İnsan Kaynaklarının Kurumsal Performansa Etkisi: Gençlik STK’ları Üzerine Ampirik Bir Araştırma

Year 2021, Volume: 29 Issue: 48, 443 - 472, 28.04.2021

Emrah Ayhan Murat Önder

https://doi.org/10.17233/sosyoekonomi.2021.02.21

Cited By: 1

Abstract

Sivil toplum kuruluşları (STK), kamu kurumları ve özel sektör kuruluşlarının toplumsal ürün ve hizmet üretmede yetersiz ya da isteksiz oldukları alanlarda önemli bir tamamlayıcı, destekleyici veya alternatif aktör haline gelmişlerdir. Bu nedenle, STK’ların kurumsal performanslarındaki farklılaşmalar ve başarısızlıklar, bu STK’ların sunduğu ürün ve hizmetlerin sürdürülebilirliklerini, verimliliklerini ve erişilebilirliklerini olumsuz etkilemektedir. Birçok araştırmada, STK’ların kurumsal performansları ile kurumsal kapasiteleri arasında anlamlı ilişkiler bulunmuştur. Buna paralel olarak bu çalışmada; kurumsal kapasitenin önemli bileşenlerinden olan insan kaynaklarının kurumsal performans üzerindeki özgün etkisi Türkiye’nin 81 ilinden rastgele seçilen 975 Gençlik STK örneklemi üzerinden araştırılmıştır. Araştırma verileri, bu STK’ların temsilcilerine uygulanan anket araştırmasından elde edilmiştir. İnsan kaynaklarının kurumsal performansa etkisi çoklu regresyon analizi yöntemiyle test edilmiş ve açıklanmıştır. Araştırma bulguları doğrultusunda; profesyonel yöneticilik, yönetim anlayışından duyulan memnuniyet, gönüllülerin katkılarından duyulan memnuniyet, maaşlı çalışan sayısı, iş tamamlayabilme yetkinliği ve kurum içi eğitimler gibi insan kaynaklarına ilişkin değişkenlerin STK’ların kurumsal performansları üzerinde etkili olduğu görülmüştür. Ayrıca, STK’ların insan kaynaklarının ve kurumsal performanslarının iyileştirilmesine yönelik politika önerileri geliştirilmiştir.

Keywords

Sivil Toplum, Gençlik STK’ları, Kurumsal Performans, İnsan Kaynakları, Çoklu Regresyon

The Influence of Human Resources on Organizational Performance: An Empirical Research on Youth CSOs

Abstract

Civil society organizations (CSOs) have become complementary, supporting, and alternative actors in areas where public institutions and private sector organizations are insufficient or reluctant to produce social goods and services. Therefore, differentiation and failure in the organizational performance of the CSOs negatively influence sustainability, efficiency, and accessibility of goods and services that these CSOs provide. In many studies, significant relations were found between the organizational performance and the capacity of the CSOs. In parallel, the unique influence of human resources - as one of the significant components of the organizational capacity - on organizational performance is evaluated through the sample of 975 Youth CSOs randomly selected from 81 cities of Turkey in this research. Research data was gathered from a survey that was applied to representatives of these CSOs. The influence of human resources on organizational performance was tested and explained by multiple regression methods. Based on the research findings, it was seen that human resource variables of professional management, satisfaction from the management approach, satisfaction from the contribution of volunteers, number of paid workers, competence for work achievement, and organizational training influence the organizational performance of CSOs. Furthermore, policy recommendations were developed to improve the human resources and organizational performance of CSOs.

Keywords

Civil Society, Youth CSOs, Organizational Performance, Human Resources, Multiple Regression

