Research Article
BibTex RIS Cite

Geyik Dağı Güncel Buzulları ve Morfometrik Özeliklleri

Year 2023, , 199 - 217, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.1395806

Abstract

Geyik Dağları, Geç Kuvaterner boyunca yoğun ve tekrarlanan buzullaşmalara maruz kalmıştır. Güncel bir buzulun varlığı bölgede yapılan daha önceki çalışmalarda doğrulanmamış veya tespit edilememiştir. Bölgede yerel gezgin olan Hasan Hüseyin Kahrıman’nın 27 Ekim 2023 tarihinde buzul varlığını sosyal medya aracılığı ile aktarması üzerine buzulları tanımlamak ve yerlerini belirlemek için uzaktan algılama yöntemleri kullanılmış ve Geyik Dağı’na yapılan arazi çalışması ile güncel buzulların varlıkları doğrulanmıştır. Bu çalışma aynı zamanda bilimsel olarak Geyik Dağı’nda güncel bir buzulun varlığını tanımlayan ve doğrulayan ilk çalışmadır. Belirlenen yayılış alanları üzerinden buzul modellemesi, ELA (Equilibrium Line Altitude) hesaplama araçları, bakı ve eğim intersect (kesiştirme) analizleri ile sirk morfometrisi yöntemleri kullanılarak buzulların ve içerisinde yer aldıkları sirkler ile yakın çevresinin özellikleri nicel verilerle ortaya konulmuştur. Buzul modellemesi neticesinde Geyik Orta Buzulu’nun toplam 6000 (±300) m2, Doğu Buzulu’nun 2030 (±100) m2 toplamda ise Geyik Dağı’ndaki buzulların 8030 (±480) m2 alana sahip olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Buzulların ortalama olarak uzunlukları 95 m (metre), ELA değeri ise 2619 m olarak hesaplanmıştır. Buzulların 12-30˚ eğim değerleri arasında ve tamamen kuzey bakılı alanlarda bulundukları tespit edilmiştir. Buzullar ve sirklerin morfolojik özellikleri, yüksek rakım, bakı özellikleri ve yüksek kar birikimi Geyik Dağı’ndaki buzulların bu kesimlerde korunmasına pozitif olarak etki etmiştir. Buzullar üzerinde yapılan karşılaştırmalı uydu görüntülerinde 06.09.2010 tarihinden günümüze kadar buzulların alansal olarak %50’sinden fazlasının erdiği ve önümüzdeki yıllarda etkisini giderek arttıran küresel ısınma ile beraber 5 yıl içerisinde tamamen ortaya kalkacağı tahmin edilmektedir.

Supporting Institution

Tübitak

Project Number

122Y360

Thanks

Bu çalışma, TÜBİTAK destekli 122Y360 numaralı 1001 Projesi ile desteklenmiştir.

