Morphological, molecular and toxicologial characterization of Nodularia spumigena Mertens in Jungens (1822) from brackishwater Lake Bafa (Turkey)

Abstract

Nodularia spumigena, a bloom-forming cyanobacteria, can produce hepatotoxic peptide nodularin. Here morphological, molecular and chemical methods were applied to characterize toxic and bloom-forming N. spumigena collected from Lake Bafa on June 2010, Aydın, Turkey. Phylogenetic analysis of N. spumigena was performed by sequencing 16S ribosomal DNA or the phycocyanin intergenic spacer (IGS) region, and the nodularin synthetase gene cluster (nda). Nodularin produced by N. spumigena was determined by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). To our knowledge, this is the first report on toxic N. spumigena in Lake Bafa, Turkey.

Keywords

• lake Bafa,cyanobacteria,HPLC,nodularin,ELISA

Bafa Gölü'ndeki Nodularia spumigena Mertens in Jungens (1822)'in morfolojik, moleküler ve toksikolojik karakterizasyonu

Abstract

Aşırı alg çoğalması oluşturan Nodularia spumigena, hepatotoksik peptid nodularini üretir.  Bu çalışmada Haziran ayında Bafa Gölünden izole edilen N. spumigena’nın karakterizasyonu için gerçekleştirilen morfolojik, moleküler ve kimyasal  analizler uygulanmıştır. Filogenetik analizler 16S rDNA, fikosiyanin intergenik spacer (IGS) bölgesi ve nodularin sentez gen kümesi (nda) çoğaltılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir.

N. spumigena’nın ürettiği nodularinin tayini  enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) ve liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) yöntemleriyle araştırılmıştır.

Bu çalışma Bafa Gölü’nde toksik N. spumigena’nın ilk karakterizasyonudur.

Keywords

• Bafa Gölü,HPLC,ELISA,nodularin,siyanobakteri

References

2. [42] Bolch CJS, Orr PT, Jones GJ, Blackburn SI, 1999. Genetic, morphological, and toxicological variation among globally distributed strains of Nodularia (cyanobacteria). J Phycol 35: 339–355.
3. [41] Yabanli M, Turk N, Tenekecioglu E, Uludag R, 2011. A research on massive fish death in Lake Bafa. SAU Fen Bilimleri Dergisi 15: 36–40.
4. [40] Henriksen P, 2005. Estimating nodularin content of cyanobacterial blooms from abundance of Nodularia spumigena and its characteristic pigments- a case study from Baltic entrance area. Harmful Algae 4: 167–178.
5. [39] Falconer I, Bartram J, Chorus I, Kuiper-Goodman T, Utkilen H, Burch M, Codd GA, 1999. Safe levels and safe practices. In: Chorus I, Bartram I (Eds.), Toxic Cyanobacteria in Water. E&FN Spon, London and New York.
6. [38] WHO, 1998. Guidelines for Drinking water Quality, second ed. Addendum to vol. 2. Health Criteria and other supporting information. World Health Organization, Geneva.
7. [37] Mazur H, Pliński M, 2003. Nodularia spumigena blooms and the occurrence of hepatotoxin in the Gulf of Gdansk. Oceanologia 45, 305–316.
8. [36] Tamura K, Peterson D, Peterson N, Stecher G, Nei M, Kumar S, 2011. Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis using maximum likelihood, evolutionary distance, and maximum parsimony methods. Mol Biol Evol. 12: 1–24