References

• Akatay, A. (2008), “Gönüllü Kuruluşların İnsan Kaynakları Sorunlarına Eğitsel Bir Çözüm”, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi Girişimcilik ve Kalkınma Dergisi, 3(1), 115-137.
• Akinwande, M.O. & H.G. Dikko & A. Samson (2015), “Variance Inflation Factor: As A Condition for the Inclusion of Suppressor Variable(s) in Regression Analysis”, Open Journal of Statistics, 5, 754-767.
• Altman, D.G. (2014), Categorizing Continuous Variables, Wiley StatsRef: Statistics Reference Online.
• Anheier, H.K. (2005), Nonprofit Organizations: Theory, Management, Policy, London and New York: Routledge.
• Ayhan, E. & M. Önder (2017), “Yeni Kamu Hizmeti Yaklaşımı: Yönetişime Açılan Bir Kapı”, Gazi İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 3(2), 19-48.
• Ayhan, E. (2019), “An Empirical Study for the Financial Situation of Youth CSOs in TRB1 Region of Turkey”, Bingöl Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 3(2), 39-72.
• Barney, J.B. & W.S. Hesterly (2012), Strategic Management and Competitive Advantage (4. Baskı), MA: Pearson, Boston.
• Bass, B.M. & B.J. Avolio (1995), The Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire, Palo Alto: Mind Garden.
• Bauer, T. & K.F. Zimmermann (1999), “Overtime Work and Overtime Compensation in Germany”, Scottish Journal of Political Economy, 46(4), 419-436.
• Bayram, L. (2005), “Geleneksel Performans Değerlendirme Yöntemlerine Yeni Bir Alternatif: 360 Derece Performans Değerlendirme”, Sayıştay Dergisi, 62, 47-65.
• Ben-Ner, A. & T. Van Hoomissen (2007), “Nonprofit Organizations in the Mixed Economy: A Demand and Supply Analysis”, Annals of Public and Cooperative Economics, 62(4), 519-550.
• Bera, A. & C. Jarque (1981), “Efficient tests for normality, heteroskedasticity and serial independence of regression, residuals: Monte Carlo Evidence”, Economics Letters, 7, 313-318.
• Besel, K. & C.L. Williams & J. Klak (2011), “Nonprofit Sustainability during Times of Uncertainty”, Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 22, 53-65.
• Bibu, N. & M. Lisetchi (2011), “Particularities of the Strategy Approach within Nongovernmental Organizations: A Literature Review”, Managerial Challenges of the Contemporary Society, 2, 23-27.
• Bilgin, K.U. (2015), “Kamu Personel Yönetiminde Ölçüt ve Gösterge Odaklı Performans Yönetimi”, Strategic Public Management Journal, 1(1), 24-39.
• Bilgin, Y. & G.D. Bilgin & I. Kilinc (2017), “Strategic Leadership in Civil Society Organizations: A Research on Turkish Charities Performing International Operations”, VOLUNTAS, 28, 839-863.
• Boal, K.B. & R. Hooijberg (2000), “Strategic Leadership Research: Moving On”, Leadership Quarterly, 11(4), 515-549.
• Brys, G. & M. Hubert & A. Struyf (2004), “A Roubustification of the Jarque-Bera Test of Normality”, J. Antoch (ed.), Proceedings in Computational Statistics, Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 753-760.
• Burns, M.G. (1978), Leadership, New York: Harper-Row.
• Calabrese, T. (2013), “Running on Empty: The Operating Reserves of U.S. Nonprofit Organizations”, Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 23, 281-302.
• Carman, J.G. (2007), “Evaluation Practice Among Community-Based Organizations: Research into the Reality”, American Journal of Evaluation, 28(1), 60-75.
• Carter, S.M. & C.R. Greer (2013), “Strategic Leadership: Values, Styles, And Organizational Performance”, Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 20(20), 1-19.
• Chi, N.W. & Y.M. Huang & S.C. Lin (2009), “A Double-Edged Sword? Exploring the Curvilinear Relationship Between Organizational Tenure Diversity and Team Innovation: The Moderating Role of Team-Oriented HR Practices”, Group and Organization Management, 34, 698-726.
• Christensen, R.K. & B. Gazley (2008), “Capacity for Public Administration: Analysis of Meaning and Measurement”, Public Administration and Development, 28, 265-279.