References

  • Almazroui, M., Awad, A. M., Islam, M. N., Al-Khalaf, A. K. (2015). A climatological study: wet season cyclone tracks in the East Mediterranean region. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 120, 351-365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-014-1178-z
  • Anderson, R. S. (2000). A model of ablation-dominated medial moraines and the generation of debris-mantled glacier snouts. Journal of Glaciology, 46(154), 459-469. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3189/172756500781833025
  • Anderson, L. S., Anderson, R. S. (2016). Modeling debris-covered glaciers: response to steady debris deposition. The Cryosphere, 10(3), 1105-1124. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1105-2016
  • Arkel, N. A. (1973). Die gegenwärtige Vergletscherung des Ararat. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, 9(1–2), 89-103.
  • Arpat, E., Özgül, N. (1972). Geyikdağ’da kaya buzulları, Orta Toroslar.
  • Barr, I.D., Spagnolo, M. (2015). Glacial cirques as palaeoenvironmental indicators: Their potential and limitations. EarthScience Reviews,151, 48-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.10.004
  • Bayrakdar, C. (2012). Akdağ Kütlesi’nde (Batı Toroslar) karstlaşma-buzul ilişkisinin jeomorfolojik analizi (Yayın no. 314839) [Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi]. YÖK Tez Merkezi.
  • Bayrakdar, C., Cilgin, Z., Doker, M. F., Canpolat, E., (2015). Evidence of an active glacier in the Munzur Mountains, eastern Turkey. Turkısh Journal Of Earth Scıences, 24(1), 56-71. DOI: 10.3906/yer-1403-7
  • Bayrakdar C., Çılğın Z., Sarış, F. (2017). Karadağ’da Pleyistosen buzullaşmaları, Batı Toroslar, Türkiye. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni / Geological Bulletin of Turkey, 60, 451-469. DOI:10.25288/tjb.360610.
  • Bayrakdar, C. (2023). Kuşak Dağı’nda (Batı Toroslar) Kuvaterner buzullaşmaları ve eski buzulların morfometrisi. İstanbul University Press. DOI: 10.26650/B/PS12.2023.013
  • Benn, D.I., Evans, D.J.A. (1998). Glaciers and glaciation. Arnold. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203785010
  • Bennet, M., Glasser, N. (2009). Glacial Geology, Ice Sheets and Landforms. Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Benn, D. I., Bolch, T., Hands, K., Gulley, J., Luckman, A., Nicholson, L. I., Wiseman, S. (2012). Response of debris-covered glaciers in the Mount Everest region to recent warming, and implications for outburst flood hazards. Earth-Science Reviews, 114(1-2), 156-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.03.008
  • Birman, J.H. (1968). Glacial reconnaissance in Turkey. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 79, 1009-1026. https://doi.org/10.1130/00167606(1968)79[1009:GRIT]2.0.CO;2
  • Blumenthal, M. M. (1938). Der Erdchias-Dağh, 3916m. Die Alpen, 14(3),82-87.
  • Blumenthal, M.M. (1956). Die Vergletscherung des Ararat (Nordöstliche Türkei). Geographica Helvetica, 11(4), 263-264.
  • Blumenthal, M.M. (1958). Vom Ağrı Dağ (Ararat) zum Kaçkar Dağ Bergfahrten innordostanatolischen Glenzlanden. Die Alpen, 34, 125-137.
  • Çalışkan, O., Gürgen, G., Yılmaz, E., Yeşilyurt, S. (2012). Bolkar Dağları kuzeydoğusunun glasyal morfolojisi ve döküntüyle örtülü buzulları. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), 890-911. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/268072694.pdf
  • Çiner, A., Deynoux, M., Çörekcioğlu, E. (1999). Hummocky moraines in the Namaras and Susam valleys, central Taurids, SW Turkey. Quaternary Science Reviews, 18(4-5), 659-669. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(98)00103-6
  • Çiner, A. (2003). Türkiye’nin güncel buzulları ve Geç Kuvaterner buzul çökelleri. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 1(46), 55-78. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tjb/issue/28630/590866
  • Çiner, A., Sarıkaya, M.A., Yıldırım, C. (2015). Hummocky moraines of piedmont glaciers from Geyikdağ, Central Tauride Mountains, Turkey; insights from cosmogenic 36Cl dating. Quaternary Science Reviews, 116, 44-56. DOI: /10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.03.017.
  • Dede, V., Çiçek, İ., Uncu, L. (2015).Karçal Dağlarında kaya buzulu oluşumları. Yerbilimleri, 36(2),61-80. https://doi.org/10.17824/yrb.90910
  • Delannoy, J. J. Maire, R. (1983). Le Massif de Dedegöl dağ (Taurus Occidental, Turquie). Recherches de geomorphologie glaciaire et karstique. Bulletin Association Geographe Français,491,43-53. https://www.persee.fr/doc/bagf_0004-5322_1983_num_60_491_5380
  • Derbyshire, E., Evans, I.S. (1976). The climatic factor in cirque variation. In: Derbyshire, E. (Ed.), Geomorphology and Climate, John Wiley Sons ,447–494.
  • Doğu, A. F., Somuncu, M., Çiçek, İ., Tunçel, H., Gürgen, G. (1993). Glacier landforms, yaylas and tourism on the Kaçkar Mountains. Turkish Geography Bulletin Ankara University, 2, 157–183. http://tucaum.ankara.edu.tr/wpcontent/uploads/sites/280/2015/08/tucaum2_6.pdf
  • Doğu, A. F., Çiçek, İ., Gürgen, G., Tunçel, H. (1996). Üçdoruk (Verçenik) Dağında buzul şekilleri, yaylalar ve turizm. Ankara Üniversitesi, Türkiye Coğrafyası Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi, 5, 29-51. http://tucaum.ankara.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/sites/280/2015/08/tucaum5_2.pdf
  • Doğu, A. F., Gürgen, G., Tunçel, H., Çiçek, I. (1997). Bulut-AItıparmak dağlarında buzul şekilleri, yaylalar ve turizm. Ankara Üniversitesi, Türkiye Coğrafyası Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi, 6,63-91. http://tucaum.ankara.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/sites/280/2015/08/tucaum6_5.pdf
  • Erinç, S. (1949). Past and present glacial forms in Northeast Anatolian mountains. Geologische Rundschau, 37, 75-83.
  • Erinç, S. (1952). Glacial evidences of the climatic variations in Turkey. Geografiska Annaler, 34, 89-98. https://doi.org/10.2307/520146
  • Erinç, S. (1953). Van’dan Cilo Dağlarına. İstanbul Üniversitesi Coğrafya Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2 (3-4), 84-106.
  • Erinç, S. (1971). Jeomorfoloji II (Genişletilmiş 2. Baskı). İstanbul Üniversitesi Coğrafya Enstitüsü Yayınları.
  • Erinç, S. (2001). Jeomorfoloji II (Güncelleştirilmiş 3. Basım). Der Yayınları.
  • Evans, I.S., Cox, N. (1974). Geomorphometry and Operationnal Definition of Cirques, Area, 6 (2), 150 – 153. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20000855
  • Evans, I.S., Cox, N. (1995). The Form of Glacial Cirques in the English Lake District, Cumbria, Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 39, 175–202. DOI: 10.1127/zfg/39/1995/175
