regulations
* The name of the law or regulation and the year of its adoption are given in parentheses.
Example: (Law on Primary Education and Training, 1961)

* If the name of the law or regulation is too long, it can be abbreviated.
Example: Name of the law: Law on the Regulation of Publications on the Internet and Combating Crimes Committed Through These Publications
Reference in a sentence: (Made on the Internet, 2007)

12. Manuscripts
* When citing a manuscript, the abbreviation yz. should be placed after the name of the author, and the catalog number and the leaf number should be indicated. The full colophon should be shown in the bibliography.
Example: (Ahmadī, yz. 1410, 7b)

* If the author of the manuscript is unknown, the title of the work and the catalog number of the library where it is located should be written.
Example: (Mecmua-i Eş'ar, yz. 13400, 5a)

13. Archive Documents
* When citing archival documents, the abbreviation in the text should be as in the example, and the abbreviation should be given in the bibliography.
Example: (BCA, Mühimme 15: 25)

14. Printed Sources with No Publication Year
* If a printed source does not have a publication date, the abbreviation “t.y.” is used to indicate this. In English articles, the abbreviation “n.d.” is used.
Example: (Akdoğan, n.d., p. 25)

15. Making References in Parenthetical Explanations
* If it is necessary to make a reference during an explanation in parentheses, commas should be used for the date, not square brackets.
Example: (For more detailed information on this subject, see Doan, 2010)

B. Bibliography
* All sources used in the article should be included in the “Bibliography”, even if they are related to the subject of the article, Documents and works not mentioned in the article should not be included in the bibliography.
* References should be given alphabetically at the end of the main text according to the surnames of the authors. For those before the Surname Law, the author's name should be taken as basis and no abbreviation should be made.
* References must be written in Latin alphabet.

1. Books, Consultation Sources and Book Chapters
* In the writing of book titles, only the first words of the title, subtitles, and proper names, if any, should be capitalized. Book titles are italicized. The word “Publications” in the names of publishing houses can be abbreviated as “Yay.”.

a) Single-author books
* Surname of the author, A. (year of publication). Title of the book (Italicized). City where it was published: Publisher.
Example: Pala, I. (2006). Forty beautiful fountains. Istanbul: Kapı Yay.

b) Books with Two Authors
* In books with two authors, the & sign is used between the author's surname and first name.
Example: Şentürk, A. A., & Kartal, A. (2011). History of Old Turkish literature. Istanbul: Dergâh Yay.

c) Books with Three or More Authors
* If the number of authors is seven or less, all author names are given in the bibliography.
Example: Akyüz, K., Beken, S., Yüksel, S., & Cunbur, M. (2000). Fuzulî dîvânı. Ankara: Akçağ Yay.

* If the number of authors is eight or more, the first six authors are given and an ellipsis (...) is placed, and then the last author is given and this section is closed.
Author, A., Author, B., Author, C., Author, D., Author, E., Author, F., ... Author, H. (Year of Publication). Title of the book (Italicized). City where it was published: Publisher.

d) An Author's Books Published in the Same Year
* The letters “a, b, c...” are used to distinguish the works of an author published in the same year.
Example: Süreyya, C. (1991a). My hat is full of flowers. Istanbul: Yön Yay.
Süreyya, C. (1991b). Keep the change. Istanbul: Broy Yay.

e) Books by Legal Entity Authors
* In the author section, the name of the legal entity should be written without abbreviation. If the publisher (publishing house) and the author are the same, “Author” for Turkish and “Author” for English should be written instead of the publisher.
Example: Turkish Language Association. (2012). Spelling guide. Ankara: Author.

f) Edited Books
* When writing the bibliography of a book with an editor, the names of the editors are included in the author section and the abbreviation “Ed.” is used in parentheses after the name of the last editor. If the person who prepared the book for publication is to be mentioned instead of the editor, the abbreviation “Haz.” can be used in parentheses.
Example: Kaynar, M. K. (Ed.). (2015). Turkey's 1950s. Istanbul: İletişim Yay.

