Bazı inorganik gübrelerin entomopatojen nematodlar (Steinernema feltiae Tur-S3 ve Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HBH) üzerine etkileri

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 73 - 81, 03.12.2018

Alper Susurluk , Yavuz Selim Şahin Ahcen Bouhari

https://doi.org/10.31019/tbmd.402979

Cited By: 1

Öz

Entomopatojen nematodlar (EPN'ler) özellikle toprakta yaşayan zararlı böceklere karşı biyolojik mücadelede kullanılmakta, çevreye ve insan sağlığına olumsuz bir etki göstermemektedirler. Toprak içerisinde uzun süre etkin olup konukçusunu arayabilme özelliğine sahiptirler. Yaşam döngülerinin büyük bir bölümünü toprak içerisinde geçiren EPN'ler, gübreleme, toprak işleme ve sulama gibi tarımsal faaliyetlerden etkilenebilir. Bu çalışmada bazı kimyasal gübrelerin, EPN’lerin canlılığı üzerine gösterdiği doğrudan etkiyi belirlemek için yürütülmüştür. Bu amaçla, tarımda yoğun olarak kullanılan altı inorganik gübre ve iki EPN (Steinernema feltiae Tur-S3 ve Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HBH) ırkı seçilmiştir. Laboratuvar koşullarında 1gr/l, 5gr/l ve 10gr/l gübre dozları uygulanıp, 10 gün boyunca incelenmiştir. İnorganik gübrelere karşı S. feltiae (Tur-S3) ırkının H. bacteriophora (HBH)' dan daha dirençli olduğu, ancak DAP, NPK ve NP'nin gübrelerinin her iki EPN ırkını da olumsuz etkilediği tespit edilmiştir. DAP, NPK ve NP' nin öldürücü etkisi diğer gübrelere göre daha yüksek bulunmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Entomopatojen nematodlar, Hümik ve fülvik asitler, Steinernemacarpocapsae, Steinernema feltiae

Effects of some inorganic fertilizers on the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema feltiae (Tur-S3) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (HBH)

Öz

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) are used effectively in biological control because of their virulence against soil dwelling pests, long-term efficacy and harmlessness to the environment. EPNs spend most of their life in the soil and have host- finding behavior. They can be affected by agricultural activities such as fertilization, tillage and irrigation. The objective of this study was to determine the direct effects of inorganic fertilizers on EPNs. For this purpose, 6 inorganic fertilizers used extensively in agriculture and two species of EPN (Steinernema feltiae Tur-S3 and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora HBH) were selected for the study. They were exposed to 1 gr/l, 5 gr/l and 10 gr/l fertilizer doses under laboratory conditions and checked for mortality for 10 days. Steinernema feltiae (Tur-S3) was more resistant to inorganic fertilizers than H. bacteriophora HBH, and DAP, NPK and NP had more adverse effects than the other fertilizers on both strains.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema feltiae, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, inorganic fertilizers