  • Evans, I.S. (2006). Allometric development of glacial cirque form: geological, relief and regional effects on the cirques of Wales. Geomorphology, 80 (3–4), 245–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.02.013
  • Evans, I. S., Çılğın, Z., Bayrakdar, C., Canpolat, E. (2021). The form, distribution and palaeoclimatic implications of cirques in southwest Turkey (Western Taurus). Geomorphology. 391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.107885
  • Federici, P.R., Granger, D.E., Pappalardo, M., Ribolini, A., Spagnolo, M., Cyr, A.J. (2008). Exposure age dating and Equilibrium Line Altitude reconstruction of an Egesen moraine in the Maritime Alps, Italy. Boreas, 37, 245-253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2007.00018.x
  • Flint, R.F. (1971). Glacial and Quaternary geology. John Wiley Press.
  • Güner, Y., Emre, Ö. (1983). Erciyes Dağı’nda Pleyistosen buzullaşması ve volkanizma ile ilişkisi. Jeomorfoloji Dergisi, 11, 23-34.
  • Gürgen, G., Yeşilyurt, S., Çalışkan, O., Yılmaz, E. (2010a). Döküntü örtülü buzullar ve kaya buzulları. Nature Sciences, 5(2), 98-116.
  • Gürgen, G., Çalışkan, O., Yılmaz, E., Yeşilyurt, S. (2010b). Yedigöller platosu ve Emli vadisinde (Aladağlar) döküntü örtülü buzullar. E-Journal of New world Sciences Academy. NEWSSA, 5(2), 98–116. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/112015
  • Gürgen, G. Yeşilyurt, S. (2012). Karçal Dağı buzulları (Artvin). Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 10 (1), 91-104. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/aucbd/issue/44469/551196
  • Gürgen, G. (2015). Tatos gediği buzulu (Rize). Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 13 (2), 161-172. DOI: 10.1501/Cogbil_0000000169
  • Gürgen, G. (2016). Çinaçor buzulu (Tatos Dağları). Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 14 (1), 57-70. DOI: 10.1501/Cogbil_0000000173
  • Gürgen, G. (2019). Çatakkaya Döküntü Örtülü Buzulu (Tatos Dağları). Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 17(1), 217-236. DOI: 10.33688/aucbd.536616
  • Hambrey, M. J., Quincey, D. J., Glasser, N. F., Reynolds, J. M., Richardson, S. J., Clemmens, S. (2008). Sedimentological, geomorphological and dynamic context of debris-mantled glaciers, Mount Everest (Sagarmatha) region, Nepal. Quaternary Science Reviews, 27(25-26), 2361-2389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.08.010
  • Hughes, P.D., Gibbard, P.L., Woodward, J.C. (2007). Geological controls on Pleistocene glaci-ation and cirque form in Greece. Geomorphology, 88 (3), 242–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.11.008
  • Hooke, R. L. (2019). Principles of glacier mechanics. Cambridge University Press. Imhof, B. (1956). Der Ararat. Die Alpen, 32(1), 1–14.
  • Immerzeel, W. W., Kraaijenbrink, P. D., Shea, J. M., Shrestha, A. B., Pellicciotti, F., Bierkens, M. F., de Jong, S. M. (2014). High-resolution monitoring of Himalayan glacier dynamics using unmanned aerial vehicles. Remote Sensing of Environment, 150, 93-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.04.025
  • Karakhanian, A., Djrbashian, R., Trifonov, V., Philip, H., Arakelian, S., Avagian, A. (2002). Holocene-historical volcanism and active faults as natural risk factors for Armenia and adjacent countries. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 113(1-2), 319-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00264-5
  • Keserci, F. (2023). Batı Toroslar’daki Kuvaterner buzullaşmalarının gelişimi ve seyri üzerinde yerel topoğrafya ile iklim özelliklerinin rolü [Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. İstanbul Üniversitesi.
  • Kesici, O. (2005). Küresel ısınma çerçevesinde Süphan ve Cilo dağlarında buzul morfolojisi araştırmaları. TÜBİTAK proje raporu, No: 101Y131
  • Kirkbride, M. P. (2011). Debris-covered glaciers. In Encyclopedia of snow, ice and glaciers. Springer, 190-192. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2642-2_622
  • Klear, W. (1965). Geomorphologische Untersuchungen in den Randgebirgen des VanSee (Ostanatolien). Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 9, 346-355.
  • Krenek, L. (1932). Gletscher im pontischen Gebirge (Lazistan). Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde, 20, 129–131. Kurter, A., Sungur, K. (1980). Present glaciation in Turkey, in World Glacier Inventory, Proceedings of the workshop at Riederalp, Switzerland. International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 126, 155-160.
  • Kurter, A, (1991). Glaciers of Middle East and Africa-glaciers of Turkey. In: Williams RS, Ferrigno JG (eds) Satellite Image Atlas of the World. USGS Professional Paper, Denver, USA, United States Geological Survey, 1386–G–1, 1–30
  • Lewis, W. V. (1960). The problem of cirque erosion. Norwegian Cirque Glaciers: Royal Geographical Society Research Series, 4, 97-100.
  • Lukas, S. (2006). Morphostratigraphic principles in glacier reconstruction a perspective from the British Younger Dryas. Progress in Physical Geography, 30(6),719–736. DOI: 10.1177/0309133306071955
  • Mattson, L. E. (2000). The influence of a debris cover on the midsummer discharge of Dome Glacier, Canadian Rocky Mountains. IAHS-AISH publication, 25-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3189/2015AoG70A971
  • Mayr, E., Hagg, W. (2019). Debris-Covered Glaciers. In: Heckmann, T., Morche, D. (Eds) Geomorphology of Proglacial Systems. Geography of the Physical Environment. Springer, Cham. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-94184-4_4
  • Messerli, B. (1967). Die eiszeitliche und die gegenwartige Vergletscherung in Mittelmeerraum. Geographica Helvetica, 22, 105-228. https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-22-105-1967
  • Miles, K. E., Hubbard, B., Irvine-Fynn, T. D., Miles, E. S., Quincey, D. J., Rowan, A. V. (2020). Hydrology of debris-covered glaciers in High Mountain Asia. Earth-Science Reviews, 207, 103212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103212
  • Mîndrescu, M., Evans, I. S., Cox, N. J. (2010). Climatic implications of cirque distribution in the Romanian Carpathians: palaeowind directions during glacial periods. Journal of Quaternary Science, 25(6), 875-888. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1363
  • Nazik, L., Tuncer, K. (2010). Türkiye karst morfolojisinin bölgesel özellikleri. Türk Speleoloji Dergisi, Karst ve Mağara Araştırmaları,1(1),7-19. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326770943_Turkiye_Karst_Morfolojisinin_Bolgesel_Ozellikleri
  • Nicholson, L., Benn, D. I. (2006). Calculating ice melt beneath a debris layer using meteorological data. Journal of Glaciology, 52(178), 463-470. https://doi.org/10.3189/172756506781828584
