Research Article
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The Effect of Parenting on Teenagers’ Decision to Drop out of School

Year 2018, Volume: 8 Issue: 4, 198 - 213, 29.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.19126/suje.436249

Abstract



Previous research has
indicated the gravity of both parenting and parental bond on a child’s
successful upbringing. In this, four main styles of parenting have been
identified, known as authoritarian, authoritative, permissive and neglectful. While
recent research addressed the role of parenting on academic success; additional
factors include self-esteem, behavioural inhibition and behavioural activation;
whereas the main types of parental
bond include affectionate constraint, affectionless control, optimal parenting
and neglectful parenting. The current study takes the aforementioned research
one step further by examining if self-esteem, strength of goal orientation,
parental bond and their parent’s child rearing method has an effect on a
teenagers’ decision to drop out of school. Results indicated that the
permissive parenting style and affectionate constraint were the best predictors
of student’s decision to remain in education. Additionally, participants who
had decided to drop out of school displayed lower levels of self-esteem,
behavioural inhibition and behavioural activation.




References

  • Abar, B., Carter, K. L., & Winsler, A. (2009). The effects of maternal parenting style and religious commitment on self-regulation, academic achievement, and risk behavior among African-American parochial college students. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 259-273. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.03.008
  • Aunola, K., Stattin, H., & Nurmi, J. E. (2000). Parenting styles and adolescents' achievement strategies. Journal of Adolescence, 23, 205-222. doi:10.1006/jado.2000.0308
  • Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior. Child Development, 37, 887-907. doi:10.2307/1126611
  • Baumrind, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75, 43-88
  • Baumrind, D. (1978). Parental disciplinary patterns and social competence in children. Youth and Society, 9, 239–276
  • Besharat, M. A., Azizi, K., & Poursharifi, H. (2011). The Relationship between parenting styles and children's academic achievement in a sample of Iranian families. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 1280-1283. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.277
  • Bjornebekk, G., & Diseth, A. (2010). Approach and avoidance temperaments and achievement goals among children. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 938-943. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.034
  • Bornstein, M. H., & Zlotnik, D. (2008). Parenting styles and their effects. Encyclopedia of Infant and Early Childhood Development, 1, 496-509. doi:10.1016/B978-012370877-9.00118-3
  • British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). (2009). Retrieved May 20, 2012, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/8207180.stm
  • Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral Inhibition, Behavioral Activation, and Affective Responses to Impending Reward and Punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319-333. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.67.2.319
  • Chen, X., Hastings, P. D., Rubin, K. H., Chen, H., Cen, G., & Stewart, S. L. (1998). Child-rearing attitudes and behavioral inhibition in Chinese and Canadian toddlers: A cross-cultural study. Developmental Psychology, 34, 677-686. doi:10.1037//0012-1649.34.4.677
  • Cresswell, J. W. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. Los Angeles: Sage
  • Eckstein, Z., & Wolpin, K. I. (1999). Why youths drop out of school: The impact of preferences, opportunities and abilities. Econometrica, 67, 1295-1339. doi:10.1111/1468-0262.00081
  • Glasgow, K. L., Dornbusch, S. M., Troyer, L., Steinberg, L., & Ritter, P. L. (1997). Parenting styles, adolescents' attributions, and educational outcomes in nine heterogeneous high schools. Child Development, 68, 507-529. doi:10.2307/1131675
  • Hanushek, E. A. (1992). The trade-off between child quantity and quality. Journal of Political Economy, 100, 84-117. doi:10.1086/261808
  • Janeiro, I. N. (2010). Motivational dynamics in the development of career attitudes among adolescents. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76, 170-177 doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2009.12.003
  • Kasch, K. L., Rottenberg, J., Arnow, B. A., & Gotlib, I. H. (2002). Behavioral activation and inhibition systems and the severity and course of depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 589–597. doi:10.1037//0021-843X.111.4.589
  • Klein, M. B., & Pierce, J. D. (2009). Parental care aids, but parental overprotection hinders, college adjustment. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory and Practice, 11, 167-181. doi:10.2190/CS.11.2.a
  • Lamborn, S. D., Mounts, N. S., Steinberg, L., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1991). Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Development, 62, 1049-1065. doi:10.2307/1131151
