An Investigation of Processes of Children's Digital Technologies Usage from the Perspective of Digital Age Parents

Year 2023, , 63 - 77, 29.04.2023

Nesrin Hark Söylemez

https://doi.org/10.52642/susbed.1219439

Abstract

The developments in digital technologies and their widespread use among children day by day bring the need to investigate the processes of children's use of digital technologies. The purpose of this study is to investigate the processes of children's digital technologies usage from the perspective of digital age parents. The phenomenology pattern is used to conduct the study. The study group consists of 15 parents, selected according to the criterion sampling. A semi-structured interview form is used as a data collection tool. Content analysis is used in the analysis of the data. It is found that the majority of parents do not find digital environments safe. Parents stated the negative effects of digital technologies on children as developing various addictions, health problems, decline in academic success, decline in face to face communication skills, moving away from real life experiences, and moving away from cultural values. The majority of parents indicated that they did not witness a negative event that their children experienced in digital environments. Another important result is that the majority of children do not seek help from their parents regarding the problems they encounter in digital environments. It is recommended that parents should create an environment of trust where their children can share their negative situations and establish a strong communication with their children.

Keywords

Digital Age, Digital Age Parents, Digital Technologies, Use of Digital Technology, Secondary School Students

Çocukların Dijital Teknolojileri Kullanım Süreçlerinin Dijital Çağ Ebeveynlerinin Perspektifinden İncelenmesi

Abstract

Dijital teknolojilerdeki gelişmeler ve gün geçtikçe çocuklar arasında yaygınlaşan kullanımı, çocukların dijital teknolojileri kullanım süreçlerinin araştırılması ihtiyacını da beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu çalışma, çocukların dijital teknolojileri kullanım süreçlerinin, dijital çağ ebeveynlerinin perspektifinden incelenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. Araştırma fenomenoloji deseni kullanılarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu ölçüt örnekleme göre seçilen 15 ebeveyn oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda ebeveynlerin büyük çoğunluğunun dijital ortamları güvenli bulmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Ebeveynler dijital teknolojilerin çocuklar üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini çeşitli bağımlılıklar geliştirme, sağlık sorunları, akademik başarıda düşüş, yüz yüze iletişim becerilerinde azalma, gerçek yaşam deneyimlerinden uzaklaşma ve kültürel değerlerden uzaklaşma olarak belirtmişlerdir. Araştırmada ebeveynlerin çoğunluğu, çocuklarının dijital ortamlarda yaşadığı olumsuz bir olaya tanık olmadıklarını ifade etmişlerdir. Bir diğer önemli sonuç ise, çocukların büyük çoğunluğunun dijital ortamlarda karşılaştıkları sorunlarla ilgili olarak ebeveynlerinden yardım istememeleridir. Ebeveynlere çocuklarının yaşadıkları olumsuz durumları paylaşabilecekleri bir güven ortamı oluşturmaları ve çocuklarıyla güçlü bir iletişim kurmaları önerilmektedir.

Keywords

Dijital Çağ, Dijital Çağ Ebeveynleri, Dijital Teknolojiler, Dijital Teknoloji Kullanımı, Ortaokul Öğrencileri