  • Oien, R., Rea, B., Spagnolo, M., Barr, I., Bingham, R. (2022). Testing the area–altitude balance ratio (AABR) and accumulation–area ratio (AAR) methods of calculating glacier equilibrium-line altitudes. J. Glaciol. 68(268), 357-368. doi:10.1017/jog.2021.100.
  • Özgül, N. (1976). Toroslar’ın bazı temel jeoloji özellikleri. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Turkey,19,65-78. https://www.jmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/4b2aeb2453bdada_ek.pdf?dergi=T%C3%9CRK%C3%20YE%20JEOLOJ%C3%20%20B%C3%9CLTEN%C3
  • Pellitero, R., Rea, B.R., Spagnolo, M., Bakke, J., Hughes, P., Ivy-Ochs, S., Lukas, S., Ribolini, A. (2015). A GIS tool for automatic calculation of glacier equilibrium-line altitudes. Computers and. Geosciences, 82, 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2015.05.005
  • Pellitero, R., Rea, B.R., Spagnolo, M., Bakke, J., Ivy-Oche, S., Frew, C.R., Hughes, P. Ribolini, A., Lukas, S., Renssen, H. (2016). GlaRe, a GIS tool to reconstruct the 3D surface of paleoglaciers. Computers Pellitero and Geosciences, 94, 77–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2016.06.008
  • Pelto, M. S. (2000). Mass balance of adjacent debris-covered and clean glacier ice in the North Cascades, Washington. Iahs Publication, 35-42. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267966629_Mass_balance_of_adjacent_debris-covered_and_clean_glacier_ice_in_the_No
  • Planhol, X. (1953). Les formes glaciaires du Sandıras Dağ et la limite des neiges eternelles Quaternaires dans le so de Anatolie. Compte Rendu Sommaire de la Societe Geologique de France, 263- 265.
  • Rea, B., Evans, D.J.A. (2007). Quantifying climate and glacier mass balance in north Norway during the Younger Dryas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 246, 307–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.10.010
  • Rea, B.R. (2009). Defining modern day Area-Altitude Balance Ratios (AABRs) and their use in glacier-climate reconstructions. Quaternary Science Reviews, 28, 237–248. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.10.011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.10.011
  • Rickmer-Rickmers, W. (1900). Der Kartsch-Chal in Transkaukasien, Zeitschrift des deutschen und österreichen Alpenvereins, 31, 156-178.
  • Rickmer-Rickmers, W., 1934. Lazistan and Acaristan, The Geographical Journal, 84(6), 465-478.
  • Sarikaya, M. A., Çiner, A., Zreda, M. (2003). Erciyes volkanı Geç Kuvaterner buzul çökelleri. Yerbilimleri, 24(27),59-74. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/yerbilimleri/issue/13623/165077
  • Sarıkaya, M. A. (2011). Türkiye’nin güncel buzulları. İçinde Fiziki Coğrafya Araştırmaları: Sistematik ve Bölgesel, Türk Coğrafya Kurumu Yayınları, 6, 527-544. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mehmet-Sarikaya-5/publication/259643340_Turkiye%27nin_guncel_buzullari/links/54c0aae00cf28a6324a32df6/Tuerkiyenin-guencel-buzullari.pdf
  • Sarıkaya, M. A., Ciner, A., Zreda, M. (2011). Quaternary glaciations of Turkey. In Developments in Quaternary Sciences. 15, 393-403. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53447-7.00030-1.
  • Sarıkaya, M. A. (2012). Recession of the ice cap on Mount Ağrı (Ararat), Turkey, from 1976 to 2011 and its climatic significance. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 46, 190-194.
  • Sarıkaya, M.A., Tekeli, A.E. (2014). Satellite Inventory of Glaciers in Turkey. İçinde Kargel, J., Leonard, G., Bishop, M., Kääb, A., Raup, B. (eds) Global Land Ice Measurements from Space, Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79818-7_21https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.12.009
  • Sarıkaya, M.A., Çiner, A. (2015). Late Pleistocene glaciations and paleoclimate of Turkey. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 151, 107-127. DOI: 10.19111/bmre.35245
  • Sarıkaya, M. A., Ciner, A. (2017). Late Quaternary glaciations in the eastern Mediterranean. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 433(1), 289-305. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP433.4
  • Sarıkaya, M.A., Çiner, A., Yıldırım, C. (2017). Cosmogenic 36Cl glacial chronologies of the Late Quaternary glaciers on Mount Geyikdag in the eastern Mediterranean. Quaternary Geochronology, 39, 189–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2017.03.003
  • Simoni, S. (2011). Typological and Morphometric Characteristics of the Glacial Cirques in Doamnei River Basin (Făgăraş Massif). Forum Geografic, 10(1), 35-49. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1519289873
  • Spagnolo, M., Pellitero, R., Barr, I. D., Ely, J. C., Pellicer, X. M., Rea, B. R. (2017). ACME, a GIS tool for automated cirque metric extraction. Geomorphology, 278, 280-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.11.018
  • Şenel, M., Dalkılıç, H., Gedik, İ., Serdaroğlu, M., Metin, S., Esentürk, K., Özgül, N. (1998). Orta Toroslar’da Güzelsu koridoru ve kuzeyinin jeolojisi. MTA Dergisi, 120, 171-197. https://dergi.mta.gov.tr/dosyalar/images/mtadergi/makaleler/tr/20150529113228_355_227b2ca5.pdf
  • Şimşek, M., Utlu, M., Poyraz, M., Öztürk, M. Z. (2019). Geyik Dağı kütlesinin yüzey karstı jeomorfolojisi ve kütle üzerindeki karst-buzul jeomorfolojisi ilişkisi. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 28 (2), 97-110. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ecd/issue/50833/594465
  • Turan, A. (1990). Toroslarʹda Hadim (Konya) ve güneybatısının jeolojisi, stratigrafisi ve tektonik gelişimi [Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. Selçuk Üniversitesi.
  • Turoğlu, H. (2011). Buzullar ve buzul jeomorfolojisi. Çantay.
  • Yalçın, M. (2017). Ağrı Dağı Buzul Değişimlerinin Uzaktan Algılama ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri ile Analizi. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(4), 166-170. https://fenbildergi.aku.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/2686_mustafayalcin-166-170.pdf
  • Yavaşlı, D. D., Tucker, C. J., Melocik, K. A. (2015). Change in the glacier extent in Turkey during the Landsat Era. Remote Sensing of Environment, 163, 32-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.03.002
  • Yeşilyurt, S., Uǧur, D., Kılar, H. (2013). Climate change and glacier retreat from 1955 to 2006 on Cilo Mountains, Southeast Anatolia, Turkey. EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts. https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2013/EGU2013-8408.pdf
  • Zahno, C., Akçar, N., Yavuz, V., Kubik, P., Schlüchter, C. (2009). Surface exposure dating of Late Pleistocene glaciations at the Dedegöl Mountains (Lake Beysehir, SW Turkey). J. Quaternary Science, 1016–1028. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1280