Kaynakça

• Akhurst R.J. 1983. Neoplectana species: specificity of association with bacteria of the genus Xenorhabdus.Experimental Parasitology, 55: 258-263.
• Atiyeh R.M., S. Lee, C.A. Edwards, N.Q. Arancon & J.D. Metzger 2002. The influence of humic acids derived from earthworm-processed organic wastes on plant growth. Bioresource Technology, Volume 84, Issue 1, Pages 7-14.
• Bednarek A. & R. Gaugler 1997. Compatibility of soil amendments with entomopathogenic nematodes. Journal of Nematology 29:220–227.
• Boemare N.E., Laumond C. & Mauleon H. 1996. The entomopathogenic nematode-bacterium complex: Biology, life cycle and vertebrate safety. Biocontrol Sci. Techn. 6: 333-346.
• Camargo J. A. & Álvaro Alonso 2006. Ecological and toxicological effects of inorganic nitrogen pollution in aquatic ecosystems: A global assessment. Environment International. 32, 831–849.
• Chen Y. & T. Aviad 1990. Effects of Humic Substances on Plant Growth 1. In: P. MacCarthy, C. E. Clapp, R. L. Malcolm, P. R. Bloom, editors, Humic Substances in Soil and Crop Sciences: Selected Readings, SSSA, Madison, WI. p. 161-186.
• Chiou C. T. 1989. Theoretical considerations of the partition uptake of nonionic organic compounds by soil organic matter. In: Reactions and Movements of Organic Chemicals in Soils. Sawhney, B. L. and Brown, K. Eds., Soil Science Society of America, Madison, Wisconsin. SSSA Special Publication 22, 1–29.
• Edmeades D. C. 2003. The Long-Term Effects of Manures and Fertilizers on Soil Productivity and Quality: a Review. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems. Vol. 66. pp. 165-180.
• Edosa Omoregie, Malachy N.O. Ajima, Romanus I. Keke & Kazimierz Wieski 2009. Effect of single superphosphate fertilizer on survival and respiratory dynamics of nile tilapia, oreochromis niloticus (Actınopterygıı: perciformes: cichlidae). Acta Ichthyologica et piscatoria, 39 (2): 103–110.
• Ehlers R-U. 1996. Current and Future Use of Nematodes in Biocontrol: Practice and Commercial Aspects with Regard to Regulatory Policy Issues. Biocontrol Science and Technology. 6: 303-316.
• Ehlers R-U. 2003. Biocontrol nematodes. In: Hokkanen HMT, Hajek AJ (eds), Environmental Impacts of Microbial Insecticides, Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Kluwer, pp 177-220.
• Elmiligy I. A. & D. C. Norton 1973. Survival and Reproduction of Some Nematodes as Affected by Muck and Organic Acids. The Journal of Nematology, 5(1): 50-54.
• Frank K.D. & Roeth F.W. 1996. Using Soil Organic Matter to Help Make Fertilizer and Pesticide Recommendations. In: Soil Organic Matter: Analysis and Interpretation. Soil Science Society of America Special Publication No. 46, p. 33.
• Gaugler R. 1988. Ecological considerations in the biological control of soil-inhabiting insects with entomopathogenic nematodes. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ., 24: 351-360.
• Gerzabek M.H. & Ullah S.M. 1990. Influence of Fulvic and Humic Acids on Cd and Ni-toxicity to Zea Mays (L.). Die Bodencultur, 41, 115-124.
• Grewal P.S., Lewis E.E., Gaugler R. & Campbell J. 1994. Host finding behaviour as a predictor of foraging strategy in entomopathogenic nematodes. Parasitology 108, 207–215.
• Hasebe A., S. Kanazava & Y. Takai 1985. Microbial biomass in paddy soil: II. Microbial biomass C measured by Jenkinson’s fumigation method. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 31:349-359.
• Hassink J., G. Lebbınk & J.A. Van Veen 1991. Microbial biomass and activity of a reclaimed-polder soil under a conventional or a reduced-input farming system. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 23(6):507-513.
• Hominick W.M. 2002. Biogeography. In: Gaugler, R. (Ed.), Entomopathogenic Nematology. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, pp. 115–144.
• Huang S. W. & Jin J. Y. 2008. Status of heavy metals in agricultural soils as affected by different patterns of land use. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 139(1–3), 317–327.
• Jaworska M., Gorczyca A., Sepiol J. & Tomasik P. 1997. Effect of metal ions on the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora Poinar (Nematoda: heterorhabditidae) under laboratory conditions. Water Air Soil Pollut. 93, 157–166.
• Jaworska M., Sepiol J. & Tomasik P. 1996. Effect of metal ions under laboratory conditions on the entomopathogenic Steinernema carpocapsae (Rhabditida: steinernematidae). Water Air Soil Pollut. 88, 331–341.