References

• Akbaş Zeybekoğlu, Ö., & Dursun, C. (2020). Teknolojinin Aileye Etkisi: Değişen Ailenin Dijital Ebeveyn ve Çocukları. Turkish Studies-Social Sciences, 15(4), 2245–2265. https://doi.org/10.29228/TurkishStudies.43395
• Aksoy, F., & Ünübol, H. (2021). Ergenlerde İnternet Bağımlılığı ile Şema Mekanizmaları Arasındaki İlişki. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 22(2), 103–113. https://doi.org/10.51982/bagimli.806920
• Aksoy, H. Ö., & Fırat, N. (2016). İlköğretim okulu yönetici ve öğretmenlerinin bilgisayar kullanma yeterlilik düzeyleri. Journal of Turkish Studies, 11(9). https://doi.org/10.7827/turkishstudies.9432
• Alvarez, I., Espasa, A., & Guasch, T. (2012). The value of feedback in improving collaborative writing assignments in an online learning environment. Studies in Higher Education, 37(4), 387–400. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2010.510182
• Anderson, K. J. (2001). Internet use among college students: An exploratory study. Journal of the American College Health Association, 50(1), 21–26. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448480109595707
• Anderson, M. (2016). Parents, Teens and Digital Monitoring | Pew Research Center.
• Appel, M., Stiglbauer, B., Batinic, B., & Holtz, P. (2014). Internet use and verbal aggression: The moderating role of parents and peers. Computers in Human Behavior, 33, 235–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.007
• Ateş, M., & Durmuşoğlu Saltalı, N. (2019). KKTC’de yaşayan 5-6 yaş çocukların tablet ve cep telefonu kullanımına ilişkin ebeveyn görüşlerinin incelenmesi. Gazi Journal of Education Sciences, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.30855/gjes.2019.05.03.008
• Billieux, J., Maurage, P., Lopez-Fernandez, O., Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Can Disordered Mobile Phone Use Be Considered a Behavioral Addiction? An Update on Current Evidence and a Comprehensive Model for Future Research. Current Addiction Reports, 2(2), 156–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-015-0054-y
• Bonetti, L., Campbell, M. A., & Gilmore, L. (2010). The relationship of loneliness and social anxiety with children’s and adolescents’ online communication. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13(3), 279–285. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0215
• Canbek, G., & Sağıroğlu, Ş. (2007). Çocuklar ve gençlerin bilgisayar ve İnternet güvenliği. Politeknik Dergisi, 10(1), 33–39.
• Carstens, A., & Beck, J. (2005). Get ready for the gamer generation. TechTrends, 49(3), 22–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf02763643
• Cengizhan, C. (2005). Öğrencilerin bilgisayar ve internet kullanımında yeni bir boyut: İnternet bağımlılığı. Marmara Üniversitesi Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi Eğitim Bilimleri Dergisi, 22(22), 83–98.
• Ceyhan, E. (2008). Ergen Ruh Sağlığı Açısından Bir Risk Faktörü: İnternet Bağımlılığı. Çocuk ve Gençlik Ruh Sağlığı Dergisi, 15(2), 109–116.
• Cheever, N. A., Rosen, L. D., Carrier, L. M., & Chavez, A. (2014). Out of sight is not out of mind: The impact of restricting wireless mobile device use on anxiety levels among low, moderate and high users. Computers in Human Behavior, 37, 290–297. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.05.002
• Clark, L. S. (2011). Parental mediation theory for the digital age. Communication Theory, 21(4), 323–343. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2011.01391.x
• Cohen-Almagor, R. (2018). Social responsibility on the Internet: Addressing the challenge of cyberbullying. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 39, 42–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.01.001
• Dağhan, G., Kibar, P. N., Akkoyunlu, B., & Baskan, G. A. (2015). Öğretmen ve Yöneticilerin Etkileşimli Tahta ve Tablet Bilgisayar Kullanımına Yönelik Yaklaşımları ve Görüşleri. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education, 6(3), 399–417. https://doi.org/10.16949/turcomat.42868
• David, D., Giannini, C., Chiarelli, F., & Mohn, A. (2021). Text neck syndrome in children and adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(4), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18041565
• Douglas, A. C., Mills, J. E., Niang, M., Stepchenkova, S., Byun, S., Ruffini, C., Lee, S. K., Loutfi, J., Lee, J. K., Atallah, M., & Blanton, M. (2008). Internet addiction: Meta-synthesis of qualitative research for the decade 1996-2006. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(6), 3027–3044. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.05.009
• Drouin, M., & Landgraff, C. (2012). Texting, sexting, and attachment in college students’ romantic relationships. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(2), 444–449. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2011.10.015
• Eastin, M. S., Greenberg, B. S., & Hosfchire, L. (2006). Parenting the Internet. Journal of Communication, 56(3), 486–504. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.2006.00297.x
• Errasti-Ibarrondo, B., Jordán, J. A., Díez-Del-Corral, M. P., & Arantzamendi, M. (2019). van Manen’s phenomenology of practice: How can it contribute to nursing? Nursing Inquiry, 26(1). https://doi.org/10.1111/nin.12259