• Connolly, J.M. (2018), “Can Managerial Turnover Be A Good Thing? The Impact Of City Manager Change On Local Fiscal Outcomes”, Public Administration Review, 78(3), 338-349.
• Cooter, R. & T. Ulen (2000), Law and Economics, Boston: Addison Wesley Longman.
• Coşkun, A. (2006), “STK’ların Stratejik Performans Yönetiminde Yeni Bir Yaklaşım: Performans Karnesi”, Sivil Toplum, 4(15), 103-117.
• Çaha, Ö. & A. Çaylak (2013), TRA2 Bölgesi Sivil Toplum Kuruluşları Profili, Kars: SERKA Kalkınma Ajansı, <https://www.serka.gov.tr/assets/upload/dosyalar/55ba930f4b08681a4f8f5ad8b315b743.pdf>, 09.04.2020.
• Çaha, Ö. & M.E. Köktaş & A. Çaylak & M. Önder & A. Akın & H. Kapu (2018), TRA2 Bölgesi Gençlik Araştırması. Kalkınma Bakanlığı, SERHAT Kalkınma Ajansı (ISBN 978-605-68045-2-6), Kars: SERKA Yayınları.
• De Vita, C.J. & C. Fleming (eds.) (2001), Building Capacity in Nonprofit Organizations, Washington, DC: The Urban Institute, <http://research.urban.org/UploadedPDF/building_capacity.PDF>, 09.06.2020.
• Despard, M.R. (2016), “Can Nonprofit Capacity Be Measured?”, NVSQ, 46(3), 1-20.
• Dinwoodie, D.L. & L. Quinn & J.B. McGuire (2014), Bridging The Strategy/Performance Gap: How Leadership Strategy Drives Business Results, Center for Creative Leadership, <http://insights.ccl.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/BridgingTheStrategy.pdf>, 09.04.2020.
• Doherty, A. & K. Misener & G. Cuskelly (2013), “Toward A Multidimensional Framework of Capacity in Community Sport Clubs”, NVSQ, 43(2), 1-19.
• Doherty, K.M. & D.E. Lewis & S. Limbocker (2019), “Executive Control And Turnover In The Senior Executive Service”, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 29(2), 159-174.
• Durbin, J. & G. Watson (1950), “Testing For Serial Correlation In Least Squares Regression I”, Biometrika, 37, 409-428.
• Eisinger, P. (2002), “Organizational Capacity and Organizational Effectiveness Among Street Level Food Assistance Programs”, NVSQ, 31(1), 115-130.
• Ekmekçi, Ö.T. & S. Güney & M.K. Öktem (2019), Örgütsel Stres Faktörlerinin Algılanan İş Stresi Üzerindeki Etkisinde Dönüşümsel Liderliğin Düzenleyici Rolü”, 2-3 Kasım, Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi, 6. Örgütsel Davranış Bilimleri Kongresi Bildiriler Kitabı, 591-601.
• Feigenbaum, S. (1980), “The Case of Income Redistribution: A Theory of Government and Private Provision of Collective Goods”, Public Finance Quarterly, 8(1), 3-22.
• Fine, T. & L. Snyder (1999), “What Is The Difference Between Performance And Benchmarking?”, Public Management, 81(1), 24-25.
• Fowler, A. (2000), The Virtuous Spiral: A Guide to Sustainability for NGOs in International Development, London: Earthscan.
• Frederickson, D.G. & H.G. Frederickson (2007), Measuring The Performance Of The Hollow State, Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press.
• Froelich, K.A. (1999), “Diversification of Revenue Strategies: Evolving Resource Dependence In Nonprofit Organizations”, NVSQ, 28(3), 246-268.
• Garton, J. (2009), The Regulation of Organised Civil Society, Oxford: Hart Publishing.
• Goel, S.L. & R. Kumar (2005), Administration And Management of NGOs: Text And Cases, New Delhi: Deep and Deep Publications.
• Goll, I. & A.A. Rasheed (2005), “The Relationships Between Top Management Demographic Characteristics, Rational Decision Making, Environmental Munificence, and Firm Performance”, Organization Science, 26, 999-1023.
• Göçoğlu, Ü.V. & İ.D. Kurt & M.K. Öktem (2019), “İdari Reformun Yüz Yılı: Türk Kamu Yönetimi Reformlarının Karar Verme Yaklaşımları Çerçevesinde Değerlendirilmesi”, Ombudsman Akademik, 5(10), 39-83.
• Gronbjerg, K.A. (1993), Understanding Non-Profit Funding: Managing Revenues in Social Services and Community Development Organizations, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
• Güngör, F. (2016), “Gönüllü Yönetiminin Önemli Bir Aşaması Olarak Performans Değerlendirme”, Strategic Public Management Journal, 4, 21-48.