  • Loveys, K. (2011). Britain's Neets shame: UK has one of worst education dropout rates in developing world. Retrieved May 25, 2012, from http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/news/article-2037268/OECD-report-UK-school-dropout-rate-worst-developing-world.html
  • Maccoby, E.E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the Context of the Family: Parent-Child Interaction. In E. M. Hetherington (Ed), Handbook of Child Psychology: Vol 4. Socialization, Personality, and Social Development (4th ed., pp. 1-101). New York: Wiley.
  • Manski, C., Sandefur, G., Lanahan, S., & Powers, D. (1992). Alternative estimates of the effects of family structure during adolescents on high school graduation. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 87, 25-37. doi:10.2307/2290448
  • McDermott, D. T., & Blair, K. L. (2012). What's it like on your side of the pond?: A cross-cultural comparison of modern and old-fashioned homonegativity between North American and European samples, Psychology & Sexuality, 1, 1-20. doi:10.1080/19419899.2012.700032
  • McGarvey, E. L., Keller, A., Brown, G. L., DeLonga, K., Miller, A. G., Runge, J. S., & Koopman, C. (2010). Parental bonding styles in relation to adolescent males’ runaway behavior. The Family Journal, 18, 18-23. doi:10.1177/1066480709356545
  • National Research Council. (2001). Understanding dropouts: Statistics, strategies, and high-stakes testing. Washington, DC: Committee on Educational Excellence and Testing Equity, National Academy Press
  • Neal, D. (1997). The effects of Catholic secondary schooling on educational achievement. Journal of Labor Economics, 15, 98-123. doi:10.1086/209848
  • NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2001). Nonmaternal care and family factors in early development: An overview of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 22, 457-492. doi:10.1016/S0193-3973(01)00092-2
  • Parker, G. (1983) Parental Overprotection: A Risk Factor in Psychosocial Development. Grune & Stratton: New York
  • Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979). A Parental Bonding Instrument. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52, 1-10. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1979.tb02487.x
  • Payne, J. (2001). Patterns of participation in full-time education after 16: An analysis of the England and Wales. Youth Cohort Studies, Department for Education and Skills, Research Report No. 307
  • Pellerin, L. A. (2005). Applying Baumrind's parenting typology to high schools: Toward a middle-range theory of authoritative socialization. Social Science Research, 34, 283-303. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2004.02.003
  • Pullmann, H., & Allik, J. (2000). The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: Its dimensionality, stability and personality correlates in Estonian. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 701-715. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00132-4
  • Pullmann, H., & Allik, J. (2008). Relations of academic and general self-esteem to school achievement. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 559-564. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.017
  • Rahmani, P. (2011). The relationship between self-esteem, achievement goals and academic achievement among the primary school students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 803-808. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.308
  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
  • Rosenberg, M. (1989). Self-concept research: A historical overview. Social Forces, 68, 34–44. doi:10.2307/2579218
  • Sander, W., & Krautmann, A. C. (1995). Catholic schools, dropout rates and educational attainment. Economic Inquiry, 33, 217-233. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1995.tb01858.x
  • Santrock, J. W. (2011). A Topical Approach to Lifespan Development. New York: McGraw-Hill
  • Smetana, J. G. (2008). Parenting styles and conceptions of parental authority during adolescence. Child Development, 66, 299-316. doi:10.2307/1131579
  • Turner, E. A., Chandler, M., & Heffer, R. W. (2009). The influence of parenting styles, achievement motivation, and self-efficacy on academic performance in college students. Journal of College Student Development, 50, 337-346. doi:10.1353/csd.0.0073
  • Turner, L. A., & Turner, P. E. (2011). The relation of behavioral inhibition and perceived parenting to maladaptive perfectionism in college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 840-844. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.01.006
  • U.S. General Accounting Office. (2002). School dropouts (No. GAO-02-240). Washington, DC: Author
  • Valcke, M., Bonte, S., DeWever, B., & Rots, I. (2010). Internet parenting styles and the impact on internet use of primary school children. Computers and Education, 55, 454-464. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2010.02.009
  • Walker, S. P., Wachs, T. D., Gardner, J. M., Lozoff, B., Wasserman, G. A., Pollitt, E., Carter, J. A., & the International Child Development Steering Group. (2007). Child development: Risk factors for adverse outcomes in developing countries. The Lancet, 369, 145-157. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60076-2

Ergenlerin Okul Bırakma Kararı Üzerinde Ebeveynlik Özelliklerinin Etkisi

Year 2018, Volume: 8 Issue: 4, 198 - 213, 29.12.2018
https://doi.org/10.19126/suje.436249