• EU Kids Online II Turkey. (2010). Avrupa çevrimiçi çocuklar araştırma projesi Türkiye sonuçları.
• Flick, U. (2014). The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis. In The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Data Analysis. London: Sage. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446282243
• Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2012). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Frangos, C., Frangos, C., & Kiohos, A. (2010). Internet Addiction among Greek University Students: Demographic Associations with the Phenomenon, Using the Greek Version of Young’s Internet Addiction Test. International Journal of Economic Sciences and Applied Research, 3(1), 49–74.
• Gómez, P., Harris, S. K., Barreiro, C., Isorna, M., & Rial, A. (2017). Profiles of Internet use and parental involvement, and rates of online risks and problematic Internet use among Spanish adolescents. Computers in Human Behavior, 75, 826–833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.06.027
• Griffiths, M. D. (2002). Gambling and gaming addictions in adolescence. In Wiley-Blackwell.
• Griffiths, M. D., & Davies, M. N. O. (2005). Videogame addiction: Does it exist. In J. Goldstein & J. Raessens (Eds.), Handbook of computer game studies (pp. 359--368).
• Griffiths, Mark D, Kuss, D. J., & King, D. L. (2012). Video Game Addiction: Past, Present and Future. Current Psychiatry Reviews, 8(4), 308–318. https://doi.org/10.2174/157340012803520414
• Guernsey, L., Levine, M., Chiong, C., & Severns, M. (2014). Pioneering Literacy In the Digital Wild West: Empowering Parents and Educators. In The Campaign for Grade Level Reading.
• Günlü, A., & Ceyhan, A. A. (2017). Investigating Adolescents’ Behaviors on the Internet and Problematic Internet Usage. Addicta: The Turkish Journal on Addictions, 4(1), 75–117. https://doi.org/10.15805/addicta.2017.4.1.0016
• Hahn, E., Reuter, M., Spinath, F. M., & Montag, C. (2017). Internet addiction and its facets: The role of genetics and the relation to self-directedness. Addictive Behaviors, 65, 137–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.10.018
• Hammersley, M. (2019). Alfred Schutz and ethnomethodology: Origins and departures. History of the Human Sciences, 32(2), 59–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/0952695119830304
• Hark Söylemez, N. (2021). Dijital ebeveynlik ile ilgili olarak yapılan çalışmaların incelenmesi. 4th International Congress of Human Studies.
• Harris, C., Straker, L., Pollock, C., & Smith, A. (2015). Children, computer exposure and musculoskeletal outcomes: the development of pathway models for school and home computer-related musculoskeletal outcomes. Ergonomics, 58(10), 1611–1623. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140139.2015.1035762
• Hasebrink, U., Livingstone, S., & Haddon, L. (2008). Comparing children’s online opportunities and risks across Europe: Cross-national comparisons for EU Kids Online. London School of Economics.
• Hawk, S. T., Keijsers, L., Hale, W. W., & Meeus, W. (2009). Mind Your Own Business! Longitudinal Relations Between Perceived Privacy Invasion and Adolescent-Parent Conflict. Journal of Family Psychology, 23(4), 511–520. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015426
• Houck, C. D., Barker, D., Rizzo, C., Hancock, E., Norton, A., & Brown, L. K. (2014). Sexting and sexual behavior in at-risk adolescents. Pediatrics, 133(2). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-1157
• Huang, G., Li, X., Chen, W., & Straubhaar, J. D. (2018). Fall-Behind Parents? The Influential Factors on Digital Parenting Self-Efficacy in Disadvantaged Communities. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(9), 1186–1206. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764218773820
• Jacobs, K., Hudak, S., & McGiffert, J. (2009). Computer-related posture and musculoskeletal discomfort in middle school students. Work, 32(3), 275–283. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2009-0826
• Johnson, R. B., & Christensen, L. (2019). Educational Research Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Approaches (7th ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc.
• Kadli, J. H., Kumba, B. D., & Kanamadi, S. (2010). Students Perspectives on Internet Usage: A Case Study. Information Studies, 16(2), 121–130.
• Kelly, G., Dockrell, S., & Galvin, R. (2009). Computer use in school: Its effect on posture and discomfort in schoolchildren. Work, 32(3), 321–328. https://doi.org/10.3233/WOR-2009-0830
• Kenley, H. (2011). Cyber bullying no more: Parenting a high tech generation. USA: Loving Healing Press.
• Kurtoğlu Erden, M., & Uslupehlivan, E. (2021). Dijital Çağda Değişen Ebeveynlik Rolleri: Teknoloji Kullanımında Anne Babalar Rehber mi Engel mi Olmalı? Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi. https://doi.org/10.21560/spcd.vi.671929
• Kwon, M., Lee, J. Y., Won, W. Y., Park, J. W., Min, J. A., Hahn, C., Gu, X., Choi, J. H., & Kim, D. J. (2013). Development and Validation of a Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS). PLoS ONE, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056936