• Hackler, D. & G.D. Saxton (2007), “The Strategic Use of Information Technology by Nonprofit Organizations: Increasing Capacity and Untapped Potential”, Public Administration Review, 67(3), 474-487.
• Hansmann, H. (1987), “Economic Theories of Nonprofit Organizations”, içinde: W.W. Powell (ed.), The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook (1. edition), New Haven: Yale University Press, 27-42.
• Herman, R.D. & D.O. Renz (2008), “Advancing Nonprofit Organizational Effectiveness Research and Theory: Nine Theses”, Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 18(4), 399-415.
• Hill, C.W.L. & G.R. Jones (2008), Strategic Management: An Integrated Approach (8. edition), MA: Houghton-Mifflin, Boston.
• Hillman, A.J. & M.C. Withers & B.J. Collins (2009), “Resource Dependence Theory: A Review”, Journal of Management, 35(6), 1404-1427.
• Honadle, B.W. (1981), “A Capacity Building Framework: A Search for Concept and Purpose”, Public Administration Review, 41, 575-580.
• Humphrey, S.E. & F.P. Morgeson & M.J. Mannor (2009), “Developing A Theory of Strategic Core of Teams: A Role Composition Model of Team Performance”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 94, 48-61.
• James, E. & S. Rose-Ackerman (1986), The Nonprofit Enterprise in Market Economies, New York: Harwood Academic Publishers.
• Joshi, A. & H. Liao & H. Roh (2011), “Bridging Domains in Workplace Demography Research: A Review and Reconceptualization”, Journal of Management, 37, 521-552.
• Judge, T.A. & D.M. Cable & J.W. Boudreau & R.D. Bretz (1995), “An Empirical Investigation of The Predictors of Executive Career Success”, Personnel Psychology, 48, 485-519.
• Kocaoğlu, U.B. & M.K. Öktem (2016), “Administrative Capacity for Municipalities: Comparison of Sample Case Municipalities of Central Anatolia Region and the State of Arizona”, Akademik Yaklaşımlar Dergisi, 7(2), 69-85.
• Koç, T. (2016), Yönetim Bilimi ve Türkiye’de Yönetsel Kurumlar, Adana: Karahan Kitabevi.
• Koçel, T. (2001), İşletme Yöneticiliği (8. edition), İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
• Kuhnert, K.W. & P. Lewis (1987), “Transactional And Transformational Leadership: A Constructive/Developmental Analysis”, Academy of Management Review, 12(4), 648-657.
• Lear, L.W. (2012), The Relationship Between Strategic Leadership And Strategic Alignment In High Performing Companies In South Africa, South African Republic: University of South Africa, Graduate School of Business Leadership.
• LeRoux, K. & N.S. Wright (2010), “Does Performance Measurement Improve Strategic Decision Making? Findings From a National Survey of Nonprofit Social Service Agencies”, NVSQ, 39(4):571-587.
• Levitt, T. (1973), The Third Sector: New Tactics for a Responsive Society, New York, AMACOM.
• Light, P.C. (2004), Sustaining Nonprofit Performance: The Case for Capacity Building and the Evidence to Support It, Washington: Brookings Institution Press.
• MacKinnon, J.G. (2008), “Durbin-Watson Statistics”, The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1-3.
• Mahalinga-Shiva, M.S.A. & D. Suar (2012), “Transformational Leadership, Organizational Culture, Organizational Effectiveness, and Programme Outcomes in Non-Governmental Organizations”, VOLUNTAS, 23, 684-710.
• McDaniel, M.A. & F.L. Schmidt & J.E. Hunter (1988), “Job Correlates of Job Performance”, Journal of Applied Psychology, 73, 327-330.
• McKinsey and Company (2001), Effective Capacity Building in Nonprofit Organizations (Report to Venture Philanthropy Partners), <https://www.neh.gov/files/divisions/fedstate/vppartnersfull_rpt_1.pdf>, 09.06.2020.
• Millesen, J.L. & J.G. Carman & A.L. Bies (2010), “Why Engage? Understanding the Incentive to Build Nonprofit Capacity”, Nonprofit Management and Leadership, 21(1), 5-20.