* If a chapter in a book with an editor is cited, the name of the editor is given after the title of the relevant chapter, not in the author section. The chapter title is not italicized.
Author's Surname, A. (Year of Publication). Title of the chapter. Editor A. Surname & Editor A. Surname (Ed.), in the title of the book (page range). City of Publication: Publisher.                                                                                                Example: Yücel, C. & Gülveren, H. (2006). Students' motivation in the classroom. In M. Şişman & S. Turan (Eds.), Classroom management (pp. 74-88). Ankara: Pegema Yay.

g) Translation Books
* If the translation of a book from a foreign language into Turkish is to be cited, the name of the translator is indicated after the book title and then the abbreviation “Çev.” is used. In English articles, the abbreviation “Trans.” is used.
Example: Payot, J. (2019). İrade terbiyesi (H. Alp, Trans.). Istanbul: Ediz Publishing House.

h) Encyclopedia Articles
* Author's Surname, A. (Year of publication). Title of the article. Name of the encyclopedia (Volume number, page range). City where it was published: Publisher.
Example: İpekten, H. (1991). Azmî-zâde Mustafa Hâletî. Encyclopedia of Islam (C. 4, pp. 348–349). Istanbul: Türkiye Diyanet Foundation Yay.

i) Books without Author's Name
* The title of the book is italicized in the author section.
Example: Encyclopedia of Turkish Language and Literature (1977). Istanbul: Dergâh Yay.

j) Indication of Volume and Edition Numbers of Books
* If the book consists of volumes, the volume number is indicated with the abbreviation “C” in parentheses after the book title. If the edition is to be specified, the abbreviation “bs.” is used after the publishing house.
Example: Kabaklı, A. (1992). Turkish literature (C. 1–5). Istanbul: Turkish Literature Foundation Yay.
Devellioğlu, F. (2002). Osmanlıca-Türkçe ansiklopedik lûgat (19th bs.). Ankara: Aydın Kitabevi Yay.

Note: If the publisher is a university and the name of the university includes the name of the city, the place of publication does not need to be written.
Example: Aybar, S. (2014). Movement and the art of direction: A method, a play. Ankara University Yay.
Note: If there are two different authors in the bibliography with the same surnames and first letters of their names, the names of the authors should be given in square brackets in the bibliography.
Example: Doğan, G. [Gözde]. (1996)... Doğan, G. [Güleda]. (2010)...

2. Periodicals
Includes regularly published scientific journals, popular magazines and newspapers. Regarding the number of authors, the rules in the book bibliography apply. The general bibliography layout for periodicals is as follows:
Author's Surname, A., Author's Surname, B., & Author's Surname, C. (Year of publication). Title of the article. Name of the Periodical (If available) Volume no. (Issue number), page range. (If available) DOI number.

a) Journal Articles
* If the journal is published in volumes,
Example: Yildiz, H. (2019). Comparative vocabulary of Old Turkish and Yakutian: Words beginning with vowels. Istanbul University Faculty of Literature, Journal of Turkish Language and Literature, 59(1), 233-254. doi: 10.26650/TUDED2019-0010.

No volume number;
Example: Çaksu, A. (2019). Turkish coffee is a political drink. Journal of Selçuk University Faculty of Literature, 41, 369–386, doi: 10.21497/sefad.586654.

* If an article without a DOI number is accessed over the internet, the URL address of the web page where this study is located should be given.
Example: Çelik, B. (2019). 16th-century poet Fakîrî and his poems. Journal of Old Turkish Literature Studies, 2(2), 787-844. Access address: https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/estad/issue/48330/593485.

* If it is thought that the content presented online may change, the date of access to the website should be specified after the URL address from which the relevant article was retrieved.
Example: Tunca, A., & Durmuş, E. (2019). Investigation of grandmothers' experiences of raising grandchildren. Journal of Selçuk University Faculty of Letters, 41, 209–226,. http://sefad.selcuk.edu.tr/sefad/article/view/969. Date of access: 18.12.2019.

* When citing popular magazine articles, the month information is also included after the year of publication. If these articles are accessed over the internet, the access address should also be written.
Example: Çelik Sezer, İ. (2020, February). The latest situation in forest fires in Australia. Bilim ve Teknik, 627, 16–17.

b) Newspaper Articles
* The abbreviation “s.” is used when giving the page numbers of newspaper articles in the bibliography. Newspaper names are italicized.
Example: Toker, Ç. (2015, June 26). Unutma notes, Cumhuriyet, p. 13.

* If the newspaper article was accessed via the internet, the URL address of the relevant web page should be given.
Example: Karaca, S. (2020, February 12). I am determined and I will do it. Yeni Meram. Access address: http://www.yenimeram.com.tr/12-subat-2020-yeni-meram-gazetesi-393458.htm/3.