Abstract

Literatüre göre ebeveyn bağı ve ebeveynlik
stilleri başarılı bir çocuk büyütme sürecinde oldukça etkilidir. Buna bağlı
olarak otoriter, demokratik, izin verici ve reddedici olmak üzere dört
ebeveynlik stili tanımlanmaktadır. Güncel çalışmalar ebeveynlik stillerinin
akademik basari üzerindeki etkilerine odaklanırken, öz güven, davranışsal
ketlenme ve davranışsal etkinlik gibi kavramların yanı sıra,  ebeveynin çocukla kurduğu bağa bağlı olarak
asri koruyucu, ihmalkâr, ideal ve reddedici ebeveyn tutumlarını da
incelemişlerdir. Bu çalışmayla birlikte literatürdeki bulgular bir adım daha
ileri taşınarak, öz güven, güçlü hedef belirleme, aile tutumu ve çocuk büyütme
stillerinin ergenlerdeki okul bırakma kararı üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir.
Elde edilen bulgulara göre, izin verici ebeveynlik stili ile aşırı koruyucu
olmanın, öğrencilerin okula devam sureci üzerinde en etkin yordayıcılardan
olduğu görülmüştür.  Ayrıca okuldan
ayrılma kararı veren çocukların öz güven düzeyleriyle davranışsal ketlenme ve
davranışsal etkinlik düzeylerinin diğer katılımcılara göre daha düşük olduğu
görülmüştür.