• Jothi G., Ramakrishnan S., Kumar S., Jonathan E.I. & Senthilkumar P. 2009. Effect of humic acid on hatching, longevity and mortality of Meloidogyne incognita. Indian J Nematol. 39:175–177.
• Kaya H. K. and P. Stock 1997. Techniques insect nematology. Manual of tecniques in insect pathology, L. Lacey, academic Press San Diego: 282-324.
• Kaya H.K. & R. Gaugler 1993. Entomopathogenic Nematodes. Annual Review of Entomology, 38: 181-206.
• Kaya H.K. 1990. Soil ecology. In: Gaugler R. & Kaya H.K. (eds). Entomopathogenic Nematodes in Biological Control. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 93-111.
• Kesba H.H. & M. E.M. Al-Shalaby 2008. Survival and reproduction of Meloidogyne incognita on tomato as affected by humic acid. Nematology, Volume 10, Issue 2, pages 243 – 249.
• Koppenhöfer A.M & E.M. Fuzy 2006. Effect of soil type on infectivity and persistence of the entomopathogenic nematodes Steinernema scarabaei, Steinernema glaseri, Heterorhabditis zealandica, and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology. Volume 92, Issue 1, Pages 11-22.
• Lacey L.A. & Georgis R. 2012. Entomopathogenic nematodes for control of insect pests above and below ground with comments on commercial production. J. Nematol. 44(2): 218–225.
• Lewis E.E, Gaugler R. & Harrison R. 1992. Entomopathogenic nematode host finding: response to host contact cues by cruise and ambush foragers. Parasitology 105: 309-315.
• Malik M.A., Petra Marschner & Khalid Saifullah Khan 2012. Addition of organic and inorganic P sources to soil e Effects on P pools and microorganisms. Soil Biology & Biochemistry 49: 106-113.
• Peters A. 1996. The natural host range of Steinernema and Heterorhabditis spp. and their impact on insect populations. Biocontrol Sci. Techn. 6: 389-402.
• Poinar G.O. Jr. 1979. Nematodes for biological control of insects, CRC Press Boca Roton, FL, 277p.
• Raquel Campos-Herrera, Ana Piedra-Buena, Miguel Escuer, Blanca Montalba & Carmen Gutierrez 2010. Effect of seasonality and agricultural practices on occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes and soil characteristics in La Rioja (Northern Spain). Elsevier, Pedobiologia 53: 253–258.
• Reganold J.P. 1988. Comparsion of soil proporties as influenced by organic and conventional forming systems. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture, B (4):144–155.
• Russo R.O. & G.P. Berlyn 1990. The Use of Organic biostimulants to help low input sustainable agriculture. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture. Vol. 1(2):19-42.
• Saravanapriya B. & Subramanian S. 2007. Management of Meloidogyne incognita on tomato with humic acid and bioinoculants. Ann. Plant Prot. Sci. 15:195–197.
• Schnitzer M. 1978. Chapter 1 Humic Substances: Chemistry and Reactions. Developments in Soil Science, Volume 8, Pages 1-64.
• Seenivasan N. & S. Senthilnathan 2017. Effect of humic acid on Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood infecting banana (Musa spp.), International Journal of Pest Management, DOI: 10.1080/09670874.2017.1344743
• Shapiro D. I., G. L. Tylka & L. C. Lewis 1996. Effects of fertilizers on virulence of Steinernema carpocapsae. Applied Soil Ecology 3:27–34.
• Statistica 1991. Complete statistical system. Tulsa, OK, USA StatSoft, Inc., 456 pp.
• Stevenson F. J. 1994. “Humus Chemistry: Genesis, Composition, Reactions”, 2nd. Edition, John Wiley and Sons, Inc, New York, 497 pages.
• Sun Y., Bai G-Y., Wang Y-X., Zhang Y-Y., Pan J., Cheng W-M., Feng X-L., LI H., Ma C-C., Ruan W-B. & Shapiro-Ilan D.I. 2016. The impact of Cu, Zn and Cr salts on the relationship between insect and plant parasitic nematodes: A reduction in biocontrol efficacy. Elsevier, Applied Soil Ecology 107: 108-115.
• Susurluk I.A. & Ehlers R-U. 2008. Field persistence of the entomopathogenic nematode Heterorhabditis bacteriophora in different crops. BioControl. 53: 627-641.
• Susurluk I.A. 2008. Influence of temperature on the vertical movement of the entomopathogenic nematodes, Steinernema feltiae (TUR-S3) and Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (TUR-H2) and infectivity of the moving nematodes. Nematology 10: 137-141.
• Vaughan D. & Malcolm R.E. 1985. Influence of Humic Substances on Growth and Physiological Processes. In: Vaughan D., Malcolm R.E. (eds) Soil Organic Matter and Biological Activity. Developments in Plant and Soil Sciences, vol 16, pp 37-75.