Current Glaciers and Morphometric Characteristics of Mount Geyik

Year 2023, , 199 - 217, 31.12.2023
https://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.1395806

Abstract

The Geyik Mountains have undergone intensive and repeated glaciations during the Late Quaternary. Despite previous studies, the presence of an active glacier in the region had neither been confirmed nor detected. Following the local explorer Hasan Hüseyin Kahrıman's social media announcement of glacier existence on October 27, 2023, remote sensing methods were employed to identify and locate the glaciers. Subsequent fieldwork on Geyik Mountain confirmed the presence of active glaciers. This study is also the first of its kind to scientifically identify and confirm the existence of an active glacier on Geyik Mountain. Glacier modeling, ELA (Equilibrium Line Altitude) calculations, slope and aspect intersect analyses, and cirque morphometry methods were utilized to quantify the characteristics of the glaciers and their surrounding areas. As a result of glacier modeling, it was determined that the Geyik Central Glacier covers a total area of 6000 (±300) m2, the East Glacier covers 2030 (±100) m2, with a combined glacier area on Geyik Mountain of 0.00803 (±0.00048) km2. The average length of the glaciers was calculated to be 95 m (meters), with an ELA value of 2619 m. The glaciers were found to have slope values predominantly in the range of 12-30˚, situated entirely in north-facing areas. The morphological features of glaciers and cirques, combined with high altitude, aspect characteristics, and significant snow accumulation, have positively contributed to the preservation of glaciers in the Geyik Mountains. Comparative satellite images of glaciers show that more than 50% of the glaciers have melted since 06.09.2010 and it is estimated that they will completely disappear within 5 years with the increasing global warming.