9. [35] Akcaalan R, Albay M, Gurevin C, Cevik F, 2007. The influence of environmental conditions on the morphological variability of phytoplankton in an oligo-mesotrophic Turkish lake. Ann Limnol-Int J Lim. 43: 21–28.
10. [34] Cirik S, 1982. Marmara Lake Phytoplankton in Manisa- I- Cyanophyta. [Manisa Marmara Gölü fitoplanktonu. I – Cyanophyta]. Doga Bilim Dergisi Temel Bilimler 6:67–81.
11. [33] Desikachary IV 1959. Cyanophyta. 685 pp., I. C. A. R., New Delhi.
12. [32] Geitler L, 1925. Die Süsswasser – Flora Deutschlands, Österreichs Und Der Schweiz Heft 12 Cyanophyceae. Jena Velag Von Gustav Fischer.
13. [31] Komárek J, Hübel M, Hübel H, Šmarda J, 1993. The Nodularia studies 2. Taxonomy. Algol Stud. 68: 1–25.
14. [20] Neilan BA, Burns BP, Relman D, Lowe D, 2002a. Molecular identification of cyanobacteria associated with stromatolites from distinct geographical locations. Astrobiology, 2: 271–280.
15. [19] Nübel U, Garcia-Pichel F, Clavero E, Muyzer G, 2000. Matching molecular diversity and ecophysiology of benthic cyanobacteria and diatoms in communities along a salinity gradient. Environ Microbiol. 2: 217–226.
16. [18] Komarek J, Anagnostidis K, 1989. Modern approach to the classification system of cyanophytes, 4. Nostocales. Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie Supplementband. 82: 247-345.
17. [17] Rippka R, Deruelles J, Waterbury JB, Herdman M, Stanier RY, 1979. Generic assignments, strain histories and properties of pure cultures of cyanobacteria. J Gen Microbiol. 111: 1–61.
18. [16] Nehring S, 1993. Mortality of dogs associated with a mass development of Nodularia spumigena (cyanophyceae) in a brackish lake at the German North Sea coast. J Plankton Res. 15: 867–872.
19. [15] Harding WR, Rowe N, Wessels JC, Beattie KA, Codd GA, 1995. Death of a dog attributed to the cyanobacterial (bluegreen algal) hepatotoxin nodularin in South Africa. J S Afr Vet Assoc. 66: 256–259.
20. [14] Mazur-Marzec H, Krezel A, Kobos J, Pliński M, 2006. Toxic Nodularia spumigena blooms in the coastal waters of the Gulf of Gdansk: a ten-year survey. Oceanologia 48: 255–273.
21. [13] Stal LJ, Albertano P, Bergman B, Bro Ckec K, Gallon JG, Hayes PK, Sivonen K, Walsby AE, 2003. BASIC: Baltic Sea cyanobacteria, an investigation of the structure and dynamics of water blooms of cyanobacteria in the Baltic Sea responses to a changing environment. Cont. Shelf Res. 23: 1695–1714.
22. [12] Kahru M, Horstmann U, Rud O, 1994. Satelite detection of increased cyanobacteria blooms in the Baltic Sea: natural fluctuation or ecosystem change. Ambio. 238: 469–472.
23. [11] Sivonen K, Kononen K, Carmichael WW, Dahlem AM, Rinehart KL, Kiviranta J, Niemela SI, 1989. Occurence of the hepatotoxic cyanobacterium Nodularia spumigena in the Baltic Sea and structure of the toxin. Appl Environ Microb. 55: 1990–1995.
24. [10] Beutel MW, Horne AJ, Roth JC, Barratt NJ, 2001. Limnological effects of anthropogenic desiccation of a large, saline lake, Walker lake, Nevada. Hydrobiologia. 466, 91–105.
25. [9] Galat DL, Verdin JP, Sims LL. 1990. Large-scale patterns of Nodularia spumigena blooms in Pyramid lake, Nevada, determined from Landsat imagery 1972–1986. Hydrobiologia. 197: 147–164.
26. [8] Perez Del MC, Bonilla S, De Leon L, Smarda J, Komarek J, 1999. A bloom of Nodularia baltica-spumigena group (Cyanobacteria) in a shallow coastal lagoon of Uruguay, South America. Algol Stud. 93: 91–101.
27. [7] Falcon LI, Escobar-Briones E, Romero D, 2002. Nitrogen fixation patterns displayed by cyanobacterial consortia in Alchichica crater-lake, Mexico. Hydrobiologia 467: 71–78.
28. [6] Woodward CA, Shulmeister J, 2005. A Holocene record of human induced and natural environmental change from lake Forsyth (Te Wairewa), New Zealand. J Paleolimnol. 34: 481–501.
29. [5] Heresztyn T, Nicholson BC, 1997. Nodularin concentrations in lakes Alexandrina and Albert, South Australia, during a bloom of the cyanobacterium (blue-green alga) Nodularia spumigena and degradation of the toxin. Environ Toxicol Water Qual. 12: 273–282.
30. [4] Hobson P, Burch M, Fallowfield HJ, 1999. Effect of salinity on photosynthetic activity of Nodularia spumigena. J Appl Phycol. 13: 493–499.
31. [3] Francis G, 1878. Poisonous Australian lake. Nature ; 18: 11–12.
32. [2] Lehtimäki J, Moisander P, Sivonen K, Kononen K, 1997. Growth, nitrogen fixation, and nodularin production by two Baltic Sea cyanobacteria. Appl Environ Microb. 63: 1647–1656.