3. Theses
a) Theses in an Institutional Database
* Theses accessed from the YÖK thesis database should be cited as in the example.
Example: Gökçe, U. (2019). Orhan Veli poetry subject and existence are problematic (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from: https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/giris.jsp.

b) Unpublished Theses
Author's Surname, A. (Year). Title of the thesis (Unpublished master/doctoral thesis). Institution name, Location.
Example: Onat, E. (1987). An investigation on double series correlation (Unpublished master's thesis). Hacettepe University, Ankara.

c) Theses Accessed from Personal Web Pages
Example: Tonta, Y. A. (1992). An analysis of search failures in online library catalogs (Doctoral dissertation, University of California, Berkeley). Available at: http://yunus.hacettepe.edu.tr/~tonta/publicat.html.

4. Symposium and Congress Proceedings
a) Published Papers
Author's Surname, A. (Year of Publication). Title of the paper. Editor/Preparer A. Surname (Ed./Haz.), in the title of the book (page range). City of Publication: Publisher.
Example: Bilkan, A. F. (2007). The place and importance of Amasya in the cultural life of the Ottoman period. In Y. Bayram (Ed.), I. Amasya Research Symposium Proceedings (pp. 611-620),. Amasya: Hilal Yay.

b) Unpublished Papers
Author's Surname, A. (Date). Name of the Paper. Name of the Event, City of the Event.
Example: Köklü, N. (1996). Factors affecting the statistical anxiety scores of university students. State Institute of Statistics Research Symposium, Ankara.

5. Electronic Resources
a) E-books
Surname of the author, A. (Year of publication): Title of the work. Access address.
Example: Ayçiçeği, B. (2018). Behiştî Ahmed's İskender-nâmesi (Review-Text). Retrieved from: https://ekitap.ktb.gov.tr/TR-206269/behisti-ahmed-iskender-name.html.

* If the publication year of the book is unknown, the abbreviation “t.y.” is used and the date of access to the website is written.
Example: Akdoğan, Y. (t.y.). Ahmedî Dîvân. http://ekitap.kulturturizm.gov.tr/TR,78357/ahmedi-divani.html. Access date: 22.12.2015.

b) Quotations from Websites
* When quoting from websites, if the author and date of publication are known, the address of access to the website is written; the date of access does not need to be written.
Example: Aydınoğlu, İ. (2020, February 10). Create a life full of love and sincerity in your home. Access address: https://hthayat.haberturk.com/evinizde-sevgi-ve-ictenlik-dolu-bir-yasam-olusturunuz-1073174.

* If the author is known but the date is not known, the abbreviation “t.y.” is used and the date of access to the website is written.
Example: Razon, N. (n.d.). Factors affecting young people's choice of profession. https://www.ekipnormarazon.com/makalelerimiz/meslek-secimi/gencin-meslek-secimini-etkileyen-faktorler/. Access date: 13.03.2020.

* If there is no author information, the title of the article is written in the author section and the date of access to the website is also included.
Example: Substance addiction in children and youth. (n.y.). https://npistanbul.com/amatem/cocuk-ve-genclerde-madde-bagimliligi. Access date: 13.02.2020.

6. Laws and Regulations
* Name of the Legislation (Year, Day and Month). T.C. Official Gazette (Number: ...). Access address.
Example: Regulation on Nuclear Export Control (2020, February 13). Official Gazette of the Republic of Turkey (Issue: 31038). Available at: https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2020/02/20200213-3.htm.

7. Manuscript and Printed (Printed) Works
* Name of the author. Name of the work. Library where it is found. Collection, catalog number, Varak/page range.
Example: Âsım. Zeyl-i zübdetü'l-eş'âr. Millet Library. Ali Emirî Efendi Collection, 132, 1b-45a.

* For printed works, the name of the printing house where the work was printed is written instead of the publishing house. Hijrian dates are written without converting them to Gregorian dates.
Example: Ebüzziya Tevfik (1306). Lûgat-ı Ebüzziya. Istanbul: Ebüzziya Matbaası.

8. Archive Documents
* Name of the Archive. Name (Number) of the document.
Example: BAO (Prime Ministry Ottoman Archives). Name: Hümayun Defteri (10).