Project Number

122Y360

References

  • Almazroui, M., Awad, A. M., Islam, M. N., Al-Khalaf, A. K. (2015). A climatological study: wet season cyclone tracks in the East Mediterranean region. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 120, 351-365. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-014-1178-z
  • Anderson, R. S. (2000). A model of ablation-dominated medial moraines and the generation of debris-mantled glacier snouts. Journal of Glaciology, 46(154), 459-469. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3189/172756500781833025
  • Anderson, L. S., Anderson, R. S. (2016). Modeling debris-covered glaciers: response to steady debris deposition. The Cryosphere, 10(3), 1105-1124. https://doi.org/10.5194/tc-10-1105-2016
  • Arkel, N. A. (1973). Die gegenwärtige Vergletscherung des Ararat. Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde und Glazialgeologie, 9(1–2), 89-103.
  • Arpat, E., Özgül, N. (1972). Geyikdağ’da kaya buzulları, Orta Toroslar.
  • Barr, I.D., Spagnolo, M. (2015). Glacial cirques as palaeoenvironmental indicators: Their potential and limitations. EarthScience Reviews,151, 48-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2015.10.004
  • Bayrakdar, C. (2012). Akdağ Kütlesi’nde (Batı Toroslar) karstlaşma-buzul ilişkisinin jeomorfolojik analizi (Yayın no. 314839) [Doktora Tezi, İstanbul Üniversitesi]. YÖK Tez Merkezi.
  • Bayrakdar, C., Cilgin, Z., Doker, M. F., Canpolat, E., (2015). Evidence of an active glacier in the Munzur Mountains, eastern Turkey. Turkısh Journal Of Earth Scıences, 24(1), 56-71. DOI: 10.3906/yer-1403-7
  • Bayrakdar C., Çılğın Z., Sarış, F. (2017). Karadağ’da Pleyistosen buzullaşmaları, Batı Toroslar, Türkiye. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni / Geological Bulletin of Turkey, 60, 451-469. DOI:10.25288/tjb.360610.
  • Bayrakdar, C. (2023). Kuşak Dağı’nda (Batı Toroslar) Kuvaterner buzullaşmaları ve eski buzulların morfometrisi. İstanbul University Press. DOI: 10.26650/B/PS12.2023.013
  • Benn, D.I., Evans, D.J.A. (1998). Glaciers and glaciation. Arnold. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203785010
  • Bennet, M., Glasser, N. (2009). Glacial Geology, Ice Sheets and Landforms. Wiley-Blackwell.
  • Benn, D. I., Bolch, T., Hands, K., Gulley, J., Luckman, A., Nicholson, L. I., Wiseman, S. (2012). Response of debris-covered glaciers in the Mount Everest region to recent warming, and implications for outburst flood hazards. Earth-Science Reviews, 114(1-2), 156-174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.03.008
  • Birman, J.H. (1968). Glacial reconnaissance in Turkey. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 79, 1009-1026. https://doi.org/10.1130/00167606(1968)79[1009:GRIT]2.0.CO;2
  • Blumenthal, M. M. (1938). Der Erdchias-Dağh, 3916m. Die Alpen, 14(3),82-87.
  • Blumenthal, M.M. (1956). Die Vergletscherung des Ararat (Nordöstliche Türkei). Geographica Helvetica, 11(4), 263-264.
  • Blumenthal, M.M. (1958). Vom Ağrı Dağ (Ararat) zum Kaçkar Dağ Bergfahrten innordostanatolischen Glenzlanden. Die Alpen, 34, 125-137.
  • Çalışkan, O., Gürgen, G., Yılmaz, E., Yeşilyurt, S. (2012). Bolkar Dağları kuzeydoğusunun glasyal morfolojisi ve döküntüyle örtülü buzulları. Uluslararası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 9(1), 890-911. https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/268072694.pdf
  • Çiner, A., Deynoux, M., Çörekcioğlu, E. (1999). Hummocky moraines in the Namaras and Susam valleys, central Taurids, SW Turkey. Quaternary Science Reviews, 18(4-5), 659-669. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0277-3791(98)00103-6
  • Çiner, A. (2003). Türkiye’nin güncel buzulları ve Geç Kuvaterner buzul çökelleri. Türkiye Jeoloji Bülteni, 1(46), 55-78. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/tjb/issue/28630/590866
  • Çiner, A., Sarıkaya, M.A., Yıldırım, C. (2015). Hummocky moraines of piedmont glaciers from Geyikdağ, Central Tauride Mountains, Turkey; insights from cosmogenic 36Cl dating. Quaternary Science Reviews, 116, 44-56. DOI: /10.1016/j.quascirev.2015.03.017.
  • Dede, V., Çiçek, İ., Uncu, L. (2015).Karçal Dağlarında kaya buzulu oluşumları. Yerbilimleri, 36(2),61-80. https://doi.org/10.17824/yrb.90910
  • Delannoy, J. J. Maire, R. (1983). Le Massif de Dedegöl dağ (Taurus Occidental, Turquie). Recherches de geomorphologie glaciaire et karstique. Bulletin Association Geographe Français,491,43-53. https://www.persee.fr/doc/bagf_0004-5322_1983_num_60_491_5380
  • Derbyshire, E., Evans, I.S. (1976). The climatic factor in cirque variation. In: Derbyshire, E. (Ed.), Geomorphology and Climate, John Wiley Sons ,447–494.
  • Doğu, A. F., Somuncu, M., Çiçek, İ., Tunçel, H., Gürgen, G. (1993). Glacier landforms, yaylas and tourism on the Kaçkar Mountains. Turkish Geography Bulletin Ankara University, 2, 157–183. http://tucaum.ankara.edu.tr/wpcontent/uploads/sites/280/2015/08/tucaum2_6.pdf
  • Doğu, A. F., Çiçek, İ., Gürgen, G., Tunçel, H. (1996). Üçdoruk (Verçenik) Dağında buzul şekilleri, yaylalar ve turizm. Ankara Üniversitesi, Türkiye Coğrafyası Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi, 5, 29-51. http://tucaum.ankara.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/sites/280/2015/08/tucaum5_2.pdf
  • Doğu, A. F., Gürgen, G., Tunçel, H., Çiçek, I. (1997). Bulut-AItıparmak dağlarında buzul şekilleri, yaylalar ve turizm. Ankara Üniversitesi, Türkiye Coğrafyası Araştırma ve Uygulama Merkezi Dergisi, 6,63-91. http://tucaum.ankara.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/sites/280/2015/08/tucaum6_5.pdf
  • Erinç, S. (1949). Past and present glacial forms in Northeast Anatolian mountains. Geologische Rundschau, 37, 75-83.
  • Erinç, S. (1952). Glacial evidences of the climatic variations in Turkey. Geografiska Annaler, 34, 89-98. https://doi.org/10.2307/520146
  • Erinç, S. (1953). Van’dan Cilo Dağlarına. İstanbul Üniversitesi Coğrafya Enstitüsü Dergisi, 2 (3-4), 84-106.
  • Erinç, S. (1971). Jeomorfoloji II (Genişletilmiş 2. Baskı). İstanbul Üniversitesi Coğrafya Enstitüsü Yayınları.
  • Erinç, S. (2001). Jeomorfoloji II (Güncelleştirilmiş 3. Basım). Der Yayınları.
  • Evans, I.S., Cox, N. (1974). Geomorphometry and Operationnal Definition of Cirques, Area, 6 (2), 150 – 153. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20000855
  • Evans, I.S., Cox, N. (1995). The Form of Glacial Cirques in the English Lake District, Cumbria, Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 39, 175–202. DOI: 10.1127/zfg/39/1995/175
  • Evans, I.S. (2006). Allometric development of glacial cirque form: geological, relief and regional effects on the cirques of Wales. Geomorphology, 80 (3–4), 245–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.02.013