References

  • Abar, B., Carter, K. L., & Winsler, A. (2009). The effects of maternal parenting style and religious commitment on self-regulation, academic achievement, and risk behavior among African-American parochial college students. Journal of Adolescence, 32, 259-273. doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2008.03.008
  • Aunola, K., Stattin, H., & Nurmi, J. E. (2000). Parenting styles and adolescents' achievement strategies. Journal of Adolescence, 23, 205-222. doi:10.1006/jado.2000.0308
  • Baumrind, D. (1966). Effects of authoritative parental control on child behavior. Child Development, 37, 887-907. doi:10.2307/1126611
  • Baumrind, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 75, 43-88
  • Baumrind, D. (1978). Parental disciplinary patterns and social competence in children. Youth and Society, 9, 239–276
  • Besharat, M. A., Azizi, K., & Poursharifi, H. (2011). The Relationship between parenting styles and children's academic achievement in a sample of Iranian families. Procedia Social and Behavioral Sciences, 15, 1280-1283. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.03.277
  • Bjornebekk, G., & Diseth, A. (2010). Approach and avoidance temperaments and achievement goals among children. Personality and Individual Differences, 49, 938-943. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.07.034
  • Bornstein, M. H., & Zlotnik, D. (2008). Parenting styles and their effects. Encyclopedia of Infant and Early Childhood Development, 1, 496-509. doi:10.1016/B978-012370877-9.00118-3
  • British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). (2009). Retrieved May 20, 2012, from http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/8207180.stm
  • Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral Inhibition, Behavioral Activation, and Affective Responses to Impending Reward and Punishment: The BIS/BAS Scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 319-333. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.67.2.319
  • Chen, X., Hastings, P. D., Rubin, K. H., Chen, H., Cen, G., & Stewart, S. L. (1998). Child-rearing attitudes and behavioral inhibition in Chinese and Canadian toddlers: A cross-cultural study. Developmental Psychology, 34, 677-686. doi:10.1037//0012-1649.34.4.677
  • Cresswell, J. W. (2009). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed Methods Approaches. Los Angeles: Sage
  • Eckstein, Z., & Wolpin, K. I. (1999). Why youths drop out of school: The impact of preferences, opportunities and abilities. Econometrica, 67, 1295-1339. doi:10.1111/1468-0262.00081
  • Glasgow, K. L., Dornbusch, S. M., Troyer, L., Steinberg, L., & Ritter, P. L. (1997). Parenting styles, adolescents' attributions, and educational outcomes in nine heterogeneous high schools. Child Development, 68, 507-529. doi:10.2307/1131675
  • Hanushek, E. A. (1992). The trade-off between child quantity and quality. Journal of Political Economy, 100, 84-117. doi:10.1086/261808
  • Janeiro, I. N. (2010). Motivational dynamics in the development of career attitudes among adolescents. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 76, 170-177 doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2009.12.003
  • Kasch, K. L., Rottenberg, J., Arnow, B. A., & Gotlib, I. H. (2002). Behavioral activation and inhibition systems and the severity and course of depression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 589–597. doi:10.1037//0021-843X.111.4.589
  • Klein, M. B., & Pierce, J. D. (2009). Parental care aids, but parental overprotection hinders, college adjustment. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory and Practice, 11, 167-181. doi:10.2190/CS.11.2.a
  • Lamborn, S. D., Mounts, N. S., Steinberg, L., & Dornbusch, S. M. (1991). Patterns of competence and adjustment among adolescents from authoritative, authoritarian, indulgent, and neglectful families. Child Development, 62, 1049-1065. doi:10.2307/1131151
  • Loveys, K. (2011). Britain's Neets shame: UK has one of worst education dropout rates in developing world. Retrieved May 25, 2012, from http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/news/article-2037268/OECD-report-UK-school-dropout-rate-worst-developing-world.html
  • Maccoby, E.E., & Martin, J. A. (1983). Socialization in the Context of the Family: Parent-Child Interaction. In E. M. Hetherington (Ed), Handbook of Child Psychology: Vol 4. Socialization, Personality, and Social Development (4th ed., pp. 1-101). New York: Wiley.
  • Manski, C., Sandefur, G., Lanahan, S., & Powers, D. (1992). Alternative estimates of the effects of family structure during adolescents on high school graduation. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 87, 25-37. doi:10.2307/2290448
  • McDermott, D. T., & Blair, K. L. (2012). What's it like on your side of the pond?: A cross-cultural comparison of modern and old-fashioned homonegativity between North American and European samples, Psychology & Sexuality, 1, 1-20. doi:10.1080/19419899.2012.700032
  • McGarvey, E. L., Keller, A., Brown, G. L., DeLonga, K., Miller, A. G., Runge, J. S., & Koopman, C. (2010). Parental bonding styles in relation to adolescent males’ runaway behavior. The Family Journal, 18, 18-23. doi:10.1177/1066480709356545
  • National Research Council. (2001). Understanding dropouts: Statistics, strategies, and high-stakes testing. Washington, DC: Committee on Educational Excellence and Testing Equity, National Academy Press
  • Neal, D. (1997). The effects of Catholic secondary schooling on educational achievement. Journal of Labor Economics, 15, 98-123. doi:10.1086/209848
  • NICHD Early Child Care Research Network. (2001). Nonmaternal care and family factors in early development: An overview of the NICHD Study of Early Child Care. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 22, 457-492. doi:10.1016/S0193-3973(01)00092-2
  • Parker, G. (1983) Parental Overprotection: A Risk Factor in Psychosocial Development. Grune & Stratton: New York
  • Parker, G., Tupling, H., & Brown, L. B. (1979). A Parental Bonding Instrument. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52, 1-10. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1979.tb02487.x
  • Payne, J. (2001). Patterns of participation in full-time education after 16: An analysis of the England and Wales. Youth Cohort Studies, Department for Education and Skills, Research Report No. 307
  • Pellerin, L. A. (2005). Applying Baumrind's parenting typology to high schools: Toward a middle-range theory of authoritative socialization. Social Science Research, 34, 283-303. doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2004.02.003
  • Pullmann, H., & Allik, J. (2000). The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale: Its dimensionality, stability and personality correlates in Estonian. Personality and Individual Differences, 28, 701-715. doi:10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00132-4
  • Pullmann, H., & Allik, J. (2008). Relations of academic and general self-esteem to school achievement. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 559-564. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2008.06.017
  • Rahmani, P. (2011). The relationship between self-esteem, achievement goals and academic achievement among the primary school students. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 29, 803-808. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.308
  • Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press
  • Rosenberg, M. (1989). Self-concept research: A historical overview. Social Forces, 68, 34–44. doi:10.2307/2579218
  • Sander, W., & Krautmann, A. C. (1995). Catholic schools, dropout rates and educational attainment. Economic Inquiry, 33, 217-233. doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1995.tb01858.x
  • Santrock, J. W. (2011). A Topical Approach to Lifespan Development. New York: McGraw-Hill
  • Smetana, J. G. (2008). Parenting styles and conceptions of parental authority during adolescence. Child Development, 66, 299-316. doi:10.2307/1131579
  • Turner, E. A., Chandler, M., & Heffer, R. W. (2009). The influence of parenting styles, achievement motivation, and self-efficacy on academic performance in college students. Journal of College Student Development, 50, 337-346. doi:10.1353/csd.0.0073
  • Turner, L. A., & Turner, P. E. (2011). The relation of behavioral inhibition and perceived parenting to maladaptive perfectionism in college students. Personality and Individual Differences, 50, 840-844. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.01.006
  • U.S. General Accounting Office. (2002). School dropouts (No. GAO-02-240). Washington, DC: Author
  • Valcke, M., Bonte, S., DeWever, B., & Rots, I. (2010). Internet parenting styles and the impact on internet use of primary school children. Computers and Education, 55, 454-464. doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2010.02.009
  • Walker, S. P., Wachs, T. D., Gardner, J. M., Lozoff, B., Wasserman, G. A., Pollitt, E., Carter, J. A., & the International Child Development Steering Group. (2007). Child development: Risk factors for adverse outcomes in developing countries. The Lancet, 369, 145-157. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60076-2
There are 44 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Articles
Authors

Daniel Handanos This is me 0000-0003-0594-6666

Z. Deniz Aktan 0000-0003-1757-2024

Publication Date December 29, 2018
Published in Issue Year 2018 Volume: 8 Issue: 4

Cite

APA Handanos, D., & Aktan, Z. D. (2018). The Effect of Parenting on Teenagers’ Decision to Drop out of School. Sakarya University Journal of Education, 8(4), 198-213. https://doi.org/10.19126/suje.436249