• Minzner, A. & J. Jastrzab & J. Klerman & C. Markovitz & J. Williams & B. Fink & S. Cynthia & C. Matthew & B. Tia (2010), Improving Capacity Among Nonprofits: Impact Study of The Compassion Capital Fund Demonstration Program, <https://www.acf.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/opre/ccf_impact_rprt_final.pdf>, 02.06.2020.
• Mitchell, G.E. (2014), “Strategic Responses To Resource Dependence Among Transnational NGOs Registered in the United States”, VOLUNTAS, 25, 67-91.
• Morley, E. & E. Vinson & H. Hatry (2001), Outcome Measurement in Nonprofit Organizations: Current Practices And Recommendations, Washington, DC: Urban Institute.
• Moynihan, D.P. & P. Ingraham (2004), “Integrative Leadership In The Public Sector: A Model Of Performance Information Use”, Administration and Society, 36, 427-453.
• Moynihan, D.P. & S.K. Pveey (2005), “Testing How Management Matters in an Era of Government By Performance Management”, Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 15(3), 421-439.
• Moynihan, D.P. (2005), “Goal-Based Learning and The Future of Performance Management”, Public Administration Review, 65, 203-216.
• Myers, M.B. & D.A. Griffith & P.J. Daugherty & R.F. Lusch (2004), “Maximizing the Human Capital Equation in Logistics: Education, Experience, And Skills”, Journal of Business Logistics, 25, 211-232.
• Nafukho, F.M. & N. Hairston & K. Brooks (2004), “Human Capital Theory: Implications for Human Resource Development”, Human Resource Development International, 7, 545-551.
• Olson, M. (1971), The Logic of Collective Action: Public Goods And the Theory of Groups, Cambridge & London: Harvard University Press.
• Oster, S.M. (1995), Strategic Management for Nonprofit Organizations: Theory and Cases, New York: Oxford University Press.
• Öktem, M.K. & L. Çiftçi (2019), “Kamu Yönetiminde Yeni Yaklaşımlar ve Türk Eğitim Sistemine Yansımaları”, 12-22 Haziran, Ankara Üniversitesi, EJERCongress Bildiri Kitabı, 2546-2558.
• Önder, M. & A. Akın & E. Ayhan (2019), Türkiye Gençlik STK’ları Profili, Gençlik ve Spor Bakanlığı, ISBN, 978-605-4858-44-6. Ankara: Gençlik ve Spor Bakanlığı.
• Önder, M. & E. Ayhan (2020), “Financial Vulnerability of NGOs in Southeast Anatolia and Mediterranean Regions”, Eurasian Economic Perspectives, 12(1), 37-53.
• Önder, M. & M. Köylü (2018), “ABD Yerel Yönetimlerinde Profesyonel Kent Yöneticiliği Modeli Yayılıyor mu?”, Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler Dergisi, 27(1), 77-112.
• Önder, M. (1997), “Toplam Kalite Yönetimi, Kamu Sektöründe Uygulanması ve Karşılaşılan Sorunlar”, Türk İdare Dergisi, 69(416), 117-136.
• Önder, M. (2006), “How Local Conditions Affect the Existence and Capacity of the Nonprofit Sector: A Test of Competing Theories”, PhD Dissertation, Florida State University. <http://purl.flvc.org/fsu/fd/FSU_migr_etd-2290>, 30.01.2021.
• Önder, M. (2011), “A Preliminary Cross National Test of Competing Theories of Nonprofits: Does Culture Matter?”, The International Review of Public Administration, 16(1), 71-90.
• Önder, M. (2012), “Third Sector Research”, International Review of Public Administration, 17(1), 195-199.
• Önder, T. (2019), “Globalleşme ve Ulus Devlet”, İletişim Kuram ve Araştırma Dergisi, 49, 207-220.
• Özer, M.A. (2006), “Yönetişim Üzerine Notlar”, Sayıştay Dergisi, 63, 59-89.
• Özer, M.A. (2009), “Performans Yönetimi Uygulamalarında Performansın Ölçümü ve Değerlendirilmesi”, Sayıştay Dergisi, 73, 3-29.
• Özgür, H. & G. Aydın (2020), “Türk Kamu Sektörü Bireysel ve Kurumsal Performans Değerlendirme Politikasının Uygulama Aşamasının Analizi: 1965-2018”, Kamu Yönetimi ve Politikaları Dergisi, 1(3), 6-35.
• Pfeffer, J. & G.R. Salancik (1978), The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective, New York: Harper and Row.
• Rosopa, P.J. & M.M. Schaffer & A.N. Schroeder (2013), “Managing Heteroscedasticity in General Linear Models”, Psychological Methods, 18(3), 335-351.
• Salamon, L.M. & H.K. Anheier & R. List & S.W. Sokolowski & S. Toepler (1999), Global Civil Society: Dimensions of the Nonprofit Sector, Baltimore: The John Hopkins Center for Civil Society Studies.