  • Evans, I. S., Çılğın, Z., Bayrakdar, C., Canpolat, E. (2021). The form, distribution and palaeoclimatic implications of cirques in southwest Turkey (Western Taurus). Geomorphology. 391. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2021.107885
  • Federici, P.R., Granger, D.E., Pappalardo, M., Ribolini, A., Spagnolo, M., Cyr, A.J. (2008). Exposure age dating and Equilibrium Line Altitude reconstruction of an Egesen moraine in the Maritime Alps, Italy. Boreas, 37, 245-253. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1502-3885.2007.00018.x
  • Flint, R.F. (1971). Glacial and Quaternary geology. John Wiley Press.
  • Güner, Y., Emre, Ö. (1983). Erciyes Dağı’nda Pleyistosen buzullaşması ve volkanizma ile ilişkisi. Jeomorfoloji Dergisi, 11, 23-34.
  • Gürgen, G., Yeşilyurt, S., Çalışkan, O., Yılmaz, E. (2010a). Döküntü örtülü buzullar ve kaya buzulları. Nature Sciences, 5(2), 98-116.
  • Gürgen, G., Çalışkan, O., Yılmaz, E., Yeşilyurt, S. (2010b). Yedigöller platosu ve Emli vadisinde (Aladağlar) döküntü örtülü buzullar. E-Journal of New world Sciences Academy. NEWSSA, 5(2), 98–116. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/112015
  • Gürgen, G. Yeşilyurt, S. (2012). Karçal Dağı buzulları (Artvin). Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 10 (1), 91-104. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/aucbd/issue/44469/551196
  • Gürgen, G. (2015). Tatos gediği buzulu (Rize). Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 13 (2), 161-172. DOI: 10.1501/Cogbil_0000000169
  • Gürgen, G. (2016). Çinaçor buzulu (Tatos Dağları). Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 14 (1), 57-70. DOI: 10.1501/Cogbil_0000000173
  • Gürgen, G. (2019). Çatakkaya Döküntü Örtülü Buzulu (Tatos Dağları). Coğrafi Bilimler Dergisi, 17(1), 217-236. DOI: 10.33688/aucbd.536616
  • Hambrey, M. J., Quincey, D. J., Glasser, N. F., Reynolds, J. M., Richardson, S. J., Clemmens, S. (2008). Sedimentological, geomorphological and dynamic context of debris-mantled glaciers, Mount Everest (Sagarmatha) region, Nepal. Quaternary Science Reviews, 27(25-26), 2361-2389. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.08.010
  • Hughes, P.D., Gibbard, P.L., Woodward, J.C. (2007). Geological controls on Pleistocene glaci-ation and cirque form in Greece. Geomorphology, 88 (3), 242–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.11.008
  • Hooke, R. L. (2019). Principles of glacier mechanics. Cambridge University Press. Imhof, B. (1956). Der Ararat. Die Alpen, 32(1), 1–14.
  • Immerzeel, W. W., Kraaijenbrink, P. D., Shea, J. M., Shrestha, A. B., Pellicciotti, F., Bierkens, M. F., de Jong, S. M. (2014). High-resolution monitoring of Himalayan glacier dynamics using unmanned aerial vehicles. Remote Sensing of Environment, 150, 93-103. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2014.04.025
  • Karakhanian, A., Djrbashian, R., Trifonov, V., Philip, H., Arakelian, S., Avagian, A. (2002). Holocene-historical volcanism and active faults as natural risk factors for Armenia and adjacent countries. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 113(1-2), 319-344. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(01)00264-5
  • Keserci, F. (2023). Batı Toroslar’daki Kuvaterner buzullaşmalarının gelişimi ve seyri üzerinde yerel topoğrafya ile iklim özelliklerinin rolü [Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. İstanbul Üniversitesi.
  • Kesici, O. (2005). Küresel ısınma çerçevesinde Süphan ve Cilo dağlarında buzul morfolojisi araştırmaları. TÜBİTAK proje raporu, No: 101Y131
  • Kirkbride, M. P. (2011). Debris-covered glaciers. In Encyclopedia of snow, ice and glaciers. Springer, 190-192. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-2642-2_622
  • Klear, W. (1965). Geomorphologische Untersuchungen in den Randgebirgen des VanSee (Ostanatolien). Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, 9, 346-355.
  • Krenek, L. (1932). Gletscher im pontischen Gebirge (Lazistan). Zeitschrift für Gletscherkunde, 20, 129–131. Kurter, A., Sungur, K. (1980). Present glaciation in Turkey, in World Glacier Inventory, Proceedings of the workshop at Riederalp, Switzerland. International Association of Hydrological Sciences, 126, 155-160.
  • Kurter, A, (1991). Glaciers of Middle East and Africa-glaciers of Turkey. In: Williams RS, Ferrigno JG (eds) Satellite Image Atlas of the World. USGS Professional Paper, Denver, USA, United States Geological Survey, 1386–G–1, 1–30
  • Lewis, W. V. (1960). The problem of cirque erosion. Norwegian Cirque Glaciers: Royal Geographical Society Research Series, 4, 97-100.
  • Lukas, S. (2006). Morphostratigraphic principles in glacier reconstruction a perspective from the British Younger Dryas. Progress in Physical Geography, 30(6),719–736. DOI: 10.1177/0309133306071955
  • Mattson, L. E. (2000). The influence of a debris cover on the midsummer discharge of Dome Glacier, Canadian Rocky Mountains. IAHS-AISH publication, 25-33. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3189/2015AoG70A971
  • Mayr, E., Hagg, W. (2019). Debris-Covered Glaciers. In: Heckmann, T., Morche, D. (Eds) Geomorphology of Proglacial Systems. Geography of the Physical Environment. Springer, Cham. DOI:10.1007/978-3-319-94184-4_4
  • Messerli, B. (1967). Die eiszeitliche und die gegenwartige Vergletscherung in Mittelmeerraum. Geographica Helvetica, 22, 105-228. https://doi.org/10.5194/gh-22-105-1967
  • Miles, K. E., Hubbard, B., Irvine-Fynn, T. D., Miles, E. S., Quincey, D. J., Rowan, A. V. (2020). Hydrology of debris-covered glaciers in High Mountain Asia. Earth-Science Reviews, 207, 103212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103212
  • Mîndrescu, M., Evans, I. S., Cox, N. J. (2010). Climatic implications of cirque distribution in the Romanian Carpathians: palaeowind directions during glacial periods. Journal of Quaternary Science, 25(6), 875-888. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1363
  • Nazik, L., Tuncer, K. (2010). Türkiye karst morfolojisinin bölgesel özellikleri. Türk Speleoloji Dergisi, Karst ve Mağara Araştırmaları,1(1),7-19. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326770943_Turkiye_Karst_Morfolojisinin_Bolgesel_Ozellikleri
  • Nicholson, L., Benn, D. I. (2006). Calculating ice melt beneath a debris layer using meteorological data. Journal of Glaciology, 52(178), 463-470. https://doi.org/10.3189/172756506781828584
  • Oien, R., Rea, B., Spagnolo, M., Barr, I., Bingham, R. (2022). Testing the area–altitude balance ratio (AABR) and accumulation–area ratio (AAR) methods of calculating glacier equilibrium-line altitudes. J. Glaciol. 68(268), 357-368. doi:10.1017/jog.2021.100.
  • Özgül, N. (1976). Toroslar’ın bazı temel jeoloji özellikleri. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Turkey,19,65-78. https://www.jmo.org.tr/resimler/ekler/4b2aeb2453bdada_ek.pdf?dergi=T%C3%9CRK%C3%20YE%20JEOLOJ%C3%20%20B%C3%9CLTEN%C3