• Lampard, A. M., Jurkowski, J. M., & Davison, K. K. (2013). Social-Cognitive Predictors of Low-Income Parents’ Restriction of Screen Time Among Preschool-Aged Children. Health Education and Behavior, 40(5), 526–530. https://doi.org/10.1177/1090198112467800
• Lemola, S., Perkinson-Gloor, N., Brand, S., Dewald-Kaufmann, J. F., & Grob, A. (2015). Adolescents’ Electronic Media Use at Night, Sleep Disturbance, and Depressive Symptoms in the Smartphone Age. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(2), 405–418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0176-x
• Levine, D. T., & Stekel, D. J. (2016). So why have you added me? Adolescent girls’ technology-mediated attachments and relationships. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 25–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.011
• Li, M., Deng, Y., Ren, Y., Guo, S., & He, X. (2014). Obesity status of middle school students in Xiangtan and its relationship with Internet addiction. Obesity, 22(2), 482–487. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.20595
• Livingstone, S. (2002). Young People and New Media: Childhood and the Changing Media Environment. In Young People and New Media: Childhood and the Changing Media Environment. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781446219522
• Livingstone, S., & Helsper, E. (2010). Balancing opportunities and risks in teenagers’ use of the internet: The role of online skills and internet self-efficacy. New Media and Society, 12(2), 309–329. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444809342697
• Lupton, D., Pedersen, S., & Thomas, G. M. (2016). Parenting and Digital Media: From the Early Web to Contemporary Digital Society. Sociology Compass, 10(8), 730–743. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12398
• Mark, K., Longinaker, N., Collinetti, E., Lowe, S., Husman, C., & Terplan, M. (2014). Gender Differences in Sexting Behaviors Among Chlamydia Positive Adolescents and Young Adults. Journal of Adolescent Health, 54(2), S52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2013.10.117
• Martínez-Domínguez, M., & Mora-Rivera, J. (2020). Internet adoption and usage patterns in rural Mexico. Technology in Society, 60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2019.101226
• Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook (2nd ed.). Sage Publications.
• Neuendorf, K. A. (2017). The Content Analysis Guidebook. In The Content Analysis Guidebook (2nd Ed.). California: Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781071802878
• Newsom, R., & Rehman, D. A. (2020). Sleep & Social Media: Staying Connected Can Keep You Up | Sleep Foundation. https://www.sleepfoundation.org/how-sleep-works/sleep-and-social-media
• Niemz, K., Griffiths, M., & Banyard, P. (2005). Prevalence of pathological Internet use among university students and correlations with self-esteem, the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), and disinhibition. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 8(6), 562–570. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2005.8.562
• O’Keeffe, G. S., Kathleen, C.-P., & Council on Communications and Media. (2011). The Impact of Social Media on Children, Adolescents, and Families. Journal of American Academy of Pediatrics. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2011-0054
• Odgers, C. L. (2019). Why Digital Tools Have Not Yet Revolutionized Adolescent Health Research and What We Can Do. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 29(3), 675–681. https://doi.org/10.1111/jora.12534
• Öztürk, M. (2021). Öğrencilerin Akıllı Telefon Bağımlılığı ve İnterneti Kullanma Durumlarının İncelenmesi. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal Ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi.
• Palfrey, J., & Gasser, U. (2008). Born digital: Understanding the first generation of digital natives. New York: Basic Books.
• Pandya, A., & Lodha, P. (2021). Social Connectedness, Excessive Screen Time During COVID-19 and Mental Health: A Review of Current Evidence. Frontiers in Human Dynamics, 3. https://doi.org/10.3389/fhumd.2021.684137
• Patton, M. Q. (2014). Qualitative Research & Evaluation Methods. In Sage (4th ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1415-65552003000200018
• Paul, H. A. (2015). Screen Smart Parenting: How to Find Balance and Benefit in Your Child’s Use of Social Media, Apps and Digital Devices , by J. Gold . Child & Family Behavior Therapy, 37(2), 163–173. https://doi.org/10.1080/07317107.2015.1035994
• Pediatrics, A. A. of. (2001). Children, Adolescents, and Television. Pediatrics, 107(2), 423–426. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.107.2.423
• Peng, W., & Liu, M. (2010). Online gaming dependency: A preliminary study in China. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 13(3), 329–333. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2009.0082
• Picazo-Vela, S., Gutiérrez-Martínez, I., & Luna-Reyes, L. F. (2012). Understanding risks, benefits, and strategic alternatives of social media applications in the public sector. Government Information Quarterly, 29(4), 504–511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2012.07.002
• Plowman, L., McPake, J., & Stephen, C. (2010). The technologisation of childhood? Young children and technology in the home. Children and Society, 24(1), 63–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1099-0860.2008.00180.x