• Salamon, L.M. & S.L. Geller (2007), Nonprofit Fiscal Trends and Challenges (No. 6), Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University, Center for Civil Society Studies, Institute for Policy Studies, <http://ccss.jhu.edu/wp-content/uploads/downloads/2011/09/LP_Communique6_2007.pdf>, 16.02.2020.
• Salamon, L.M. (1987), “Of Market Failure, Voluntary Failure, and Third-Party Government: Toward a Theory of Government-Nonprofit Relations in the Modern Welfare State”, NVSQ, 16(1-2), 29-49.
• Saruhan, Ş.C. & M.L. Yıldız (2017), Çağdaş Yönetim Bilimi (3. Baskı), İstanbul: Beta Yayınları.
• Schwenk, C. (1993), “Management Tenure and Explanations for Success and Failure”, Omega, 21(4), 449-456.
• Shrivastava, P. & S.A. Nachman (1989), “Strategic Leadership Patterns”, Strategic Management Journal, 10, 51-66.
• Smith, G.S. (1988), “Performance Evaluation For Nonprofits: A Tested Method For Judging Your Organization’s Performance”, Nonprofit World, 6(1), 24-25.
• Sontag-Padilla, L.M. & L. Staplefoote & K.G. Morganti (2012), “Financial Sustainability for Nonprofit Organizations: A Review of The Literature”, Research Report, sponsored by the YMCA of Greater Pittsburgh, <https://www.rve.org/content/dam/rve/pubs/research_reports/RR100/RR121/RVE_RR121.pdf >, 16.02.2020.
• Steffens, N.K. & M. Shemla & J. Wegge & S. Diestel (2014), “Organizational Tenure and Employee Performance: A Multilevel Analysis”, Group and Organization Management, 39(6), 664-690.
• Steinberg, R. (2006), “Economic Theories of Nonprofit Organizations”, içinde: W.W. Powell & R. Steinberg (eds), The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook (2. edition), New Haven: Yale University Press, 117-139.
• Tabachnick, B.G. & L.S. Fidell (2013), Using Multivariate Statistics (6. edition), Boston: Pearson.
• The Marguerite Casey Foundation (2017), Organizational Capacity Assessment Tool, <https://caseygrants.org/resources/org-capacity-assessment/>, 09.06.2020.
• Tiyek, R. (2013), “Sivil Toplum Kuruluşlarında Kurumsal Performansın Ölçülmesi: Bir Model Önerisi”, Çalışma İlişkileri Dergisi, 4(1), 125-134.
• Todman, J.B. & P. Dugard (2007), Approaching Multivariate Analysis: An Introduction for Psychology, New York: Psychology Press.
• Tuckman, H.P. & C.F. Chang (1991), “A Methodology for Measuring the Financial Vulnerability of Charitable Nonprofit Organizations”, VOLUNTAS, 20(4), 445-460.
• Tuckman, H.P. (1998), “Competition, Commercialization, and the Evolution of Nonprofit Organizational Structures”, içinde: B. Weisbrod (ed), To Profit or Not to Profit: The Commercial Transformation of the Nonprofit Sector, Cambridge: CUP, 25-46.
• Ünlü, M. & A. Selvi & Ş. Üçdoğruk-Birecikli (2019), “Türkiye’de Özel Sektörde Fazla Mesai: Tobit Modelle İncelenmesi”, İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 34(1), 125-135.
• Wayne, S.J. & R.C. Liden & M.L. Kraimer & I.K. Graf (1999), “The Role of Human Capital, Motivation and Supervisor Sponsorship in Predicting Career Success”, Journal of Organizational Behavior, 20, 577-595.
• Weerawardena, J. & R.E. Mcdonald & G.S. Mort (2010), “Sustainability of Nonprofit Organizations: An Empirical Investigation”, Journal of World Business, 45, 346-356.
• Weisbrod, B.A. (1975), “Toward a Theory Of The Voluntary Nonprofit Sector In A Three-Sector Economy”, içinde: E. Phelps (ed.), Altruism, Morality And Economic Theory, New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 171-196.
• Wholey, J.S. (1999), “Performance-Based Management: Responding To The Challenges”, Public Performance and Management Review, 22, 288-307.
• Yıldırım, K. & M. Önder (2019), “Collaborative Role of Metropolitan Municipalities in Local Climate Protection Governance Strategies: The Case of Turkish Metropolitan Cities”, Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management, 21(2).