  • Pellitero, R., Rea, B.R., Spagnolo, M., Bakke, J., Hughes, P., Ivy-Ochs, S., Lukas, S., Ribolini, A. (2015). A GIS tool for automatic calculation of glacier equilibrium-line altitudes. Computers and. Geosciences, 82, 55–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2015.05.005
  • Pellitero, R., Rea, B.R., Spagnolo, M., Bakke, J., Ivy-Oche, S., Frew, C.R., Hughes, P. Ribolini, A., Lukas, S., Renssen, H. (2016). GlaRe, a GIS tool to reconstruct the 3D surface of paleoglaciers. Computers Pellitero and Geosciences, 94, 77–85. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cageo.2016.06.008
  • Pelto, M. S. (2000). Mass balance of adjacent debris-covered and clean glacier ice in the North Cascades, Washington. Iahs Publication, 35-42. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267966629_Mass_balance_of_adjacent_debris-covered_and_clean_glacier_ice_in_the_No
  • Planhol, X. (1953). Les formes glaciaires du Sandıras Dağ et la limite des neiges eternelles Quaternaires dans le so de Anatolie. Compte Rendu Sommaire de la Societe Geologique de France, 263- 265.
  • Rea, B., Evans, D.J.A. (2007). Quantifying climate and glacier mass balance in north Norway during the Younger Dryas. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 246, 307–330. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2006.10.010
  • Rea, B.R. (2009). Defining modern day Area-Altitude Balance Ratios (AABRs) and their use in glacier-climate reconstructions. Quaternary Science Reviews, 28, 237–248. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.10.011. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.10.011
  • Rickmer-Rickmers, W. (1900). Der Kartsch-Chal in Transkaukasien, Zeitschrift des deutschen und österreichen Alpenvereins, 31, 156-178.
  • Rickmer-Rickmers, W., 1934. Lazistan and Acaristan, The Geographical Journal, 84(6), 465-478.
  • Sarikaya, M. A., Çiner, A., Zreda, M. (2003). Erciyes volkanı Geç Kuvaterner buzul çökelleri. Yerbilimleri, 24(27),59-74. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/yerbilimleri/issue/13623/165077
  • Sarıkaya, M. A. (2011). Türkiye’nin güncel buzulları. İçinde Fiziki Coğrafya Araştırmaları: Sistematik ve Bölgesel, Türk Coğrafya Kurumu Yayınları, 6, 527-544. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mehmet-Sarikaya-5/publication/259643340_Turkiye%27nin_guncel_buzullari/links/54c0aae00cf28a6324a32df6/Tuerkiyenin-guencel-buzullari.pdf
  • Sarıkaya, M. A., Ciner, A., Zreda, M. (2011). Quaternary glaciations of Turkey. In Developments in Quaternary Sciences. 15, 393-403. DOI: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53447-7.00030-1.
  • Sarıkaya, M. A. (2012). Recession of the ice cap on Mount Ağrı (Ararat), Turkey, from 1976 to 2011 and its climatic significance. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 46, 190-194.
  • Sarıkaya, M.A., Tekeli, A.E. (2014). Satellite Inventory of Glaciers in Turkey. İçinde Kargel, J., Leonard, G., Bishop, M., Kääb, A., Raup, B. (eds) Global Land Ice Measurements from Space, Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-79818-7_21https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2011.12.009
  • Sarıkaya, M.A., Çiner, A. (2015). Late Pleistocene glaciations and paleoclimate of Turkey. Bulletin of the Mineral Research and Exploration, 151, 107-127. DOI: 10.19111/bmre.35245
  • Sarıkaya, M. A., Ciner, A. (2017). Late Quaternary glaciations in the eastern Mediterranean. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 433(1), 289-305. https://doi.org/10.1144/SP433.4
  • Sarıkaya, M.A., Çiner, A., Yıldırım, C. (2017). Cosmogenic 36Cl glacial chronologies of the Late Quaternary glaciers on Mount Geyikdag in the eastern Mediterranean. Quaternary Geochronology, 39, 189–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quageo.2017.03.003
  • Simoni, S. (2011). Typological and Morphometric Characteristics of the Glacial Cirques in Doamnei River Basin (Făgăraş Massif). Forum Geografic, 10(1), 35-49. https://www.proquest.com/docview/1519289873
  • Spagnolo, M., Pellitero, R., Barr, I. D., Ely, J. C., Pellicer, X. M., Rea, B. R. (2017). ACME, a GIS tool for automated cirque metric extraction. Geomorphology, 278, 280-286. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.11.018
  • Şenel, M., Dalkılıç, H., Gedik, İ., Serdaroğlu, M., Metin, S., Esentürk, K., Özgül, N. (1998). Orta Toroslar’da Güzelsu koridoru ve kuzeyinin jeolojisi. MTA Dergisi, 120, 171-197. https://dergi.mta.gov.tr/dosyalar/images/mtadergi/makaleler/tr/20150529113228_355_227b2ca5.pdf
  • Şimşek, M., Utlu, M., Poyraz, M., Öztürk, M. Z. (2019). Geyik Dağı kütlesinin yüzey karstı jeomorfolojisi ve kütle üzerindeki karst-buzul jeomorfolojisi ilişkisi. Ege Coğrafya Dergisi, 28 (2), 97-110. https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ecd/issue/50833/594465
  • Turan, A. (1990). Toroslarʹda Hadim (Konya) ve güneybatısının jeolojisi, stratigrafisi ve tektonik gelişimi [Yayınlanmamış Doktora Tezi]. Selçuk Üniversitesi.
  • Turoğlu, H. (2011). Buzullar ve buzul jeomorfolojisi. Çantay.
  • Yalçın, M. (2017). Ağrı Dağı Buzul Değişimlerinin Uzaktan Algılama ve Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri ile Analizi. Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi, 17(4), 166-170. https://fenbildergi.aku.edu.tr/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/2686_mustafayalcin-166-170.pdf
  • Yavaşlı, D. D., Tucker, C. J., Melocik, K. A. (2015). Change in the glacier extent in Turkey during the Landsat Era. Remote Sensing of Environment, 163, 32-41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2015.03.002
  • Yeşilyurt, S., Uǧur, D., Kılar, H. (2013). Climate change and glacier retreat from 1955 to 2006 on Cilo Mountains, Southeast Anatolia, Turkey. EGU General Assembly Conference Abstracts. https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2013/EGU2013-8408.pdf
  • Zahno, C., Akçar, N., Yavuz, V., Kubik, P., Schlüchter, C. (2009). Surface exposure dating of Late Pleistocene glaciations at the Dedegöl Mountains (Lake Beysehir, SW Turkey). J. Quaternary Science, 1016–1028. https://doi.org/10.1002/jqs.1280
There are 93 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language Turkish
Subjects Glaciology
Journal Section Research Articles
Authors

Ferhat Keserci 0000-0002-8653-6177

Gülan Güngör 0000-0002-1244-3453

Mahsum Bozdoğan 0000-0001-6624-4188

Ergin Canpolat 0000-0003-2123-3551

Zeynel Çılğın 0000-0002-8132-8774

Cihan Bayrakdar 0000-0001-5542-700X

Project Number 122Y360
Publication Date December 31, 2023
Submission Date November 25, 2023
Acceptance Date December 11, 2023
Published in Issue Year 2023

Cite

APA Keserci, F., Güngör, G., Bozdoğan, M., Canpolat, E., et al. (2023). Geyik Dağı Güncel Buzulları ve Morfometrik Özeliklleri. Türk Coğrafya Dergisi(84), 199-217. https://doi.org/10.17211/tcd.1395806

Yayıncı: Türk Coğrafya Kurumu