***

* In the preparation of this guide on citation and bibliography writing, the book titled APA 6 Rules for Citing References, Tables and Figures in Scientific Publications (Şencan & Doğan, 2017) and the Ukurova University SBE Thesis Writing Guide (2015) were used. These two sources should be consulted for issues that are not included or specified in this guide.

Application Checklist
* During the submission process, authors should check that their submissions comply with all the items in the list below; submissions that do not comply with this guideline will be returned to the authors.
* The submitted manuscript has not been previously published and has not been submitted to any journal for consideration for publication (detailed explanation is given in the Author Guidelines).
* The text has been prepared in accordance with the referencing (citation and bibliography) rules specified in the Author Guidelines in the “About the Journal” section.
* The submission file is in Microsoft Word (.doc or .docx extension).
* The article template available on the homepage of the journal was used for writing the article. [Articles not written in the template will not be accepted.]
* All figures, pictures and tables are placed at appropriate points in the text instead of at the end of the page.
* There is a Turkish abstract and an English abstract of at least 150 and at most 200 words.
* The Turkish Abstract and English Abstract are one paragraph.
* Keywords consisting of five (5) words.
* There are “Introduction” and “Conclusion” sections in the article.
* At the end of the article, there is an extended abstract in English, approximately 10–15% of the article. The extended abstract should be submitted after the article is deemed "publishable.”. It does not need to be included in the initial submission.
* If a different font was used in the text, it was sent from the system with the article.
* For articles derived from a thesis or a paper, this is indicated in a footnote in the title of the article.

PUBLICATION CODE OF ETHICS
Selcuk University Journal of Faculty of Letters l (SEFAD) (E-ISSN 2458-908X) is a refereed academic journal that publishes only original scientific articles that meet the standards for a given discipline. SEFAD's ethical statement has followed the principles of COPE Code of Conduct and Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors and COPE Best Practice Guidelines for Journal Editors. For more detailed information, please refer to the resources mentioned in the following link: https://publicationethics.org/

In this document, the ethical responsibilities that SEFAD’s publisher, editor-in chief, field editors, reviewers and authors should adhere to are specified. All the stakeholders are expected to comply with these ethical principles.

1. ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE PUBLISHER
SEFAD is a scientific and academic journal published by Selcuk University Faculty of Letters. The publisher/official owner of the journal on behalf of the faculty is obliged to fulfill the
following ethical responsibilities:

Editorial Independence
* The Publisher ensures that SEFAD’s editor and the field editors act independently in their editorial decisions throughout the processes from submission to publication.
* The publisher or any external agent cannot make any request against the editorial independence or interfere in the publishing process. Intellectual Property and Copyright
* The publisher guarantees for protection of the intellectual property and copyright of each article published in SEFAD. Besides, the publisher is obliged to provide a record of every published article.
* The publisher is obliged to provide information on the material for which copyright should be provided in the Article Information field specifically for each article. If there is any material subject to copyright in the article, it should be registered in the system by obtaining a petition from the author.

Access to Journal Content
* The Publisher is committed to providing a permanent and free access to all articles
published in SEFAD in accordance with the Open Access principle.
* The publisher cannot request any pecuniary and non-pecuniary provisions from the
authors throughout the publication process

Archiving of Publications
* The publisher takes necessary measures to archive and protect the online content.
Avoiding Ethical Pitfalls
* The publisher, together with the editors, is obliged to take the necessary measures in case
of any scientific abuse and plagiarism.
* If an ethical pitfall is noticed, it should be overcome immediately; if not possible, solutions
like publishing a correction or withdrawing the related article can be provided.

2. ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF EDITORS
* The editors of SEFAD are obliged to fulfill the following ethical responsibilities:

Decision for Publication
* It is the editors’ responsibility to decide which articles will be published in the Journal.
* The submitted articles are subjected to pre-evaluation by the assistant editor and editor-in-chief in terms of plagiarism, compliance with the scope and publication principles of the journal, taking into account academic qualities such as being research-based, originality, contributing to the field, examining new and different developments.
* The referee process of the articles which meet the criteria of preliminary evaluation is initiated by the field editors. According to the reviews of referees and academic qualification of articles, the field editors give a decision on whether the manuscript is accepted or not.

Confidentiality
* No specific information as to the articles sent to SEFAD is shared with anyone else other than the author (s), referees, editors, editorial board and publisher.
* Research data should be protected.
* Even after the article is published or rejected, SEFAD acts in accordance with the principle of confidentiality.