• Prensky, M. (2001). Digital Natives, Digital Immigrants: Do They Really Think Differently? On the Horizon, 9(6), 1–6.
• Racz, S. J., Johnson, S. L., Bradshaw, C. P., & Cheng, T. L. (2017). Parenting in the digital age: urban black youth’s perceptions about technology-based communication with parents. Journal of Family Studies, 23(2), 198–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/13229400.2015.1108858
• Rode, J. A. (2009). Digital parenting: Designing children’s safety. People and Computers XXIII Celebrating People and Technology - Proceedings of HCI 2009, 244–251. https://doi.org/10.14236/ewic/hci2009.29
• Rodríguez-de-Dios, I., van Oosten, J. M. F., & Igartua, J. J. (2018). A study of the relationship between parental mediation and adolescents’ digital skills, online risks and online opportunities. Computers in Human Behavior, 82, 186–198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.01.012
• Rosen, L. D., Cheever, N. A., & Carrier, L. M. (2008). The association of parenting style and child age with parental limit setting and adolescent MySpace behavior. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 29(6), 459–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2008.07.005
• Salajan, F. D., Schönwetter, D. J., & Cleghorn, B. M. (2010). Student and faculty inter-generational digital divide: Fact or fiction? Computers and Education, 55(3), 1393–1403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.06.017
• Seo, M., Kang, H. S., & Yom, Y. H. (2009). Internet addiction and interpersonal problems in Korean Adolescents. CIN - Computers Informatics Nursing, 27(4), 226–233. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCN.0b013e3181a91b3f
• Smahel, D., Machackova, H., Mascheroni, G., Dedkova, L., Staksrud, E., & Ólafsson, K. (2020). EU Kids Online 2020. In EU Kids Online Network.
• Sorbring, E. (2014). Parents’ Concerns About Their Teenage Children’s Internet Use. Journal of Family Issues, 35(1), 75–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/0192513X12467754
• Stavropoulos, V., Alexandraki, K., & Motti-Stefanidi, F. (2013). Recognizing internet addiction: Prevalence and relationship to academic achievement in adolescents enrolled in urban and rural Greek high schools. Journal of Adolescence, 36(3), 565–576. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2013.03.008
• Suhail, K., & Bargees, Z. (2006). Effects of excessive Internet use on undergraduate students in Pakistan. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 9(3), 297–307. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9.297
• Symantec. (2014). Internet Safety for Kids | Norton. https://us.norton.com/internetsecurity-kids-safety.html
• Teo, T. (2016). Do digital natives differ by computer self-efficacy and experience? An empirical study. Interactive Learning Environments, 24(7), 1725–1739. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2015.1041408
• TÜİK. (2021). Çocuklarda Bilişim Teknolojileri Kullanım Araştırması, 2021. https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Cocuklarda-Bilisim-Teknolojileri-Kullanim-Arastirmasi-2021-41132
• UNICEF. (2017). Children in a Digital World. In UNICEF Division of Communication.
• Wartella, E., Rideout, V., Lauricella, A. R., & Connell, S. L. (2013). Parenting in the age of digital technology. In Center on Media and Human Development School of Communication Northwestern University.
• WHO. (2015). Public Health Implications of Excessive Use of the Internet, Computers, Smartphones and Similar Electronic Devices. In Tokyo, Japan: National Cancer Research Centre. World Health Organisation (Vol. 1).
• Willett, R. (2017). Domesticating online games for preteens–discursive fields, everyday gaming, and family life. Children’s Geographies, 15(2), 146–159. https://doi.org/10.1080/14733285.2016.1206194
• Wisniewski, P., Xu, H., Rosson, M. B., & Carroll, J. M. (2017). Parents just don’t understand: Why teens don’t talk to parents about their online risk experiences. Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, CSCW, 523–540. https://doi.org/10.1145/2998181.2998236
• Yaman, F., Kabakçı Yurdakul, I., & Dönmez, O. (2020). Dijital Vatandaşlıktan Dijital Ebeveynliğe Dönüşüm. In A. Baran Görgün, O. Hazer, & M. S. Öztürk (Eds.), Gençlik ve Dijital Çağ. Ankara:Hacettepe Üniversitesi.
• Yaman, Fatih, Dönmez, O., Akbulut, Y., Yurdakul, I. K., Çoklar, A. N., & Güyer, T. (2019). Ebeveynlerin dijital ebeveynlik yeterliklerinin çeşitli demografik değişkenler açısından incelenmesi. Eğitim ve Bilim, 44, 199–149.
• Yang, F., Helgason, A. R., Sigfusdottir, I. D., & Kristjansson, A. L. (2013). Electronic screen use and mental well-being of 10-12-year-old children. European Journal of Public Health, 23(3), 492–498. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/cks102
• Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2021). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri. In Seçkin Yayıncılık, Ankara (12th ed.).
• Young, K. S., & Case, C. J. (2004). Internet Abuse in the Workplace: New Trends in Risk Management. Cyberpsychology and Behavior, 7(1), 105–111. https://doi.org/10.1089/109493104322820174