Conflict of Interest
*Editors cannot use the information enclosed in a study sent to SEFAD in their own research without the written permission of the author(s). Likewise, they cannot use the information or views collected from the referee evaluation for their own benefit.
*If a conflict of interest arises between the editor and the author, the editor may ask one of the other editors or editorial board to carry out the pre-evaluation and the management of the refereeing process. In such a case, information should be provided in the Article Information field.
* Articles should not be sent to referees who may have a self-interest in the subject of the study.

Urgency
* Having completed preliminary evaluation, the articles are sent to the referees without delay.
* The decisions of the referees are forwarded to the authors without delay so that the authors make the required corrections.
* In the editorial process, action is taken in accordance with the time regulations previously
determined by the SEFAD.

Controlling the Evaluation Process
* The referees are chosen among the most competent names in the related field.
* For the process of referee assignment , it should be considered if there is a conflict of interest between the author and the referees. The authors and referees cannot be at the same institution or the department.
* The principle of blind-review must be followed. The information of the referees must be kept confidential. In addition, it should not be ignored that any personal information regarding the author (s) cannot be sent to the referees.
* Referees should not be allowed to make offensive and non-academic comments.
* The referee list should be constantly updated and efforts should be made to expand it.
* When sending a rejection notification to the author (s), the language should not be offensive and disdainful.

Ensuring Publication Integrity
* When ethical considerations regarding a published article arise , even if it has been a long time since the date of publication, the required examination must be carried out. The authors are contacted and informed about the complaints and allegations.
* If possible, the author of the article is contacted to show the necessary attention to complaints and claims. If a violation has been determined as a result of the investigation, a correction notice is issued stating that there is an error, inconsistency or misleading information in the publication.

3. ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE REFEREE
Contribution to Publishing Decisions
* The referee evaluation is at the center of the academic publishing process. Referee decisions assist editors in making editorial decisions.
* Referees assist the author (s) in improving the article through editorial communication.
* By reason of the double-blind peer-reviewed evaluation system, the referees cannot directly contact the authors. Evaluation forms and reports are sent to the authors through editors by using the online system of the journal.

Urgency
* A referree to whom a request has been sent for an article evaluation must inform the editor as soon as possible as to whether he/she will evaluate the article.
* If the referee is not sufficiently expert on the subject, or if the article is out of his/her area of expertise or if he/she cannot finish the evaluation due to the shortage of time, he/she should inform the editor by giving a reason and may request to withdraw from being referee.
* Referees should complete their evaluations within the period determined by the Journal, and should not delay the process.

Confidentiality
* All information regarding the articles sent to the referees for evaluation should be kept confidential by the referees.
* As long as there is no editorial authorization, the article content should not be shown and discussed with others.
* After finishing the evaluation process, the referees must destroy the first versions of the manuscript. They can only use the final, i.e. published versions of the articles.
* The principle of confidentiality includes referees who refuse to evaluate since they have already acquired some information about the manuscript such as title and summary.

Objectivity
* Referees must make their evaluations objectively. Article criticisms should be made in an unbiased and fair way.
* Criticism should be directed towards the article; personal criticism of the author is not allowed.
* Referees should express their views clearly by using supporting evidence.
* When refusing the article, the referees should be principled and truthful; they also should report their reasons clearly. Justified explanation is an ethical responsibility. An appropriate language should be used in the report for the rejection of the article.
* Referees should make their evaluations by using a constructive and kind language.

Citing Sources
* If the referees find out that the required citation rules are not followed in the article, they are obliged to inform the author
*If the referees notice that there is a similarity or overlap between the article they evaluated and a previously published work, they should inform the editor.

4. ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE AUTHORS
Reporting
* Author (s) should accurately and clearly state how their work is carried out, and objectively present its importance and results.
* The article should be detailed in order to allow other researchers to carry out similar studies, and the sources that can be used should be specified.
* Unrealistic and intentionally false statements are not compatible with the ethical code of SEFAD and cannot be allowed.

Originality
* The author (s) must ensure that their articles are completely original and that if they used works of others, they must ensure citing and referencing them completely and accurately.
* Plagiarism is an act against publication ethics and is unacceptable.

Data Access and Retention
* The author (s) should be able to make the raw data of their research accessible to everyone in the case of a request for editorial review or peer review. Authors should be able to retain the data for a reasonable period of time even after the publication.

Multiple Publishing
* The author (s) cannot submit their article for publication to more than one journal at the same time
* An article that was previously published in a journal or sent to the evaluation process for publication cannot be resent to another journal for evaluation.
* It may be possible to republish articles previously published in another journal if they meet certain conditions. In this case, the editor should explain that the work was previously published in another journal and refer to it clearly.

Citing Sources
* Author (s) should cite the sources that contribute to an understanding of the research findings.
* The information obtained as a result of personal interviews should not be used without the permission of the source person.
* All sources used in the study should be cited and referred.
* Previous publications that reveal similar or different results should be indicated.
* It is an ethical responsibility to indicate the supporters of the research and thank them for their contribution.

Authorship Definition
* The persons listed as article authors should be limited to those who make significant contributions by personally taking part in all processes of the preparation of the article. If there are people who contributed only in certain stages of the work, they should be specified as “contributors” and thanked.
* If the article has more than one author, one of them should be specified as the “responsible author” and this author should be in contact with the editor and carry out the correspondence. Corresponding author should ensure that all the other authors are involved in every step of the article from the evaluation process to its publication.

Conflict of Interest
* If there are any pecuniary and non-pecuniary conflicts of interest that may affect the results and interpretations of the study, the author(s) should indicate them during the submission of the article.

Ethics Committee Permission
* Author (s) must certify that they have the right to use the data and the necessary permissions for research and analysis.
* Ethics committee approval should be obtained separately for clinical and experimental studies on humans and animals. This approval must be indicated and documented in the article with its date and code.

Correction of Errors in the Published Article
* The author (s) are obliged to notify the editor immediately when they notice an important mistake in their published article and to cooperate with the editor in the correction or withdrawal procedures.
* If the editor determines or finds out from a source other than the author that an article contains a serious error, the authors are obliged to prove to the editor of the journal the correctness of the relevant part of their work, make corrections or withdraw the article.

Copyright notice
* Authors submitting manuscripts to our journal are required to read and agree to the following copyright agreement when uploading their manuscripts to the journal's online system.
* Manuscripts submitted to our journal must not have been previously published in any medium or submitted to any publication medium for publication.
* Authors submitting manuscripts will read and agree to the following copyright notice text on the checklist screen when uploading their manuscripts to the journal's online system. By ticking the 'I declare that it complies with the above' box at the end of the checklist, they are deemed to have accepted the copyright notice text.

Copyright notice text
Author(s);
a) That the submitted article is the original work of the author(s) and that they have not plagiarised,
b) All authors have participated individually in this study and take full responsibility for this study,
c) All authors have seen and approved the final version of the submitted manuscript,
d) The article has not been published or submitted for publication elsewhere,
e) They accept and undertake that the text, figures and documents in the article do not infringe the copyright of any other person.

Authors are deemed to have accepted the following conditions by submitting their work to the journal under the CC BY-NC-ND licence.
1. The copyright of the published article belongs to the author.
2. Authors authorise this journal to publish the article and to identify itself as the original publisher.
3. Authors grant any third party the right to use the article freely, provided that the original authors and citation details are acknowledged.
4. Nothing in this licence affects or restricts an author's right to protect the integrity and ownership of his or her work.
5. All commercial rights related to the article belong to the authors.

The authors own the copyright of their works published in Selcuk University Faculty of Letters Journal and their works are licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0). The Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0) licence allows users to copy, distribute and transmit an article as long as the author is attributed, the article is not used for commercial purposes, and the work is not modified or adapted in any way.

Open Access Policy
This journal has adopted an Open Access policy. According to this policy

1-Scientific articles published in the Journal of the Faculty of Letters of Selçuk University can be freely downloaded, used, copied, distributed, printed, transported, scanned, linked to full texts, indexed, transferred to software as data and used for any legal purpose by all users without any legal, financial and technical obstacle/barrier via the Internet. In addition, copies of the work may be made and distributed in any digital environment, provided that the necessary credit is given to the author, and a limited number of printed copies of these publications may be reproduced for personal use.

2-All studies published in our journal, together with all their appendices, are freely and permanently accessible both in the archive of our journal (http://sefad.selcuk.edu.tr/sefad/issue/archive) and in the DergiPark Academic system (http://dergipark.gov.tr/sefad/archive), where we are located as an archive.

3-Fees for submission and evaluation of articles are not charged to authors.

All article submission and evaluation processes are free.